九里香不同溶剂提取物对白纹伊蚊幼虫的毒杀活性研究

为了研究九里香不同溶剂提取物对白纹伊蚊幼虫的毒杀作用,试验采用浸液法测定了九里香乙酸乙酯提取物、乙醇提取物和水煎煮提取物对白纹伊蚊幼虫的毒杀活性。结果表明:九里香的乙酸乙酯提取物、乙醇提取物和水煎煮提取物对白纹伊蚊幼虫处理24 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.079 mg/m L、6.531 mg/m L、17.445 mg/m L。说明九里香不同溶剂提取物对白纹伊蚊幼虫均具有一定的杀灭作用,且以乙酸乙酯提取物效果最佳,乙醇提取物次之,水煎煮提取物效果相对较差。     

红蓼提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式

采用虫体浸渍法和夹毒叶碟法等方法研究红蓼(Polygonum orientale L.)提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式,为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。结果表明,红蓼的最高杀虫活性部位是种子和秋季茎秆,甲醇提取物稀释5倍液对粘虫(Mythi mnaseparate Walker)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为21.18%和20.29%。种子不同极性溶剂提取物的触杀作用以乙醇最强,校正死亡率可达41.97%;秋季茎秆则以甲醇最强,校正死亡率为20.29%。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物的触杀死亡率分别为88.89%和59.20%,二者的LC50值分别为8.6466 g(浸膏)/L和29.0484 g(浸膏)/L。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释10倍液对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.)4龄幼虫的触杀死亡率均达100%,种子乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释5倍液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)3龄幼虫、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hbner)和甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae L.)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为70.27%、87.50%和90.00%。种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率可达57.14%,秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对3龄幼虫的生长发育抑制率为30.45%。     

葎草提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究

在28℃、60%～80%RH、16L∶8D的实验条件下研究了葎草乙醇和水提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。结果表明,葎草乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨有较强的触杀作用,80g/L浓度的提取物平均死亡率高达91.11%,80g/L浓度的水提物下平均死亡率51.11%;乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨有较强的驱避作用,在浓度为10g/L的醇提物下驱避率达60%,醇提效果优于水提;乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨成螨产卵量有较强的抑制作用,在浓度为10g/L的醇提物和水提物下,减少率分别为62.39%与47.93%。研究结果有助于朱砂叶螨的综合治理。     

节裂角茴香几种溶剂提取物对粘虫的作用方式研究

本研究以节裂角茴香为对象,采用室内生物测定方法,开展了不同提取方法(恒温振荡法和索氏抽提法)和不同溶剂(乙醇、甲醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷)所得的8种提取物对粘虫的作用方式的研究。结果表明,节裂角茴香最佳杀虫提取方法与溶剂分别为索氏抽提法及乙醇;其提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫具有较强的拒食和生长发育抑制作用,24和48 h的拒食率均在70%以上,乙醇提取物拒食率最高达到90.78%,4种溶剂提取物处理粘虫24 h的生长发育抑制率为74.21%~91.45%,乙醇提取物48 h为87.00%,生长发育速度缓慢,最终化蛹率为23.33%;8种提取物对粘虫的触杀和胃毒作用均较弱,乙醇提取物48 h触杀和胃毒校正死亡率最高,为33.33%和23.3%;且节裂角茴香对粘虫的拒食活性物质主要集中在植株地上部分。     

夏枯草提取物的抗氧化活性

对夏枯草（Prunella vulgaris）不同溶剂提取物体外抗氧化活性进行评价,为进一步开发利用夏枯草提供参考。采用70%乙醇超声波提取,然后用等体积的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取,得到乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水提取物,并以BHT为对照,研究不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,夏枯草提取物具有良好的抗氧化性。不同溶剂提取物及BHT清除DPPH·的能力高低次序为乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞BHT＞水提物,清除·OH的能力高低次序为BHT＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞水提物,清除O-2·的能力高低次序为乙酸乙酯提取物＞水提物＞BHT＞正丁醇提取物,还原力高低次序为BHT＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞正丁醇提取物＞水提物。夏枯草乙酸乙酯提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

荒川库蠓人工繁殖的研究

实验室人工模拟条件下成功地进行荒川库蠓的饲养和繁殖。荒川库蠓吸鸡血的饱血时间为10min，饱血率为88.46%，饱血库蠓饲养3d后产卵，产卵率为69.56%。产卵后第2天开始孵化，一般在24h内孵化结束，孵化率为76.75%。幼虫先后蜕皮3次，共分4龄幼虫，1-4龄幼虫的体长分别为：0.3-1.12mm,1.12-3.02mm,3.02-4.55mm和4.55-5.90mm，其幼虫期分别为7、4、4和5d。4龄幼虫化蛹2-3d后即羽化为成蠓，羽化为81.82%,不同温度条件对卵到成蠓的发育影响较大，26℃是荒川库蠓发育相对适宜的温度条件。     

灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫的生物活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法、夹毒叶碟法等方法研究了灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫(Mythimna separate)的杀虫活性和作用方式。结果表明,灰绿黄堇不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫3龄幼虫的触杀作用以甲醇粗提物最强,校正死亡率为15.5%;甲醇粗提物不同极性溶剂萃取物以氯仿萃取物触杀作用最强,校正死亡率可达87.5%,其致死中质量浓度为13.07 g/L;氯仿萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫具有很强的生长发育抑制作用和胃毒作用,生长发育抑制率和校正死亡率分别为88.66%和91.38%。     

三峡库区獐牙菜提取物抑菌活性及稳定性研究

为了研究三峡库区獐牙菜的抑菌活性和稳定性,以纯化水、70%乙醇和乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂对獐牙菜进行提取,通过测定抑菌圈直径大小和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来比较不同溶剂提取物对5种常见食源性污染菌的抑制作用,同时考察热处理、pH值、紫外线照射、盐浓度对獐牙菜水提取物抑菌活性稳定性的影响。结果表明:3种溶剂提取物对测试菌均具有一定的抑菌活性,其中以纯化水提取物效果最好;热处理、pH值及紫外线照射对獐牙菜水提取物抑菌活性的稳定性影响较小,而增加盐浓度对獐牙菜水提取物的抑菌活性产生一定增效作用。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ-2000菌株对家蚕主要生物学特性影响的研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对多种鳞翅目害虫具明显杀虫活性而对家蚕蚁蚕表现低毒性。以对家蚕蚁蚕表现高毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌CRY1Ab和YJ 1999菌株为对照 ,研究了苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对家蚕的生物学安全性。YJ 2 0 0 0菌株除导致 1龄幼虫历期延长 11 1%、取食量减少 0～ 6 0 0 %及体重降低 5 2 3%～ 6 2 5 %外 ,对 2龄及其以后各龄幼虫的存活率、发育历期、取食量、眠蚕体重、化蛹率、蛹期、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量、羽化率和产卵量等均无显著影响。相比之下 ,CRY1Ab和YJ 1999菌株则不同 ,高浓度会导致全部蚁蚕死亡 ,呈现高急性毒性 ;低浓度虽不能使幼虫全部死亡 ,但对幸存幼虫的取食、生长发育、结茧和产卵等大多呈现明显的不良影响。综合分析认为 :YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对家蚕不仅低毒 ,而且对其生长发育、结茧和生殖力等均无明显的不良影响。     

棉铃虫对苹果的为害及原因分析

棉铃虫在安阳市果树上属于偶发性次要害虫。然而近年来对部分苹果的为害趋于严重。 1995年在安阳县安丰乡调查 ,幼果受害率高达 32 % ;1998年在滑县四间房乡调查 ,幼果受害率为 12 7% ,最高达到 35 %。年均为害面积 35 0 0ｈｍ2 以上 ,占苹果总面积的 10 %左右。1　为害习性棉铃虫在安阳一年发生 4代 ,个别年份有少量的第 5代发生。 5月中下旬 ,第 1代幼虫开始为害苹果幼果 ,6～ 8月进入为害盛期 ,主害代为第 2代和第 3代。棉铃虫在苹果树上的为害有趋嫩性。成虫昼伏夜出 ,将卵散产在嫩叶、嫩梢及果实上。初孵幼虫先取食卵壳 ;1至 2龄幼虫…     

红蓼提取物对13种农业害虫触杀活性的研究

关于红蓼提取物对农业害虫的触杀活性,国内外研究甚少。研究红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,可为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。本研究采用浸渍法测定了红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫、菜粉蝶、棉铃虫、甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和小地老虎4~5龄幼虫具有很强的触杀活性,在16.80 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率在87.50%~100%;对小菜蛾3龄幼虫也具有很强的触杀活性,在21.00 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为92.85%;秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫和粘虫5龄幼虫具有很强和较强的触杀活性,在33.60 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率分别为100%和59.20%。盛花期茎秆石油醚粗提物对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,在0.27 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为51.65%。盛花期花石油醚和甲醇粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的触杀活性,在0.13和1.15 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率均高达100%。     

The antiviral activity of six South African plants traditionally used against infections in ethnoveterinary medicine

