Correlation between chromaticity values and major anthocyanins in seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars

The correlation between the anthocyanin concentrations of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars and the chromaticity values a*, b*, a*/b* ratio, h° and L* was investigated. According to the position of leaves on the branch terminal, middle and base sample leaves were analyzed and the positional effect on the level of the major anthocyanin was estimated. Leaf color was measured with a portable colorimeter and individual anthocyanins were detected with the use of HPLC–MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was present in all senescing leaves of Acer cultivars and its content decreased from terminal to base position. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was identified in lower concentrations in the leaves of all cultivars. Multiple variable analysis was calculated for each of the tristimulus values and two major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) in senescing leaves of ornamental Acer cultivars. Correlations were detected between the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) in analyzed Acer cultivars and all chromaticity parameters. The highest correlation coefficient (0.94) was observed between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a*/b* ratio in cultivar ‘Bloodgood’ and lowest (0.54) between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a* in Acer palmatum Thunb. The correlation between cyanidin-3-rutinoside and chromaticity parameters was not detected in all Acer cultivars, additionally correlation coefficients and statistical significance were much lower. The expression of red color in both senescing leaves and in all-year-red cultivars can be tightly linked with the content level of cyanidin-3-glucoside; the second major anthocyanin does not contribute much to the red leaf color.     

观赏羽衣甘蓝新品种‘红青花’与‘红海星’

‘红青花’与‘红海星’均为地被类型观赏羽衣甘蓝杂交种。‘红青花’植株低矮紧凑,内叶粉红色,波浪形。‘红海星’叶深红色,叶缘深裂且多褶皱。二者叶色鲜艳,叶形典雅,观赏价值高,变色早,耐寒,耐抽薹,观赏期长。     

Analysis of petal anthocyanins to investigate coloration mechanism in herbaceous peony cultivars

Petal coloration and anthocyanin compositions of 41 herbaceous peony cultivars were analyzed. Anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MSⁿ) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). Peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) were the five major anthocyanins in herbaceous peony cultivars. Deep purple or reddish purple cultivars contained 4–5 anthocyanins, whereas pink cultivars only contained Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and their contents were much lower than those of purple cultivars. According to the chemical structures of three anthocyanidins in association with petal coloration, flowers were classified into three phenotypes: 1. “Pn, Cy, and Pg” (all purple flowers including two pink flowers); 2. “Pn, Cy” (pink flowers); 3 “Pn” (light pink and white flowers). The coloration mechanisms of cultivars with the pink and purple flowers were quite different. Correlations between lightness (L*) and chroma (C*), chromatic component a* and total anthocyanins (TA) value, a* and co-pigmentation index (CI) showed opposite tendencies, whereas L* and TA showed the same tendency in each group. High contents of Pn3G5G and Pg3G5G may responsible for the purple coloration of herbaceous peony cultivars.     

紫菜薹、紫色芜菁和紫色白菜花青苷分析

在对紫菜薹（Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea Baile.）以及芜菁（Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera Metzg.）和白菜[Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino]中的紫色品种类型叶片中花青苷分布特点研究的基础上,结合利用UFLC-UV-Q-Trip-MS和UPLC-Q-TOF-MS两种液相色谱质谱联用（LC–MS）技术,对叶片中花青苷代谢物谱进行分析鉴定。结果表明,花青苷在紫菜薹、紫色芜菁和紫色白菜叶片中积累的部位并不相同,主要分布于紫菜薹和紫色芜菁叶柄的表皮细胞,以及紫色白菜叶片的上表皮细胞中。3种蔬菜中共鉴定出23种花青苷,其中紫菜薹和紫色白菜含有的花青苷种类相同,为17种不同酰基化取代的矢车菊素–3–双/三葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷;紫色芜菁中检测出与紫菜薹和紫色白菜不同的6种花青苷,为不同酰基化的天竺葵素–3–双葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷。     

芥蓝二氢黄酮醇4–还原酶基因BoaDFR的克隆与功能鉴定

以白花芥蓝‘四季粗条’为材料克隆了Boa DFR基因,Gen Bank登录号为MT472647,CDS序列长为1158 bp,编码385个氨基酸,与甘蓝型油菜、甘蓝和白菜等具有高度同源性。Boa DFR表达水平在芥蓝不同发育时期、不同器官中存在显著差异,随植株发育总体呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在幼嫩种子中表达量最高。芥蓝原生质体的亚细胞定位结果显示Boa DFR定位在细胞核上。构建了农杆菌介导的芥蓝瞬时过表达体系,将Boa DFR转入白花芥蓝‘四季粗条’和黄花芥蓝‘福州黄花’中,发现Boa DFR在两种芥蓝中均高水平表达,转基因植株叶片颜色明显变紫,花青素苷显著积累,总含量最高达461.43μg·g-1 FW,而野生型和转空载体芥蓝叶片中几乎检测不到花青素苷。通过HPLC在转基因植株叶片中共检测到8种花青素苷,均为矢车菊花青素苷,其中矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷占比最高。     

