不同年龄三七根皂甙合成相关基因的差减cDNA文库构建

本研究以三七3年生根和1年生根为材料,利用抑制消减杂交技术构建三七根在不同年龄阶段皂甙合成相关基因的差减cDNA文库,正向文库(3年生文库)和反向文库(1年生文库)分别包括2000个和500个cDNA克隆,重组率在95%以上;外源片段的长度分布在200～900bp,平均片段长度约500bp;差减效率检测表明:消减前后基因的拷贝数相差32000倍,差异表达的基因得到了充分的富集。结果表明所构建的cDNA文库符合SSH文库的质量标准,能够满足下一步的实验要求,为研究差异表达基因,探讨皂甙生物合成的分子机理,提高三七皂甙产量产量和质量奠定基础。     

北美海蓬子盐胁迫条件下抑制差减文库构建与分析

北美海蓬子(Salicornia Bigelovii Torr.)是一种耐盐性极强的真盐生植物,在200 mmol/L的Na 浓度下生长,其高度和含汁量是5 mmol/L Na 浓度下生长的2倍和2.5倍.为了研究北美海蓬子耐盐的机理和分离耐盐新基因,我们构建了在盐胁迫条件下北美海蓬子基因表达差异的SSH文库.以北美海蓬子种子播种于0 mmol/L NaC1 MS液体培养基上幼苗(0号材料)的总RNA为Driver,200 mmol/L NaCl诱导24 h幼苗(2号材料)的总RNA为Tester,运用SMART PCR cDNA合成技术分别合成全长cDNA.将两种cDNA群体进行抑制差减杂交,用T/A法分别构建了盐胁迫相关基因的正向差减文库(205个克隆子)和反向差减文库(235个克隆子).通过PCR和反式Northern Dot.Blot消除假阳性和重复克隆子,得到在盐胁迫下特异表达的阳性克隆85个.对测序结果正常的81个克隆进行BLASTn分析,其中有70个cDNA序列与已经报道的其它物种的核酸序列具有较高的同源性;另外11个cDNA序列未找到有较高相似性的已知序列.81个cDNA序列中没有与北美海蓬子中已报道的核酸序列有较高的相似性,因此,所有81个克隆序列都是北美海蓬子中的新基因.     

香蕉果实采后抑制差减文库的构建与鉴定

抑制差减杂交技术(suppression subtracfive hybridization,SSH),是抑制PCR与差减杂交技术相结合而产生的。其优点是在差减杂交过程中使不同丰度cDNA的拷贝数差异趋于均衡,因此不同丰度的差异表达基因都能得到有效克隆,能有效分离低丰度的差异表达基因,避免了表达序列标签分析中高丰度基因重复测序的缺点。因此SSH技术被应用于植物差异表达基因的分离。香蕉果实采后成熟过程中发生一系列复杂的生理变化,这些变化涉及到许多基因的表达。为了研究香蕉果实采后与采前在基因表达上的差异,我们首次采用抑制缩减文库的方法,以分离香蕉果实在采后表达的基因。以采后0h的香蕉果实cDNA为驱动子,对香蕉果实采后48h果实cDNA为待测子,进行抑制缩减杂交,抑制缩减杂交产物与pGEM—TEasy Vecter连接,转化E．coli DH5α,构建了抑制缩减文库。该文库共包含312个克隆,采用PCR方法对文库进行了重组子的鉴定,共有302个重组子。该文库的构建成功为深入研究香蕉果实采后基因的表达奠定了基础,为研究香蕉果实采后成熟的分子生物学机理提供了一个新的思路。     

利用抑制差减杂交技术分离棕色棉纤维特异表达基因

采用棕色棉新彩棉5号为Tester,其白色近等基因系NIL-C5为Driver,通过抑制差减杂交法(suppressive subtractive hybridization,SSH)构建了一个棕色棉纤维色素差异表达基因差减文库.从文库中随机挑选400个克隆,将这些克隆的PCR产物点膜进行反向Northern杂交检测,挑选20个差异明显的克隆进行序列分析,结果表明:有5个cDNA片段与已知的功能基因序列相似,其中1个cDNA片段与合成色素的重要酶基因4-香豆酸:CoA连接酶(4CL)基因有较高的同源性,其它cDNA片段在数据库中未找到同源序列.     

富集小麦磷胁迫响应基因的cDNA差减文库构建和部分ESTs的功能鉴定

植物在形态学和生化代谢水平上对低磷胁迫逆境的响应,是特异表达基因在时空上精细协同作用的结果.以前期工作中鉴定的磷高效小麦品种石新828为材料.构建了富集不同低磷处理时间点特异表达基因的根系cDNA差减抑制杂交文库.获得的克隆总数为2 682个.对随机选取的文库克隆研究发现,克隆中插入的片段长度为250～750 bp.测序结果和功能比对发现,具有功能比对结果的克隆比例为70%,其中部分分别与小麦、大麦、水稻、玉米和拟南芥等植物种属高度同源,参与转录调控、蛋白质合成和代谢等多个生物学过程.该富集低磷胁迫响应基因文库为进一步鉴定小麦响应磷胁迫逆境的基因调控网络和克隆重要的磷高效相关基因奠定了坚实的基础.     

