The mosaic of surface charge in contact electrification

When dielectric materials are brought into contact and then separated, they develop static electricity. For centuries, it has been assumed that such contact charging derives from the spatially homogeneous material properties (along the material's surface) and that within a given pair of materials, one charges uniformly positively and the other negatively. We demonstrate that this picture of contact charging is incorrect. Whereas each contact-electrified piece develops a net charge of either positive or negative polarity, each surface supports a random "mosaic" of oppositely charged regions of nanoscopic dimensions. These mosaics of surface charge have the same topological characteristics for different types of electrified dielectrics and accommodate significantly more charge per unit area than previously thought.     

Temperature-dependence of the polarity of electrical charges on ice crystals

The electrical polarity of ice crystals produced from a super-cooled cloud is temperature-dependent. The charge polarity appears to be associated with the crystal habit. This phenomenon may be important in precipitation and cloud electrification processes.     

崇明岛不同生态用地空气负离子分布规律研究

为获得崇明岛不同生态用地空气负离子的实时变化趋势,以崇明岛林地、绿地、湿地和对照点为研究对象,利用Epex空气离子测量仪进行实时监测,并采用单级系数和安倍空气质量评价系数进行空气等级评价。结果表明:不同生态用地空气负离子浓度的时间变化趋势有所差异,正离子浓度变化趋势与负离子不完全相同;空气负离子均值浓度表现为夏季:湿地>绿地>林地>对照;秋季:湿地>林地>绿地>对照;夏季和秋季湿地空气负离子浓度显著高于其他3个测点,且均以对照点空气负离子浓度最低;所有观测点空气负离子的单级系数q<1,空气负离子浓度基本达到1 000 个·cm^-3,空气质量良好。     

Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes

In two summertime mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), mesospheric optical sprite phenomena were often coincident with both large-amplitude positive cloud-to-ground lightning and transient Schumann resonance excitations of the entire Earth-ionosphere cavity. These observations, together with earlier studies of MCS electrification, suggest that sprites are triggered when the rapid removal of large quantities of positive charge from an areally extensive charge layer stresses the mesosphere to dielectric breakdown.     

福州市空气负离子空间变化特征

采用美国进口的空气离子测定仪,对福州市空气负离子浓度的空间变化情况进行了初步的实测与研究,并以单极系数和空气离子评价指数为标准对其空气质量进行评价。结果表明:从福州市中心向郊区空气负离子浓度逐渐增大,单极系数逐渐减小;有林地区空气负离子浓度明显高于无林地区,一般情况下阔叶林地空气负离子浓度高于针叶林地。     

一种三维雷暴云起电—放电模式的建立

[目的]研究一种三维雷暴云起电—放电模式的建立。[方法]在一种三维强对流云模式的基础上,选取几种比较成熟、有试验基础的起电机制和放电机制的参数化方案耦合到强对流云模式,使得该三维强对流模式能够模拟起电—放电过程,建立三维雷暴云起电—放电模式。[结果]通过数值模拟的方法建立了一种三维雷暴云起电—放电模式,该模式不仅可以评估不同环境下各种起电机制的相对重要性,而且描绘出雷暴云内电荷中心及电场的形成、闪电的发生位置、传播过程以及对电荷分布的影响,最重要的是可以定量描述雷暴云演变过程中动力、微物理和电过程之间复杂的相对关系。[结论]该研究为进一步研究不同类型雷暴云的闪电特征及其与动力和微物理过程的关系,以及深入探讨雷电活动的预警预报技术提供了有力基础。     

土壤有机矿质复合体的表面电荷特性及对锌的吸附

供试土样为中国的棕壤、红壤和赤红壤及巴基斯坦的ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ．与Ｈ－粘粒比，Ｈ－粘粒复合体有较多的净负电荷和较少的正电荷。在红壤和赤红壤中，Ｈ－粘粒复合体的表面积比Ｈ－粘粒大，但在棕壤，ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ中则相反。在ｐＨ近７．０时，因有机质而使负电荷百分数增加的次序为赤红壤＞红壤＞ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ＞ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ＞棕壤。当ｐＨ＜７时有机质可以提高赤红壤、红壤和ｋｏｔｌｉｓｅｒｉｅｓ对锌的吸附，在各种锌浓度下，有机质均能提高棕壤和ｇｕｊｒａｎｗａｌａｓｅｒｉｅｓ对锌的吸附。与Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ和Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程比较，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程最适合描述Ｈ－粘粒复合体对锌的吸附行为，但Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程最适合于自然粘粒复合体。     