芸薹属5种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法对芸薹属中红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、红菜薹、紫色白菜和紫结球甘蓝新鲜叶片所含花青素苷含量和组成进行鉴定。结果表明,这些蔬菜中花青素苷主要组分为矢车菊素苷,兼有少量的飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中均含有矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的46.51%、56.04%、46.38%和68.96%。紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的41.87%、20.58%和16.02%。花青素苷含量最高的是红叶芥菜,为719.04 μg · g-1 FW;其次是紫红色大白菜,为604.03 μg · g-1 FW;第三是紫结球甘蓝,为264.96 μg · g-1 FW;最低的是红菜薹和紫色白菜,分别为219.07 和130.02 μg · g-1 FW。紫红色大白菜中检测到2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和1 种矮牵牛素苷。     

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

红掌佛焰苞中花色素与颜色形成的关系

利用切片观察法、显色法和比色法对佛焰苞中花色素的分布情况、组分及含量进行了初步分析。结果表明:红掌佛焰苞中主要含有类黄酮(包括花青素苷、黄酮和黄酮醇)、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素3类色素。大部分品种中类黄酮主要分布于上下表皮细胞中,‘萨维尔’等少数品种的栅栏组织中也有类黄酮分布;而叶绿素和类胡萝卜素则分布在栅栏组织中。各色系均含有类黄酮,红色系比其它色系含有更多的花青素苷,绿色系则含有叶绿素;参试品种中只有棕红色品种‘热带之夜’含有少量类胡萝卜素。花青素苷和叶绿素是佛焰苞显色的主要因素,总体上总花青素苷和叶绿素含量与颜色明度L*呈负相关,而与彩度C*呈正相关,即随着总花青素苷含量的增加,红色和粉红色佛焰苞的红色色调加强,叶绿素含量增加可使绿色和白色佛焰苞的绿色和黄色色调加强。     

Effects of high temperature on flower colour and anthocyanin content in pink flower genotypes of greenhouse chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

Summary

The relationship between the intensity of flower colour and changes in the content of the main anthocyanins under various controlled temperatures was examined in order to clarify the effects of high temperature on flower colouration in six pink flower genotypes of greenhouse chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Poor colouration of flowers was observed at 30°C in all genotypes except ‘Chatoo’. This genotype showed little difference in flower colour between different temperature treatments. The degree of change in flower colour differed depending on the genotype, whereas no clear differences in flower colouring were observed between Summer – Autumn flowering and Autumn-flowering genotypes. All genotypes showed lower contents of the two anthocyanins tested [cyanidin 3-O-(6’’-O-monomalonyl- -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3’’,6’’-O-dimalonyl- -glucopyranoside)] at higher temperatures. Therefore, flower colour changes were attributable to changes in these two main anthocyanins. Differences in colouration between genotypes and temperature conditions were also detectable in values that were measured using a colorimeter. Changed parameters that were visually verifiable were the a* value, representing the degree of red colour, and the C* value, representing chroma. For ‘Sei-Monako’, which showed visually greater differences between temperature treatments, the a* and C* values were low under high temperature conditions. On the other hand, in ‘Chatoo’, the differences detected by eye and those in a* and C* values between temperature treatments were small. In addition, the present results indicate that mean temperature is more important than either day or night temperature in determining the degree of flower colouration.     

