Variation and selection analysis of Pinus koraiensis clones in northeast China

Understanding genetic variation is important for efficiently selecting excellent clones and utilizing genetic resources during tree breeding. We investigated 16 growth traits of 50 32-year-old Pinus koraiensis clones. Analyses of variance showed that all the test traits differed significantly among clones. Average height, diameter at breast height(DBH), and volume of all clones were 10.41 m, 21.30 cm,and 0.148 m3, respectively. Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatabilities of traits ranged from 4.37 to48.03% and from 0.013 to 0.900, respectively. There exists significant positive correlations among heights, diameter at different heights(1.3, 3.0, 5.0 m), and volumes; genetic correlation was close to phenotype correlation. Using four growth traits(height, DBH, volume, average crown width)as indices for a comprehensive evaluation, five clones(PK11, PK 19, PK 04, PK 14, and PK 28), whose traits scored in the top 10%, were selected as elite clones. For these clones,genetic gains in height, DBH, volume and crown height were 8.58, 13.02, 32.72 and 3.83%, respectively. These results provide important information for improving P.koraiensis breeding programs.     

21年生杉木无性系生长与遗传评价

对来源于湖南省的38个杉木无性系在广西柳州市21年生试验林各生长性状进行了调查与分析,发现中林龄杉木无性系间的胸径、树高、单株材积及树冠指标生长量均存在显著或极显著的差异;无性系树高、胸径、材积、枝下高、冠长及冠幅等性状重复力为58.65%87.19%,均达50%以上,表现为中等以上重复力,说明杉木无性系生长性状及树冠性状具有较高的遗传稳定性;无性系生长性状胸径、树高及材积与树冠性状冠长、冠幅均呈显著或极显著正相关;从38个供试杉木无性系中筛选出88号、68号、300号等3个优良杉木无性系,单株材积分别达0.494 8、0.438 9、0.412 9 m3,较优良种源、改良代种子园种子及优良家系组成的5个实生对照平均值分别高出43.59%、27.37%和19.82%。     

Early evaluation of growth traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix kaempferi</Emphasis> clones

Early selection is an important method to shorten the breeding cycle for tree species, which may differ in the time for early selection. To evaluate the early selected time for Larix kaempferi, tree height and diameter at breast height of 57 L. kaempferi clones were measured over many different growth years. The results indicated that, except for age × clone interaction for diameter at breast height (P = 0.741), there were significant differences among all variation sources (P < 0.01). The coefficient of phenotypic variation ranged from 14.89 to 35.65% for height and from 19.17 to 23.86% for diameter at breast height in different growth years. The repeatability of height and of diameter at breast height among clones was high, ranging from 0.6181 to 0.8531 (height) and from 0.8443 to 0.8497 (diameter at breast height), in different growth years. There were significant positive correlations between all pairs of growth traits except between height in the 2nd growth year and height in the 30th growth year; and between height in the 2nd growth year × diameter at breast height in the 30th growth year. With a comprehensive evaluation method and a selection ratio of 10%, L65, L1, L62, L9, L15, and L78 were selected as excellent clones in the 30th growth year. Their average values of height and diameter at breast height were 9.81 and 16.57% higher than the overall average, representing genetic gains of 6.46 and 13.99%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of L. kaempferi.     

红锥1.5代改良种子园无性系生长和形质性状变异分析

对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix) 1.5代改良种子园42个无性系共951个单株的生长和形质性状进行调查和变异规律研究.结果表明,8个性状的变异系数为25％～47％,平均变异系数为32.6％.无性系间在生长和形质性状上的差异达显著和极显著水平(P＜0.05),无性系间的方差分量为0.04～13.15.树高、胸径、冠幅、分枝角度、分枝数和分枝粗细的重复力介于0.23～0.34之间,表明它们在单株水平上受到中等水平的遗传控制.生长和形质性状相关分析表明,除通直度与冠幅、分枝数相关系数以及分枝粗细与分枝角度相关系数较低外,各性状间存在着不同程度的相关性.采用遗传值综合评分法筛选出6个优良无性系:28、3、4、23、33和22,这6个优良无性系的胸径比42个无性系总体平均值高出24.11％.     