电除尘器中粉尘预荷电的试验研究

采用线管式预荷电器对粉尘颗粒在不同条件下的荷电量进行研究,并在不同条件下对其预荷电性能进行了对比试验.结果表明,采用直流和脉冲电压供电方式时,在电压达到临界值之前,颗粒的荷电量均随电压升高而增加,脉冲电压供电方式荷电量升高较快,荷质比高出直流电压荷电1个数量级;负电晕放电的颗粒荷电量明显高于正电晕放电;电晕放电的荷电量随颗粒粒径的增大而增大;预荷电器中的荷电理论计算必须考虑粒子密度及其输运项.     

How Does a Raindrop Grow?: Precipitation in natural clouds may develop from ice crystals or from large hygroscopic aerosols

On the basis of presently available data, combined with present-day knowledge of the physics and chemistry of cloud particle development, it is possible to make the following generalizations about the mode of precipitation in natural clouds. 1) The all-water mechanism begins to operate as soon as a parcel of cloud air is formed and continues to operate throughout the life of the cloud. The ice-crystal mechanism, on the other hand, can begin to operate only after the top of the cloud has reached levels where ice nuclei can be effective (about -15 degrees C). Some clouds never reach this height; any precipitation from them must be through the all-water mechanism. In cold climates and at high levels in the atmosphere, the cloud bases may be very close to this critical temperature. In the tropics, approximately 25,000 feet separate the bases of low clouds from the natural ice level. 2) The number of large hygroscopic nuclei in maritime air over tropical oceans is entirely adequate to rain-out any cloud with a base below about 10,000 feet, provided the cloud duration and cloud depth is sufficient for the precipitation process to operate. Extensive trajectories over land will decrease the number of sea-salt particles, both because of sedimentation and removal in rain. Measurements show an order-of-magnitude decrease in the number of large particles as maritime air moves from the Gulf of Mexico to the vicinity of St. Louis, during the summer months. Measurements in Arizona and New Mexico show even smaller chloride concentrations, presumably because of the long overland trajectories required in reaching these areas. The maritime particles lost in overland trajectories apparently are more than replaced by particles of land origin. The latter are usually of mixed composition and are less favorable for the formation of outsized solution droplets. 3) Ice nuclei, required for the formation of ice crystals and for droplet freezing, are rather rare at temperatures higher than about -10 degrees C. This, of course, accounts for the fact that natural clouds undergo extensive undercooling. Because of the scarcity of suitable nuclei, precipitation through the ice phase usually is not found in clouds warmer than about -15 degrees to -20 degrees C. Natural cirrus clouds might provide ice nuclei for precipitation at somewhat higher temperatures, but this possibility has not been extensively studied. 4) Precipitation in tropical clouds invariably first develops through the all-water mechanism; points discussed in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 above all work toward this end. Tropical clouds which reach to heights above about 25,000 feet also develop precipitation through snow pellets. The data for mid-latitude clouds are conflicting. Some measurements suggest that summer clouds in the central United States and in the semiarid Southwest develop rain largely through the all-water process; existing theories support such a suggestion. However, flight measurements indicate that there is considerably more ice and snow in the clouds than can be accounted for by present theory; as a consequence, one must be careful in ruling out the ice mechanism in these areas. It appears to me, however, that the ice particles in these clouds are best accounted for through the hypothesis of freezing of drops which have grown to fairly large size through diffusion of vapor. Thus, the ice would be only incidental to the precipitation development. Winter clouds in the central United States and almost all of the clouds of northern United States and Canada appear to precipitate largely through the ice-crystal mechanism. The relatively cold cloud bases and the continental sources of air masses in these regions appear to retard the warm-rain mechanism to the point where the ice mechanism dominates. But here again, a great deal of research must be completed before a firm conclusion can be drawn (18).     

Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution

Direct evidence demonstrates that urban and industrial air pollution can completely shut off precipitation from clouds that have temperatures at their tops of about -10 degrees C over large areas. Satellite data reveal plumes of reduced cloud particle size and suppressed precipitation originating from major urban areas and from industrial facilities such as power plants. Measurements obtained by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite reveal that both cloud droplet coalescence and ice precipitation formation are inhibited in polluted clouds.     

土壤表面电荷磁致效应的研究

本文主要研究了棕壤和盐土磁处理后，比表面、表面各类电荷及电荷密度的变化，以及磁场强度和土壤湿度对上述磁致效应的影响。研究发现，磁处理可显著降低土壤比表面值；增加土壤可变负电荷和电荷密度以及减少可变正电荷数量。这些结果为应用磁改良技术改善土壤微结构及其功能提供了一定依据     

试论高校电子阅览室服务收费的合法性和合理性

从高校电子阅览室与网吧的差异、相关部门的法规文件阐述了其收费的不合法性,又从高校电子阅览室公共属性和公平性,以及收费带来的负面影响阐述了收费的不合理性。     

Formation and spread of aircraft-induced holes in clouds

Hole-punch and canal clouds have been observed for more than 50 years, but the mechanisms of formation, development, duration, and thus the extent of their effect have largely been ignored. The holes have been associated with inadvertent seeding of clouds with ice particles generated by aircraft, produced through spontaneous freezing of cloud droplets in air cooled as it flows around aircraft propeller tips or over jet aircraft wings. Model simulations indicate that the growth of the ice particles can induce vertical motions with a duration of 1 hour or more, a process that expands the holes and canals in clouds. Global effects are minimal, but regionally near major airports, additional precipitation can be induced.     

中南地区几种地带性土壤表面电荷特性与pH的关系

用改进的Schofield法、盐滴定法等方法研究测定了我国中南地区5种不同地带性土壤的表面电荷特性。结果表明：1)在同一pH条件下，土壤负电荷量由北向南呈递减趋势，正电荷量呈递增趋势，与供试土壤粘土矿物、铁铝氧化物组成及含量有关；2)砖红壤中负电荷以可变负电荷为主，棕红壤和红壤既有较大数量的可变负电荷，并含有一定数量的永久负电荷，黄褐土和黄棕壤负电荷量随pH的变化较小；3)供试土壤的PZC从北到南逐渐升高，砖红壤的PZNC为4．2，其它土壤在试验pH范围内不存在PZNC。     

Thunderstorm electrification of hail and graupel by polar dribble

Hail and graupel falling through rain collect water that selectively dribbles upward from the upper surface of a hailstone. When the hailstones are polarized by nearly vertical electrostatic field these vertically discharged water drops carry away free charge of the same sign as that induced on the upper surfaces. The hail thereby accumulates an equilibrium charge of opposite sign, corresponding to the charges induced on the bottom surfaces. The equilibrium charges are large enough to be important in thunderstorms.     

Pyrophosphate in the 5' terminal position of a viral ribonucleic acid

A pancreatic ribonuclease digest of carbon-14-labeled Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus RNA was fractionated, according to charge, by column chromatography. Individual fractions were dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphomonoesterase and rechromatogramed. The fraction originally containing oligonucleotides with seven negative charges separated into two components corresponding to five and two negative charges, respectively, and therefore must have contained a terminal trinucleotide 5'-pyrophosphate, in addition to the internal hexanucleotides. Other fractions when similarly treated were found to contain only internal oligonucleotides.     

