氯肥对烟田土壤和烟叶氯含量及产量的影响

为合理施用氯肥,确保烟叶氯含量在优质烟叶氯含量范围内,研究了氯用量(不施氯、施氯45、75 kg/hm~2)和施用期(氯全部作基肥、基肥施氯50%加追肥施氯50%)对土壤氯含量、烟叶氯含量、烟叶产量和产值的影响。结果表明:基肥结合追肥施氯较基肥施氯能更有效地提高烟株根际土壤氯含量和烟叶氯含量;施氯45kg/hm~2(基肥施氯50%、追肥施氯50%)的烟叶氯含量为0.54%～0.59%,钾氯比为7.44～7.88,均在优质烟叶氯含量(0.3%～0.8%)和钾氯比(4～10)的适宜范围内,其烟叶产量较对照增加70.5 kg/hm~2,产值提高3 354.0元/hm~2。     

烤烟外引品种NC 71烟叶样品质量研究

本研究以NC 71与对照品种K 326和NC 89在南北烟区9个省(市)的10个种植试点的烟叶样品为试材,在外观质量、常规化学成分、常规烟气成分、感官质量、主要致香成分五个方面进行了分析比较,结果表明NC 71在外观质量上与南北烟区对照品种K 326和NC 89相当,部分NC 71样品身份或油分稍好于对比品种;未检测出碱糖、碱氮、钾氯比值都较协调或是都不协调的样品,部分NC 71样品钾氯或碱糖和钾氯比值较协调。南方烟区湖南永州的NC 71样品碱糖和碱氮比值不协调;NC 71在焦油、一氧化碳和烟碱含量上总体高于照比品种;南北烟区种植试点的NC 71样品综合感官质量表现较好;北方烟区三种植试点NC 71致香物质总量优于NC 89,南方种植试点NC 71与K 326在致香物质含量上各有优势。     

广东烤烟主产区烤烟化学成分分析

[目的]为广东烤烟可用性评价提供科学依据。[方法]采用紫外分光光度法和火焰光度法等方法测定广东不同生态烟区区域72份烤烟样品的主要化学成分,并与巴西烤烟的化学成分进行比较。[结果]烟碱、总氮、还原糖、钾、氯含量分别为2.74±0.64%、1.80±0.22%、24.15±3.04%、2.28±0.34%、0.3±0.13%,糖碱比、氮碱比和钾氯比值分别为9.41±2.79%、0.69±0.17%和9.02±4.57%。氯含量和钾氯比在不同部位间差异不显著,其它指标在部位间的差异达到0.05显著水平。广东烤烟上部叶总氮、钾含量显著低于巴西烤烟,中、下部烟叶还原糖含量则显著高于巴西烤烟。韶关和梅州烤烟上部叶的综合得分分别为0.3和0.13,中部叶为0.45和0.32,下部叶为-0.31和-0.56。[结论]广东烤烟的总氮、氯含量明显低于巴西烤烟,而其还原糖含量、糖碱比、钾氯比值明显高于巴西烤烟。     

In situ observations of aerosol and chlorine monoxide after the 1991 eruption of mount pinatubo: effect of reactions on sulfate aerosol

Highly resolved aerosol size distributions measured from high-altitude aircraft can be used to describe the effect of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo on the stratospheric aerosol. In some air masses, aerosol mass mixing ratios increased by factors exceeding 100 and aerosol surface area concentrations increased by factors of 30 or more. Increases in aerosol surface area concentration were accompanied by increases in chlorine monoxide at mid-latitudes when confounding factors were controlled. This observation supports the assertion that reactions occurring on the aerosol can increase the fraction of stratospheric chlorine that occurs in ozone-destroying forms.     

不同轮作方式与施肥处理对东北烤烟化学成分和经济性状的影响

分析比较了不同轮作方式与施肥处理对东北植烟区烤烟化学成分和经济性状的影响。综合2004年和2005年试验,结果表明:不同茬口各处理烟叶的钾氯比为5.2~43.0,燃烧性好,且大豆茬口下适当增施磷(P)、钾(K)和硼肥(B)可提高烟叶的钾氯比。不同茬口及不同施肥处理烟叶的糖碱比和氮碱比差别均不显著。2005年,小麦、大豆2个茬口下增加适量硼肥均可使烟叶的施木克值得到改善,从而提高了烤烟内在品质。2005年与2004年相比烟叶经济性状均有显著提高,且小麦茬口各处理的产值显著高于大豆茬口。     

Correction

A typographical error in Table 1 of my paper "The Validity of the Use of Tracers to Follow Chemical Reactions" (Science, 1949, 110, 14), under the entries for chlorine makes the estimated maximum ratios for the tracers Cl(36) and Cl(38) somewhat ambiguous. The stable isotopes should be written as Cl (natural abundance). The ratios were calculated for reactions with the tracers Cl(36) and Cl(38) in systems containing chlorine of natural isotopic abundance. Due attention has been given to the fact that the Cl(35) and Cl(37) will react at different rates.     