Variation analyses of growth and wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix olgensis</Emphasis> clones in China

The growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree) and wood properties [wood density (WD), fiber length, fiber width, ash content (AC), lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content (HEC), and holocellulose content] of 208 26-year-old Larix olgensis clones were analyzed. Except for WD and AC, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) for all traits among clones. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and repeatability of all traits were 9.34–35.33% and 0.218–0.930, respectively. Tree height and diameter at breast height showed significant positive correlation; however, the correlation coefficients among growth characteristics and wood properties were mostly not significant. Ten clones (L70, L56, L82, L90, L59, L91, L61, L92, L86, and L64) were selected as excellent clones under a selection rate of 5%, using tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree as evaluation indexes, providing genetic gains of 28.69, 17.96, and 0.67%, respectively. Ten clones (L88, L305, L59, L66, L253, L304, L277, L298, L248, and L293) were selected as excellent clones using wood properties as an evaluation index, with a selection rate of 5%, providing genetic gains in WD, fiber length, fiber width, cellulose content, and HEC of 4.14, 3.64, 9.28, 6.77, and 9.61%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting excellent L. olgensis clones.     

Genetic variation of wood tracheid traits and their relationships with growth and wood density in clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis>

To improve wood quality for pulpwood industries, it is important to examine not only wood density but also its components, especially tracheid characteristics. We studied genetic variations in the following tracheid traits by earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW): tracheid length (TL), double wall thickness (WT), radial lumen diameter (R_D1), tangential lumen diameter (T_D1), radial central diameter (R_D2), and tangential central diameter (T_D2). We also studied the relationship with the following growth traits: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), crown breadth south-north axis (NSC), crown breadth east–west axis (EWC), ring width (RW), latewood percentage (LWP), and wood density (WD). All sample materials were collected from a 33-year old clonal seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Genetic variation among clones was moderate for all tracheid traits, 9.49–26.03%. Clones significantly affected WT, R_D1, R_D2, T_D1, T_D2, and the two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 in EW but had no effects in LW. Clones significantly affected TL in LW but had no effects in EW. \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in LW (0.50) than in EW (0.20) for TL, while \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in EW (0.27–0.46) for other tracheid traits and the two ratios (TL/T_D2 and WT/R_D1) than in EW (0.06–0.22). WD and TL were significantly positively correlated, but WT and TL were negatively correlated both at individual and clone levels; all tracheid diameters and the four ratio values (EW_WT/R_D1, LW_WT/R_D1, EW_TL/T_D2 and LW_TL/T_D2), were strongly positively correlated with DBH, H, NSC, WEC and RW, and strongly negatively correlated with WD both at individual and clone levels. The most important variables for predicting WD were LW_TL, EW_WT and R_D1 in both EW and LW (r² = 0.22). Selecting the top 10% of the clones by DBH would improve DBH growth by 12.19% (wood density was reduced by 0.14%) and produced similar responses between EW and LW for all tracheid traits: a reduction of 0.94 and 3.69% in tracheid length and increases in tracheid diameters (from 0.36 to 5.24%) and double wall thickness (0.07 and 0.87%). The two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 across tissues (EW and LW) declined 0.59 and 4.56%, respectively. The decreased tracheid length and the ratio between tracheid length and diameter is disadvantageous for pulp production. The unfavorable relationship of tracheid traits with wood density indicate that multiple trait selection using optimal economic weights and optimal breeding strategies are recommended for the current long-term breeding program for P. tabuliformis.     

Clonal variations in nutritional components of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus koreansis</Emphasis> seeds collected from seed orchards in Northeastern China

From four Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) orchards, 60 clones were selected and analyzed for the fatty acid and amino acid components of the seeds to reveal the variations and correlations of the seed characteristics among the clonal source orchards and clones. The nutritional components of the seeds of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited rich genetic variation; the variation coefficient of the fatty acids was 2.24–66.83 %, while the variation coefficient of the amino acids was 14.70–38.88 %. Relatively high genetic-improvement potential exists for the nutritional components of the seeds. The phenotypic differentiation of the fatty acid and amino acid components reveals that variation within the population (85.18 %) was the primary source for the variation of the fatty acid components; variation among the orchards (63.08 %) was the primary source of the variation of the amino acid components. Data drawn from various clonal source orchards all showed that the seed characteristics were highly controlled by heritability (h² > 80 %), and the seed characteristics of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited a similar genetic gain trend. The principal components were analyzed to obtain the comprehensive principal component value for each clonal seed orchard. Twelve clones were selected based on a clonal selection rate of 20 %. Correlation and multiple stepwise-regression analyses were conducted, considering different location conditions, to reveal the stable correlations between the seed characteristics to facilitate improvements of the seed yield of P. koraiensis trees and the clonal selection. Species of real characteristics in P. koraiensis were controlled by higher heritability. Genetic gain was obtained by selecting of superior clones.     