Viral infections remain a major threat to humans and animals and there is a crucial need for new antiviral agents especially with the development of resistant viruses. The hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol extracts of six plant species selected for their traditional use against infections were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parainfluenza virus-2 (CPIV-2), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). All extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using a colorimetric tetrazolium-based (MTT) assay and were tested for antiviral efficacy at concentrations below CC(50) values on the various cell types used in this study. The antiviral activity of extracts was tested using virucidal and attachment assays. In the virucidal assay, extracts were incubated with virus prior to infection. The most potent inhibition was observed with the acetone and methanol extracts of Podocarpus henkelii against CDV and LSDV, which inhibited replication of the viruses by >75% at 3μg/ml with selectivity index (SI) values ranging between 12 and 45. Excellent activity was also found with the hexane extracts of Plumbago zeylanica and Carissa edulis against CDV, with the extracts reducing viral-induced CPE by 50% and 75% respectively. The hexane extract of C. edulis had moderate activity against FHV-1 with EC(50)<70μg/ml and SI value <2. Only the acetone extract of P. henkelii moderately inhibited replication of LSD virus in the attachment assay, with low activity in other extracts. Of the four extracts with significant antiviral activity, two were prepared from P. henkelii. Therefore, future work will focus on isolating and characterizing the substance(s) responsible for bioactivity in extracts of this species.     

少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对3种禾本科牧草种子萌发的化感效应

为了解少花蒺藜草（Cenchrus pauciflorus）的化感潜力,试验采用生物测定法研究了不同浓度（0、25%、50%、75%、100%）的少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）、梯牧草（Phleum pratense）及冰草（Agropyron cristatum）种子的化感作用。结果表明,少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对3种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均有不同影响。少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对无芒雀麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数无显著影响,但对其根芽比有显著影响;少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对梯牧草种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势影响不大,但对根芽比影响显著（P〈0.05）;少花蒺藜草种子水浸提液对冰草种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势及根芽比均有显著影响（P〈0.05）,在100%水浸提液浓度下发芽率仅为18.6%,比对照组低56.8%,发芽势和发芽指数分别为6.7%、3.24,比对照组分别低39.3%、8.94。     

甘青赛莨菪粗提物的杀虫活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法和叶碟浸渍法研究了甘青赛莨菪粗提物对粘虫、菜青虫和麦长管蚜虫的杀虫活性。试验结果表明,甘青赛莨菪叶甲醇粗提物对粘虫5龄幼虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释5倍液的校正死亡率分别为28.09%,18.30%和17.07%。叶甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释10倍液的校正死亡率分别为66.67%,64.29%和60.00%。叶、茎和根皮甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的拒食活性均很弱,对麦长管蚜具有一定的触杀活性,对棉蚜和桃蚜无触杀活性。     

Acaricidal activity of Palicourea marcgravii, a species from the Amazon forest, on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Leaves of Palicourea marcgravii were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol in order to evaluate their acaricidal activity on larvae and adult stages of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest bioactivity of the tested extracts, which contained 0.12% monofluoroacetic acid. On engorged female, the ethyl acetate extract showed a lethal concentration 50% - LC(50)=30.08 mg ml(-1), inhibitory concentration 50% - IC(50)=5.79 mg ml(-1) and lethal time 50% - LT(50)=4.72 days; 100% reproduction was controlled at concentrations of 50 mg ml(-1) and on larvae the ethyl acetate extract showed a LC(50)=2.46 mg ml(-1). No alkaloids were detected in any of the extracts. This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of P. marcgravii extracts against R. microplus as well as the acaricidal properties of a plant species containing monofluoroacetic acid.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from crossbred dairy cows with clinical mastitis

Following the rapidly expanding dairy enterprise, mastitis has remained the most economically damaging disease. The objective of this study was mainly to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Combretum molle (R.Br.Ex.G.Don) Engl & Diels (Combretaceae) against antibiotic-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis using agar disc diffusion method. The leaf and bark extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus at concentrations of 3 mg/ml while the stem and seed extract did not show any bioactivity. Although both leaf and bark extracts were handled in the same manner, the antibacterial activity of the bark extract against the bacterial strains had declined gradually to a lower level as time advanced after extraction. The leaf extract had sustained bioactivity for longer duration. The susceptibility of the bacteria to the leaf extract is not obviously different between S. aureus and S. agalactiae. Also, there was no difference in susceptibility to the leaf extract between the antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive bacteria. Further phytochemical and in vivo efficacy and safety studies are required to evaluate the therapeutic value of the plant against bovine mastitis.     

In vitro investigation of the toxic effects of extracts of Allium sativum bulbs on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus

The toxic effects of the extracts of Allium sativum (Garlic) were evaluated against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus using three types (Types A, B and C) of contact toxicity bioassays. A. sativum bulbs were extracted with acetone, ethanol and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. Among these three solvents, it is the DCM extract of A. sativum that appears to have anti-tick activity. In the Type A contact toxicity bioassay, DCM extracts of A. sativum demonstrated a high acaricidal bioactivity against H. m. rufipes with 100% of ticks killed in less than an hour, and toxicity persisted to the second day. A weak acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of A. sativum was observed in the Type B contact toxicity bioassay. In the Type C contact toxicity bioassay, a concentration of 24% w/v of DCM extracts of garlic in sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) had killed 100% of H. m. rufipes (LC50 = 5.9% w/v) and R. pulchellus (LC50 = 10.3% w/v) by 24 hours post-treatment of ticks. The results obtained from this study suggest that DCM extract of A. sativum is a potential source of novel acaricidal agents.     