观赏海棠花色时序动态分布格局研究

 采用X-Rite 色差计对97 个观赏海棠品种大蕾期（S₁）、盛开期（S₂）、末花期（S₃）3 个阶 段的花色进行了测定,开展了品种群间的花色关系及时空分布规律研究,旨在为挖掘和创制海棠特异种 质和花色育种提供参考。采用Origin7.0 软件构建了观赏海棠品种群花色在CIELCH 色空间中的三维动态 分布图,结果表明：在开花进程中,各品种花色在L*（亮度）、C*（饱和度）和h*（色调角）三个维度皆 呈规律性空间分布特点和阶段性变化趋势,所有品种的L*值持续上升而C*值持续下降,L *值高而C *值低 的品种权重显著增加;在h *维度方向,h * 值呈增大趋势,分布在红色区域（h *值0 ~ 20°）的品种权重由大 蕾期的85.6%下降至末花期的52.6%,而分布在黄色区域（h *值90° ~ 110°）的品种权重由大蕾期的2.1% 上升到末花期的28.9%。采用SAS6.12 软件构建了花色聚类分析树状图,结果表明：在遗传距离2.17 和 1.69 处,97 个海棠品种可以划分为3 大色系和6 个子色系类群,即紫红色系（含紫红、暗紫红和灰紫红 3 个子色系）、粉色系（粉红和白粉2 个子色系）和白色系类群,色系/子色系类群之间具有明显不同的色 彩参数特征。3 大色系品种花色淡化程度及淡化快慢节律差异显著,在大蕾期-盛开期-末花期的开花进 程中,白色系品种呈现由紫红-白（或稍带粉）-白色先快后慢的节律快速淡化为白色,粉色系品种由 紫红-粉-淡粉（或近白色）匀速淡化,紫红色系品种（A3 除外）呈现由紫红-紫红-淡紫红先慢后快 的节律淡化,总淡化程度显著低于粉花色系。在6 个子色系中,色彩稳定性最强的是暗紫红子色系（A2） 和紫红子色系（A1-1）,始终保持较高的饱和度,而粉花子色系色彩稳定性则逊色得多。     

百合花色机理研究进展

百合花色主要由花青苷和类胡萝卜素形成,一般粉色和棕色花中主要成分是花青苷;黄色和橙色花中主要成分是类胡萝卜素;红色是由花青苷和类胡萝卜素共同组成。百合花色的遗传现象比较复杂。目前初步构建了几个群体,通过遗传连锁图谱标记了花色相关位点。百合中花青苷和类胡萝卜素合成代谢途径中的大部分结构基因已经被克隆和研究。花青苷合成途径中的转录因子LhMYB12调控百合花被片中的花青苷的有无,其转录水平调控花青苷的颜色强度和着色类型。本文总结了百合花朵的着色机理研究,为进一步开展百合花色育种提供了理论参考。     

Differences in fruit colour development,anthocyanin content,fruit quality and consumer acceptability of eight ‘Gala’ apple strains

The effect of strain on fruit colour development, chromaticity values and anthocyanin content, fruit quality and consumer acceptance was evaluated on eight ‘Gala’ apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) at the IRTA (Spain), during a period from 4 weeks before to 1 week after commercial harvest. Based on fruit colour, measured with a Minolta CR-200 portable tristimulus colorimeter, and anthocyanin content, the most coloured strains were ‘Royal Beaut’, ‘Buckeye Gala’ (both semistriped) and ‘Ruby Gala’ (blushed). ‘Brookfield’ and ‘Schniga’ (both striped) provided an intermediate level of colour, while ‘Galaxy’ and ‘Mondial Gala’ (both striped) were the least coloured ones. The most important increase in colour development was recorded from 2 weeks before the commercial harvest and continued also increasing after harvest. Highly coloured strains developed a red colour on both fruit sides with greater average of fruit surface coloured, while the less coloured strains exhibited different colouration between sides, more bicolour fruits and lower average of fruit coloured.     

Inheritance of floral colour and type in four new inbred lines of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is grown commercially and as an ornamental plant. Floral colour and inflorescence type are important traits in the breeding of ornamental sunflower. Sunflowers consist of ray florets, which are arranged around the perimeter with disc florets in the centre. The colour of the ray florets can vary from various shades of red to lemon-yellow. The inheritance of ray floret colour was studied through diallel crossing of inbred lines with red, yellow, or lemon-yellow coloured florets. In the F₁ generations, the red colour was partially dominant over yellow and lemon-yellow ray florets, forming a ‘Gaillardia‘ pattern, while yellow was dominant over lemon-yellow. The segregation ratios in the F₂ generations were 9:7 (red × yellow) and 3:1 (red × lemon-yellow and yellow × lemon-yellow), indicating control by one or two genes, respectively. The colour of the disc florets depended on the presence or absence of anthocyanin pigmentation. Disc florets that lacked anthocyanin pigmentation were usually different shades of yellow. Anthocyanin pigmentation was dominant over yellow and lemon-yellow, showing monohybrid inheritance with a segregation ratio of 3:1 in the F₂ generation. Chrysanthemum-type inflorescences had elongated disc florets. In crosses between chrysanthemum-type and normal-type inflorescences, the segregation ratio in the F₂ populations corresponded to the theoretical ratio of 3:1 for chrysanthemum-type:normal-type inflorescences. We conclude that the genes controlling floral colour and inflorescence type are inherited independently and have different effects. The interaction of these genes revealed new combinations of floral colour and type, which can increase variability in ornamental sunflowers.     