大叶榉树无性系生长性状的早期变异

该文报道了大叶榉树无性系2年生幼林生长测定结果。研究表明,不同无性系树高、胸径、枝下高、冠幅、干形、分枝数、分枝粗、分枝角度等8个性状均有显著差异(P0.05),不同性状的遗传变异系数在4.7%~26.6%之间,性状重复力在0.49~0.89之间。胸径与树高、枝下高之间,冠幅与分枝角度、干形(弯曲度)之间存在显著正相关,树高与分枝粗度之间存在显著的负相关。主成分分析结果显示,无性系性状前4个主成分的贡献率达85.21%,利用主成分得分值进行聚类分析,可将24个无性系划分为4类。以用材为育种目标,初选出"红4"、"桔3"和"黄10"等3个优良无性系。     

木麻黄树种及种源试验研究

对木麻黄科6个树种在广东饶平进行引种试验,结果表明：6种木麻黄胸径、树高、通直度、保存率等性状存在着极显著差异,并具较高的遗传力。由方差分析及多重比较可知,滨海木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、休格尔木麻黄表现较差,生长缓慢、干形差、保存率也低于50%;粗枝木麻黄表现中等;细枝木麻黄、山神木麻黄及对照（短枝木麻黄）生长较好,适应性较强,适宜在广东沿海地区利用和发展。对细枝木麻黄8个种源、粗枝木麻黄9个种源进一步分析对比,结果表明：细枝木麻黄种源间性状差异极显著,且遗传变异系数较大,遗传力较高,选择潜力大,其中15574、13521种源表现最佳,并能获得较高的遗传增益,而13508、15601种源表现较差;粗枝木麻黄种源在树高、胸径2个指标上存在极显著差异,遗传力较高,但在通直度与保存率指标上差异不显著,遗传力较低,其中15938、15941种源表现较好,具有较高的遗传增益,其余种源表现一般。     

木麻黄无性系造林对比试验

文章运用方差分析、遗传参数估算、相关分析等方法对3.5年生42个木麻黄无性系试验林进行了优良无性系的筛选。结果表明：7个性状在无性系间均有极显著差异;树高、胸径、地径的重复力较高,分别为0.809、0.758、0.737,选择具有较好的效果;遗传相关分析显示,地径、树高、冠幅、通直度这4个性状之间存在遗传高度相关性;树高与冠幅早晚期相关分析显示,遗传相关和表型相关的强度趋势一致,而且遗传相关系数值要大于表型相关系数值。最后,筛选出8个生长迅速、适应性强的优良无性系及4个抗逆性强、冠幅开展,但树高、胸径生长相对缓慢的无性系。高径生长缓慢的无性系可用于与生长迅速的无性系材料进行混交,形成高低错落有致的复层混交结构,提高林分的防护功能。     

马尾松产脂力与生长性状的家系变异及优良家系早期选择

利用设置在福建南平国有来舟林业试验场马尾松高产脂半同胞家系测定林,研究其产脂力与生长、树冠性状在家系间的遗传变异以及它们之间的遗传相关性,并进行脂用马尾松优良家系及优良单株选择。结果表明,马尾松产脂力与生长、树冠性状皆存在显著的家系差异,相对于生长、树冠性状,产脂力变异较大,变异系数高达61.91%,具有丰富的选择基础。产脂力受中度遗传控制,家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为0.42和0.31,表明对马尾松产脂力通过家系和单株选择可取得较好的改良效果。性状遗传相关分析结果显示,马尾松家系产脂力与胸径、树高和材积呈较高的正遗传相关,表明在遗传育种进程中可同时对生长性状和产脂力进行改良。此外,产脂力与冠幅、冠高、轮盘数、活枝数也呈较高的正遗传相关。综合生长、树冠性状的遗传力以及与产脂力相关程度,认为胸径是高产脂优树间接选择的最佳指标。以单株产脂量和单株材积生长作为综合选择指标,共选出20个优良家系和16株优良单株,选出的优良单株产脂力遗传增益在52.54% 154.40%,单株材积遗传增益在0.22% 31.85%。     

Inheritance of growth and survival in two 9-year-old,open-pollinated progenies of an advanced breeding population of Chinese firs in southeastern China

Tree growth traits (tree height, DBH and stem volume) and survival from two 9-year-old, open-pollinated progeny tests of Chinese fir were investigated for heritability, genotype × environment interaction, age-age genetic correlation and selection efficiency. The 97 and 79 families planted at two sites were collected from the third-cycle seed orchard. Individual heritability was estimated between 0.05 and 0.21 for tree height, DBH, and volume and between 0.45 and 1.0 for survival. Family heritability was between 0.20 and 1.14. Significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for the three growth traits. Type B genetic correlation was between 0.41 and 0.67 with an increasing trend as tree grows. High age-age genetic correlation was observed with correlation reaching 0.9 after age 4 for height, DBH, and volume. The genetic gains were estimated at 3.26, 3.39 and 5.98 % for tree height, DBH, and volume with 10 % selection intensity. The implication for advanced tree breeding in Chinese fir is discussed.     