Chlorine chemistry on polar stratospheric cloud particles in the arctic winter

Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl.     

Eruption of the nevado del ruiz volcano, Colombia, on 13 november 1985: gas flux and fluid geochemistry

The 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, in Colombia, released a small volume of pyroclastic material and a disproportionately large volume of volcanic gas. Before the eruption, summit fumarole gases became less water-rich, and the sulfur/chlorine ratio increased. Remote measurements of sulfur dioxide flux after the eruption indicated active degassing at levels associated with eruptive or inter-eruptive stages of other volcanoes. Thermal water analyses revealed increases in magnesium, calcium, and potassium and an increase in the magnesium/chlorine ratio, suggesting that these elements may have been leached from new magma. Ash leachate data showed sulfate and chloride concentrations and ratios that would be expected for the late stages ofa major Plinian eruption. Water from the lahar contained high concentrations of sulfate and had a sulfur/chlorine ratio of 4.67, suggesting that water ejected from the crater lake and turbulent mixing of pyroclasts and glacial ice triggered the lahar. Microprobe analyses of pumice from this eruption and the most recent previous event showed similar mixed andesites. The uniform composition of the pumices and the unusually high ratio of gas to magma suggest that, although a new batch of magma triggered this eruption, the pumice that erupted may actually be old. Large volumes of new magma and glacial ice make the volcano dangerous and should stimulate development of an integrated long-term monitoring program to include Tolima volcano, 25 kilometers to the south.     

The role of Br2 and BrCl in surface ozone destruction at polar sunrise

Bromine atoms are believed to play a central role in the depletion of surface-level ozone in the Arctic at polar sunrise. Br2, BrCl, and HOBr have been hypothesized as bromine atom precursors, and there is evidence for chlorine atom precursors as well, but these species have not been measured directly. We report here measurements of Br2, BrCl, and Cl2 made using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry at Alert, Nunavut, Canada. In addition to Br2 at mixing ratios up to approximately 25 parts per trillion, BrCl was found at levels as high as approximately 35 parts per trillion. Molecular chlorine was not observed, implying that BrCl is the dominant source of chlorine atoms during polar sunrise, consistent with recent modeling studies. Similar formation of bromine compounds and tropospheric ozone destruction may also occur at mid-latitudes but may not be as apparent owing to more efficient mixing in the boundary layer.     

我国主要烟区烤烟氯含量特征比较研究

利用2003~2004年抽样调查的全国5大烟区共1 279个烤烟样品,对我国主要烟区的烤烟氯含量特征进行了初步的比较研究。结果表明:我国烤烟氯含量偏低,各烟区烤烟氯含量均低于国外优质烤烟氯含量,全国达到优质烤烟氯含量要求的样品不到20%。综述了氯的功能及氯与烤烟品质的关系,提出了改变传统观点,重新审视我国烟草氯营养及合理施用氯肥的若干建议。     

Mount st. Helens, washington, 1980 volcanic eruption: magmatic gas component during the first 16 days

Eruption plumes of Mount St. Helens, Washington, showed low rates of sulfur dioxide emission, and ash leachates had low ratios of sulfur to chlorine. These data and the nonvesicularity of ash fragments are indicative of only a small eruptive magmatic component. The low amounts of soluble fluorine on the ashes pose no health problems. Violent magmatic activity is possible, and thus continued geochemical monitoring is advised.     

凉山烟区不同品种烤烟化学成分及香气物质含量分析

【目的】明确凉山烟区不同烤烟品种的化学成分及香气含量特征。【方法】对凉山烟区6个烤烟品种的化学成分及香气物质含量进行了检测分析。【结果】烟叶中的烟碱含量普遍未达到2.50%,总糖含量均在30%以上,总糖/烟碱比值均超过17。各个品种烤烟的氯含量和钾/氯比值不稳定,变异系数均在27以上。质体色素降解产物、新植二烯与西柏烷类降解产物变异系数在30以下,其余香气物质含量变异系数均在30以上。云烟87、云烟85和QL-3号香气物质总量较高,示范品种KRK26的香气物质总含量最低。【结论】烟叶中的烟碱含量普遍偏低,总糖含量普遍偏高,总糖/烟碱比值偏大。各品种烟叶的氯含量和钾/氯比值不稳定,变异系数大。质体色素降解产物、新植二烯与西柏烷类降解产物含量相对稳定,棕色化反应产物、苯丙氨酸类降解产物和其余香气物质含量变异系数相对较大。香气物质总量与烟碱、总糖、氯呈不显著的负相关关系,与还原糖、总氮、钾呈不显著正相关关系。     