Atmospheric electrical detection of organized convection

Relatively simple atmospheric electrical instrumentation carried on a small aircraft constitutes a flexible and sensitive system for detecting organized convection. Data can be obtained close to the sea surface, and low-velocity flight enhances the spatial resolution. With a slow-flying airplane or powered glider, it may be possible to trace the circulation of individual convection cells and to investigate the trajectory of air which forms cumulus clouds, one of the major unsolved problems in tropical meteorology. Since space charge near the ocean surface was found on some days to be organized on a horizontal scale equivalent to the cumulus cloud scale, this suggests that some of the air which forms maritime cumulus clouds may come from within a few meters of the ocean and that atmospheric electrical instrumentation may have the potential for tracing air from the sea surface to the clouds. Although the atmospheric electrical instrumentation technique described here cannot be used for direct measurement of air velocity, it may be possible to develop model that can be used to calculate air velocities from electric field data. Even though with the technique described here it is not possible to make direct measurements of wind velocity, airborne electric field records can provide useful information about convection by delineating patterns in the wind field and structural features of thermals (rising bodies of relatively warm air) and by making possible the remote detection of thermals (29). Future plans include attempting to trace interfaces between adjacent roll vortices from the sea surface through the depth of the mixed layer (i) by flying the aircraft parallel to the wind so as to nullify the horizontal electric field (measured between wing-tip probes) while ascending and descending along the interface between adjacent roll vortices and (ii) by measuring vertical and horizontal potential gradient variations at different flight levels (30). The sensitivity of atmospheric electrical instrumentation to the top of the mixed layer and structure within it can be used to explore another important problem in boundary layer convection-why convective cloud cover and oceanic rainfall are greater at night than during the day(31). Workers in atmospheric electricity have long recognized that their domain is strongly controlled by turbulence in the lower atmosphere, and many have believed that the most effective use of atmospheric electrical techniques to assist meteorological research would be in studying exchange processes. Reiter [see (8)] effectively extended atmospheric electrical studies of boundary layer phenomena through a height range by mounting instruments on cable cars traveling between the valley floor and mountain tops in the Alps. The airborne measurements described here extend this approach. Relating the electrical structure of the atmosphere to its dynamic structure poses an interesting problem which may contribute to our understanding of the atmosphere.     

Charge distribution in the light-atom mineral kernite

A charge density analysis of accurate x-ray data for the mineral kernite Na(2)B(4)O(6)(OH)(2). 3H(2)O indicates that the sodium and boron atoms have partial positive charges of 0.4 to 0.5 unit and 0.4 to 0.7 unit, respectively, whereas the oxygen atoms have negative charges of about 0.4 to 0.5 unit. The best agreement with the intensities and with the experimental scale factor is obtained with contracted molecule-optimized atomic orbitals. Difference density maps based on high-order parameters show more density in B-O than in Na-O bonds, thus supporting the covalent nature of the bonds between boron and oxygen atoms.     

北京地区空气负离子浓度时空变化特征的研究

该文对北京地区空气负离子浓度的时空变化情况进行了为期3 a的实测与研究.结果表明,从市中心向郊区空气负离子浓度逐渐增大,单极系数逐渐减小;有林地区空气负离子浓度明显高于无林地区,针叶林地区全年平均空气负离子浓度高于阔叶林地区,但春、夏季节则阔叶林地区高于针叶林地区;有瀑布和溪流等动态水的地方空气负离子浓度明显增加;室内空气负离子浓度低于室外,但绿色植物可使室内空气负离子浓度增加;一天中白天空气负离子平均浓度高于夜间,一年中夏季最高、冬季最低.      

抚顺市“8·16”特大暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规观测和卫星云图资料,对2013年8月16日抚顺地区特大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:500 h Pa副热带高压边缘高温高湿空气团与由短波槽输送的冷空气在抚顺地区交汇、地面蒙古气旋加强东移,为抚顺地区强降水过程提供了有利条件。低层强正涡度区、高层负涡度区,为抚顺地区强降水过程提供了有利的动力条件。随着高能锋区快速向东移动,抚顺地区强降水出现在假相当位温等值线密集的高能锋区南压过程中。长时间持续的90%以上的相对湿度场为暴雨过程提供了有利的水汽条件。"8.16"降水期间,共有4个对流云团的发生发展,表明此次抚顺强降水具有明显的中尺度特征。