灰楸无性系生长和形质性状变异与选择

[目的]本研究考察了灰楸无性系生长(树高、胸径、单株材积)和形质(分枝度、分枝角、冠幅、树皮厚度、尖削度)性状,为灰楸优质用材良种选育和定向培育提供理论依据。[方法]以5年生灰楸试验林33个无性系为材料进行多个性状的遗传变异分析、方差分析、重复力估算。利用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合选择优良无性系。[结果]灰楸树高、胸径、单株材积在无性系间差异显著或极显著,其重复力为0.456～0.592。灰楸形质性状中,平均尖削度P1和P3在无性系间存在显著或极显著差异,且具有中等大小的重复力(0.479和0.415)。遗传相关分析中,单株材积与冠幅、树皮厚度、平均尖削度P1等存在显著或极显著较弱的正相关,相关系数为0.178～0.263。针对不同育种目标,利用主成分评价和隶属函数法最终选择出特定的优良无性系。[结论]5年生灰楸无性系间各性状存在丰富的遗传变异,且生长性状受到中等的遗传控制,有较好的遗传改良潜力。灰楸无性系生长性状与形质性状具有独立性,可进行单独定向选择。灰楸无性系H3-1-9、H3-1-18、H3-1-10、H3-1-3、H3-2-16和H3-1-17可作为速生丰产良种;无性系H3-1-16、H3-1-19、H3-2-12和H3-2-9可作为优质用材的无性系;无性系H3-1-17、H3-1-10、H3-1-18和H3-2-16可考虑作为生长和形质综合改良的灰楸无性系在当地推广。     

Fertility variation in endemic populations of Ehrami black pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> Arnold. subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">pallasiana</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">pyramidata</Emphasis>)

Fertility variation and effective number of parents were estimated in the 100 individuals from each of three plantation populations (P1, P2 and P3) of the endangered Pinus nigra. subsp. pallasiana var. pyramidata established in the Isparta–Golcuk district in southern Turkey in 1990. Potential relations between cone yield and growth characters (height, diameter at breast height, diameter at base and crown diameter) were also investigated. Large differences were found among populations and within populations for cone production and growth characters. Mean cone production was eight (ranging from 6.5 in P2 to 9.1 in P1) for the three populations. The 10 most productive individuals for cones produced 32% of the total cones in P1, 39% in P2 and 34% in P3; 21, 16 and 6 individuals, respectively did not produce any cones in the populations. According to the correlation analyses, the relation between cone yield and growth characters changed for the populations, while height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter were positively significantly correlated (r = 0.182, 0.135 and 0.209; p ≤ 0.05) with cone production for the three populations. Fertility variation was 1.81 in total of three populations, ranging from 1.72 in P3 to 3.45 in P1). Effective number of parents was 142 (55.2 of number of parents censused; 29%, P1; 49.8%, P2; 58.3%, P3).     

Comparison and early selection of new clones in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

In our study, two experimental plantations, respectively, with 24 and 32 new clones of P tomentosa, were established in Weixian County, Hebei Province and Wuzhi County, Henan Province using a completely randomized block design. A comparative study was conducted on the continuous 5-year-old height and diameter at breast height （DBH） of new clones in the two plantations. As well, based on genetic correlation over the years of testing of these clones, a preliminary study of early selection was carried out. Results indicate that the growth traits of the new clones in Weixian were better than those in Wuzhi. The traits show weak correlation between the two plantations. In some stands, the height, DBH and seedling volume of 5-year-old clones presented statistically significant differences among clones. In both plantations, the new clones showed over 0.6 repeatability of height, DBH and volume, as well as larger coefficients of variation （CV）. The fact that these clones achieved the largest repeatability and CV in the second year suggests that these traits are highly controlled by heredity. Thus, based on the growth traits of the second year, the new clones B305, B307, B303, H75, BT18, BT17 and 21J-1 were considered suitable in Weixian. In Wuzhi, the new clones had variable repeatability and CVs in various years and their correlation of growth traits among different years was not high. We conclude that early selection of new clones was not feasible in Wuzhi.     