杉木木质化过程特异表达基因文库的构建与分析

研究木质部木质化过程及其生物学特性对于了解木本植物水分和矿物质的吸收及运输机制、木材形成的遗传控制、改良材性及提高木材生长量具有十分重要的意义。为了获得杉木木质化过程中特异表达的基因,本研究利用抑制差减杂交技术,以杉木突变体独干杉无性系为测试方(Tester),正常的句容0号无性系为驱动方(Driver),构建了正向和反向两个差减文库,分别获得了618和409个克隆。利用通用引物T7和SP6进行PCR及EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定文库重组子,结果证明所构建的文库符合要求,具有代表性。该文库的成功构建为获得杉木木质化过程中特异表达的基因及深入了解木本植物木质化的机理奠定了基础。     

玉米ClpR2同源基因PL5L15的克隆及其在不同光周期处理下的表达分析

光周期敏感是热带、亚热带玉米种质在温带地区利用的主要障碍。本研究在构建的受长日诱导特异表达的差减文库基础上，以热带玉米CML288为材料，克隆了库中一个基因PL5L15的cDNA序列。该cDNA全长1410bp，具有879bp完整的ORF阅读框，编码一条292个氨基酸残基的肽链，包含一个Clp蛋白家族保守的Clp-protease结构域，是玉米Clp蛋白酶家族的ClpR2-LIKE基因，位于第9染色体上。Real-timePCR分析显示，在短日条件下该基因正常水平的表达有利于生殖分化，而在长日条件下持续过量高表达，推测该基因可能与玉米光周期反应过程中的生殖分化有关。     

巴西橡胶树SNARE蛋白全长cDNA克隆及其序列特征分析

从巴西橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis差减cDNA文库中筛选到一个与SNARE蛋白同源性较高的基因片段,根据其序列信息设计特异引物, 采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE（Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends）进行差异片段的5’和3’端的扩增,获得了长度为1 070 bp的全长cDNA克隆R295。序列分析表明该基因包含600 bp的开放阅读框,5’-UTR为93 bp, 3’-UTR为377 bp,编码199个氨基酸。该基因编码的蛋白具有一个SNARE coiled-coil保守区、一个典型的VAMP基元及一个羧基端的CAAX基元。同源分析表明该蛋白属于一类特殊的longins蛋白。RT-PCR检测表明它在胶乳中特异表达,在叶中没有表达。     

黏类小麦育性相关基因SSH文库的构建

为了深入研究黏类小麦雄性不育的分子遗传机制, 利用抑制差减杂交技术构建了黏类小麦育性相关基因的cDNA文库。文库质量检测表明, 差减杂交效率较高, 质量较好。在不育和可育cDNA文库中随机挑选120个阳性克隆进行测序, 获得100余条高质量的表达序列标签(EST)。对序列进行BLAST比对及功能注释, 比较了不育和可育cDNA文库的基因表达谱, 发现在可育cDNA文库中参与能量代谢的基因出现频率较高, 在不育cDNA文库中检测到了与花发育调控相关的MADS-box转录因子、细胞凋亡相关的泛素结合酶及阻遏淀粉合成的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖磷酸化酶等相关基因。这些基因很可能与育性相关。     

利用抑制性消减杂交技术分离草莓抗炭疽病相关基因

利用抑制性消减杂交技术（suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH）,比较接种炭疽病菌与未接菌草莓之间的基因表达差异,筛选抗草莓炭疽病菌的差异表达基因片段,为草莓抗炭疽病遗传育种提供理论依据。分别提取接种草莓与未接种草莓叶片的总RNA,分离mRNA,逆转录成cDNA,利用Rsa I进行酶切,然后以接种叶片酶切cDNA为试验方（tester）,以未接菌草莓叶片酶切cDNA为驱动方（driver）,构建了草莓抗炭疽病基因消减文库。菌落PCR结果表明,插入片段大部分在100~1000 bp之间,文库质量好。对文库中1500个阳性克隆进行测序,共得到了1377个有效的ESTs序列。利用NCBI数据库进行Blast同源性比较发现,这些ESTs可能与胁迫反应、信号转导、蛋白合成、蛋白相互作用、物质代谢、跨膜通道、转录因子、金属转运及未知或假定蛋白等有关,ESTs序列的获得为后续草莓抗炭疽病相关基因的克隆、表达和转基因研究提供了参考。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...