桂花新品种‘罗彩2号’

‘罗彩2号’是从广西壮族自治区桂林市永福县种植的桂花（Osmanthus fragrans）实生苗中选育出来的彩叶新品种。叶色变化较大，幼叶颜色经暗紫、粉红、灰黄再转为黄绿，成龄叶绿色，幼枝和叶柄紫红色，观赏价值极高。     

高温条件下芥蓝菜薹色泽的形成

通过对高温条件下3个芥蓝品种菜薹色素及其相关因素研究,结果表明:芥蓝菜薹的叶绿素、花青苷和类黄酮含量尖叶夏芥蓝均为最高,荷塘芥蓝次之,中花芥蓝最低。尖叶夏的有机酸含量最高,中花次之,荷塘最低。花青苷含量较高的品种,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性也比较高。芥蓝菜薹表皮色泽是叶绿素、类黄酮和花青苷等色素的综合表现,并受表皮酸碱性的影响。     

桂花新品种‘永福彩霞’

‘永福彩霞’是从福建省漳平县种植的桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)实生苗中选育出来的彩叶桂新品种。幼叶粉红色转淡黄色,幼枝和叶柄紫红色,观赏价值高。     

The inheritance of patterned white flowers in zonal pelargoniums

White flowered cultivars have petals which are either pure white, or patterned white with coloured markings localized within clearly defined zones on the upper surface of the petals. Five patterns are identified. The bar pattern has pigment localized within a small zone on both sides near the base of each of the lower triplet of petals. The centre pattern has a V-shaped coloured zone in the basal half of all petals filling in the centre of the flower. The picotee pattern colours the edges of all petals. The ring pattern is a coloured zone running across the basal half of all petals. The vein pattern consists of two prominent coloured veins running from the base of the upper pair of petals. The expression of these patterns is controlled by the dominant alleles of four genes: the bar, picotee and vein patterns by the genes Baiba, Celce or PH pi, and Ve/ve respectively, and the centre and ring patterns by the interaction of the products of two genes Ce with Ve and Ba with Ve respectively. The homozygous recessive states of these genes are epistatic to the red- marking gene, Rm/rm, responsible for controlling the synthesis of anthocyanin pigments that fill the marked zones. Other colour marking genes are probably responsible for variations in colour, especially pink which was a frequent alternative to red. In the absence of the colour marking genes, the pattern zones may sometimes become lightly pigmented from other sources providing the pattern gene itself is present. The zones are considered to be areas of pigment accumulation rather than centres for pigment synthesis.     

Flower colours and pigments in hybrid tuberose (Polianthes)

The flower pigment constitutions of nine hybrids with pink, reddish purple, purple, orange and yellow flowers obtained from the crossings and back-crossings using Polianthes tuberosa ‘Single’ and ‘Double’ and Polianthes howardii were analysed. Among the parents and hybrids, two white flowered cultivars of P. tuberosa had neither carotenoids nor anthocyanins, one hybrid had only carotenoids, four hybrids had only anthocyanins and an additional other four hybrids along with P. howardii had both carotenoids and anthocyanins in their petals. The main anthocyanidin in the petals of anthocyanin containing flowers is cyanidin with which some hybrids also contained delphinidin. Inducing of the anthocyanins and carotenoids from P. howardii into P. tuberosa can contribute to the extension of the diversity of flower colours in further tuberose breeding.     

茶花红叶芽变品种‘金华美女’叶色突变相关主要化学成分含量变化

‘金华美女’是从‘贝拉大玫瑰’中选育出的茶花芽变品种,其主要特点是叶色呈现暗红色。分别测定了上述两个品种在4个不同发育阶段叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总花青苷、矢车菊素葡萄糖苷、总多酚、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量。结果表明:(1)在相同阶段,两个品种间叶绿素a和叶绿素b差异均不显著。认为红叶品种的叶绿素合成途径也正常,排除因叶绿素变异引起的叶色变异;(2)红叶品种‘金华美女’叶片中的类胡萝素含量显著低于绿叶品种‘贝拉大玫瑰’,可见其积累对‘金华美女’的叶色无影响;(3)在4个时期中,‘金华美女’叶片总多酚、儿茶素和表儿茶素的平均含量仅占‘贝拉大玫瑰’叶片中的相应含量的33.1%、42%和15%,可见变色品种叶片的多酚合成途径可能受到一定程度的阻碍。(4)‘金华美女’叶片中总花青苷平均含量达3.06 mg·g~(-1),是‘贝拉大玫瑰’的7倍。由此可见,叶片花青苷合成途径中红色类组分的积累和多酚合成途径中无色类组分的合成受阻,是引起‘金华美女’叶色变红的主要成因。