思茅松自由授粉家系遗传参数与早期选择分析

[目的]通过对思茅松自由授粉子代测试林的生长与形质性状遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系选择,为建立思茅松高世代种子园及培育优良无性系苗木提供种质资源。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,在214个思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中选择胸径、地径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、通直度、树干圆满度、树冠圆满度、材积及地上生物量等生长与形质性状,利用线性混合模型进行遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系筛选。[结果]思茅松自由授粉子代测试林生长与形质性状的遗传参数在家系间差异极显著。各性状的家系遗传力较高,其中,地径的家系遗传力最大(1.105)。材积的预期遗传增益高于地上生物量,利用家系/家系内选择方法进行优良家系的筛选,材积的预期遗传增益为60.75%,入选家系为60个;地上生物量的预期遗传增益为44.22%,入选家系为66个。轮盘数、通直度和树干圆满度对材积和地上生物量都有显著影响。[结论]在早期选择中,形质性状的遗传变异对思茅松自由授粉优良家系的选择有重要参考作用,4年生思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中各性状存在着丰富的遗传变异,在早期选择中可以筛选出适合不同培育目标的优良家系,最大限度挖掘其遗传潜力。     

A Study of Variability,Associations, and Path Analysis in Poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)

Forty-two genotypes were evaluated for juvenile wood yield and its components at three locations in Bihar, India. A significant difference was observed among the genotypes for all the characters under study. The highest value of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was observed in juvenile wood volume followed by diameter at breast height (DBH). Characters like plant height, clear bole height, crown diameter number of branches, angle of branch, diameter of branch, and length of branch showed moderate values for genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Very high heritability was estimated for clear bole height, crown diameter, angle of branch, and length of branch. Diameter and plant height showed moderate to high heritability. Relatively genetic advance expressed in percentage of mean or genetic gain was observed the highest in volume (30.86%), DBH (18.96), clear bole height (17.19%), angle of branch (17.39), length of branch (19.53), and in plant height (11.87%). Juvenile wood volume per plant showed significant and positive correlation with height (0.619), diameter (DBH, 0.770), clear hole height (0.305), number of branch (0.372); and positive association with crown diameter (0.145), angle of branch (0.055), diameter of branch (0.251), length of branch (0.200), and survival (0.166); and significant negative correlation with taper (?0.499) at the phenotypic level. In phenotypic path analysis diameter (DBH, 0.702), plant height (0.169), crown diameter (0.121), taper (0.027), and survival (0.050) showed positive direct effect on juvenile wood volume. The direct impact of the same through clear bole height (?0.366), number of branch (?0.130), angle of branch (?0.228), and length of branch (?1.567) was negative. Hence it is suggested that due importance should be given to diameter (DBH), plant height, crown diameter, diameter of branch, taper, and survival for selection of superior plant with high juvenile wood yield potential in poplar.     

楸树杂种无性系早期选择研究

对5a生楸树杂种无性系的生长性状进行统计分析,结果表明：无性系间胸径、树高、地径生长性状的差异均达到显著或极显著水平,其胸径最大值为5.09 cm,树高最大值为4.13 m,地径最大值为6.55 cm.胸径、树高、地径生长性状受到中度以上程度的遗传控制.通过综合比较,初步选出3个优良无性系,胸径、树高遗传增益最高值为18.55％,13.45％,入选率13.00％.     

Seed source variation for growth and stem form in the exotic species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Khaya senegalensis</Emphasis> in Sri Lanka

Khaya senegalensis is an increasingly important commercial plantation species in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. To address a problem of limited information on seed source variation from across its natural and planted range for key economic traits, two seed source trials were established in Sri Lanka in 2008. These included 3 Sri Lankan landrace and 21 natural stand sources from sub-Saharan Africa. Both trials were assessed for height and survival at age 2 years and then diameter at breast height, total height and stem form traits at age 6 years. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between seed sources for all traits at both sites. Significant differences were also found among seed sources in one trial for within seed source variability of tree volume and other traits, with two local Sri Lankan sources showing some of the highest variabilities. Whilst analyses of data pooled across the two sites revealed significant (P < 0.01) seed source by site interaction effects for most traits, such interactions will be of little practical significance for growth as correlations (r values) of seed source means across the two sites were moderate and positive, but for stem form traits correlations between the sites were low to very low and not significant. Options for future genetic improvement of the species in Sri Lanka are discussed.     

湿加松无性系生长性状的遗传变异及选择效果研究初报

对1块6.5年生的湿加松无性系测定林的生长性状进行了测定和分析,试验表明,开展湿加松无性系选育是可行的、有效的.具体结果如下:(1)控制湿加松生长变异的因素中,遗传因素与非遗传因素的重要性大约各占50%;而对遗传因素的影响强度,主要为家系效应,其次为无性系效应.树高、胸径、材积的家系平均遗传力分别为0.967,0.88...