Effects of monochromatic light on proliferation response of splencyte in broilers

To investigate the effects of various monochromatic lights on splenocyte proliferation responses, a total of 260 Arbor Acre male broilers on P1 (post-hatching day 1) were exposed to blue light (BL), green light (GL), red light (RL) and white light treatments by light emitting diode system for 7 weeks, respectively. All light sources were equalized on the intensity of 15 lx and light period of 23 h daily. Morphological change of spleen and response of splenocyte proliferation were assessed by using histochemistry staining and colorimetric test in cultures of purified splenic cells. The results were as follows: (1) At P21, GL increased significantly the spleen weight by 163.6% and spleen index by 118.8% compared with RL (P < 0.05). Until P49, BL enhanced significantly the spleen weights by 42.2% compared with RL (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found in the spleen index among four light-treated groups (P > 0.05). (2) Compared with RL, GL increased significantly the diameter of splenic nodule and area of periarterial lymphatic sheath at P21 by 87.2 and 58.1%, respectively (P < 0.05); BL increased significantly the diameter of splenic nodule and area of periarterial lymphatic sheath at P49 by 64.4 and 50.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). (3) At P21, GL enhanced spleen lymphocytes proliferation in response to concanavalin A compared with RL by 50.0% (P < 0.05). Until P49, the mitogenic response in BL was significantly higher (29.4%) than that of RL (P < 0.05). (4) The interleukin-2 (IL-2) bioactivity was significantly increased to 34.3% in GL than in RL at P21 (P < 0.05). Until P49, the IL-2 bioactivity in BL was significantly higher (62.2%) than that of RL (P < 0.05). (5) There was no significant difference in the nitric oxide (NO) concentration of splenocyte among RL, GL and BL groups at P21 (P > 0.05), but the concentration in RL group at P49 was significantly increased, 59.0 and 63.7% compared to that of GL and BL groups, respectively (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the monochromatic light affected splenocyte proliferation mainly because of alterations in IL-2 bioactivity and NO production in splenocyte of broiler. In early stage of broiler growth, the action of GL was obvious, while the response of BL was stronger in later stage.     

3种禾草水提取液对其种子发芽和幼苗生长的潜在化感作用

研究禾草的化感潜力对于揭示高寒地区多年生人工草地的退化机理具有重要的理论和现实意义。目的是探讨垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾和中华羊茅的潜在化感作用。利用3种植物的整株和粉末分别制备了水提取液,采用室内生物测试法研究了3种多年生禾草水提取液对其种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:垂穗披碱草整株浸提液显著降低了垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾和中华羊茅的发芽率(P<0.05),较对照分别下降了10.6、7.0和21.4个百分点,对3种禾草幼苗生长均有抑制作用;冷地早熟禾整株浸提液显著抑制了垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾和中华羊茅幼苗的根长,抑制率分别为41.9%,61.5%和32.1%;中华羊茅整株浸提液显著抑制了冷地早熟禾和垂穗披碱草幼苗干重(P<0.05),抑制率分别为51.2%和46.4%;垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾和中华羊茅粉末浸提液均能显著降低自身及其他植物的发芽率、发芽指数、苗高、根长以及干重(P<0.05)。3种禾草不同浸提液对自身及其他植物种子发芽和幼苗生长均具有自毒作用和化感效应,且粉末浸提液对3禾草的化感效应强于整株浸提液。3种禾草不同处理的浸提液对其种子发芽和幼苗生长的综合化感效应强弱表现为:冷地早熟禾>垂穗披碱草>中华羊茅。采用混播方式在高寒地区建立人工草地时要考虑种间的化感作用。     

多裂骆驼蓬中生物碱类物质对玉米幼苗生长及某些生理特性的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验研究多裂骆驼蓬生物碱提取液浸种对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长及一些生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着水溶性生物碱和总生物碱提取液浸种浓度的提高,玉米种子的萌发率及萌发种子的活力指数、呼吸速率及淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性降低,其中大于0.10g/mL浓度处理差异达显著水平,脂溶性生物碱不影响种子的萌发。脂溶性、水溶性和总生物碱提取液浸种处理的幼苗根系活力增强,根系吸收面积增大,叶绿素含量增加,硝酸还原酶(NR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高;幼苗根体积、株高及根系和地上部干重增加。其中根系干重分别增加1 5.0%,2 7.9%和3 5.4%;地上部干重增加9.3%,8.5%和30.9%,达显著水平。说明多裂骆驼蓬水溶性和脂溶性生物碱促进玉米幼苗的生长,但水溶性生物碱抑制种子的萌发。