桑树的氯营养及氯对桑叶产量和质量的影响

以小粉土为研究对象，采用盆栽试验法，研究施氯对桑树的影响．结果表明，在常规施肥下，桑叶含氯量为１．３５ｇ／ｋｇ左右（干物），各器官的分布为桑叶＞桑根＞枝条；韧皮部＞脊髓＞木质部，成林桑园施氯量＜０．９ｇ／ｋｇ，能增产桑叶９．０％．桑叶含氯量与土壤施氯量之间呈极显著的相关关系，（ｒ中部叶＝０．９９６＊＊）．随土壤施氯量的增加，出现氯害前，桑叶可溶性糖及钾的含量增加，一定范围内粗蛋白提高，而含磷量下降．初步确定盆栽条件下，该土壤桑园的施氯临界浓度为１．１ｇ／ｋｇ     

有效氯对4种单胞藻种群增长的影响

在室温下，研究了不同有效氯浓度对新月菱形藻，扁藻，球等鞭金藻和湛江等鞭金藻种群增长的影响，以及在10mg/L的有效氯浓度下，不同接种时间对扁藻种群增长的影响。结果表明：1mg/L以上的有效氯对单胞藻的种群增长已产生了抑制作用，随着有效氯浓度的增加，其抑制作用增强，几种饵料藻类对有效氯的耐受顺序为：等鞭金藻＞扁藻＞新月菱形藻，有效氯对单胞藻的毒性作用不但与有效氯的初始浓度有关，而且与有效氯的衰减密切相关，有效氯浓度相同时，对单胞藻生长的抑制作用随接种时间的延后而减小。     

7种二氧化氯制剂对嗜水气单胞菌的杀灭效果比较研究

以嗜水气单胞菌为试验菌株,研究了7种不同生产厂家和同一厂家不同生产批次的稳定性一元二氧化氯对嗜水气单胞菌的杀灭效果.结果表明,该7批次产品对嗜水气单胞菌均有不同程度的杀灭作用,浓度越高,杀菌效果越好.不同生产厂家的二氧化氯杀菌效果参差不齐,以1,3,5,7号厂家二氧化氯杀菌效果最好,而2,4号厂家产品效果最差.且对嗜水气单胞菌的杀菌效果不受距离出厂日期的长短影响.     

巢湖地区农田土壤中有机氯农药的残留及其分布特征

2010年6月～7月间,对巢湖周边地区农田土壤以网格法进行采样,对其有机氯农药的残留物的组成特征及其分布状况进行研究。结果表明,采样区土壤中检出的有机氯农药浓度为0.11～32.24 ng·g-1,均值为3.71ng·g-1。其中,六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的检出率均高达100%,其残留范围分别为0.24～4.58 ng·g-1和0.36～32.24 ng·g-1,其均值分别为1.39 ng·g-1和7.87 ng·g-1。HCHs的组成以β-HCH为主,具体残留量顺序为β-HCH>α-HCH>δ-HCH>γ-HCH;DDTs的组成以DDE和DDD为主,且DDE含量在50%以上。对污染来源进行分析发现,HCHs残留的α/γ值在0.95～3.12之间,DDTs残留的(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的比值大部分都大于0.5,且DDE/DDD的比值大于1。通过与相关数据进行比照,巢湖地区土壤中的有机氯农药的残留量处于相对偏低的水平。     

Formation of molecular chlorine from the photolysis of ozone and aqueous sea-salt particles

Halogen atoms from the reactions of sea-salt particles may play a significant role in the marine boundary layer. Reactions of sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, with nitrogen oxides generate chlorine atom precursors. However, recent studies suggest there is an additional source of chlorine in the marine troposphere. This study shows that molecular chlorine is generated from the photolysis of ozone in the presence of sea-salt particles above their deliquescence point; this process may also occur in the ocean surface layer. Given the global distribution of ozone, this process may provide a global source of chlorine.     

洛南县烟叶氯含量问题的商榷

洛南县是陕西省的一个烤烟生产大县。该县土壤中氯含量过低 ,只有 7.0～ 2 4 .1mg/ kg,限制了烟叶质量的提高。优质烤烟中氯含量理想值为 4～ 6 m g/ g,而洛南烤烟只有 0 .5 3～ 0 .70 m g/ g,相差近 10倍。烟草是忌氯作物 ,但氯又是其生长的必要元素。研究结果表明 ,在洛南烟叶生产中施用氯化钾 6 0～ 90 kg/ hm2 ,能够明显提高烟叶质量且不会引起超量 ,施肥方法以冬翻时配合施入效果最好     

二氧化氯对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果试验

探讨二氧化氯对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果，以72% 霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂和清水处理为对照，在温室大棚内，开展不同浓度的二氧化氯对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果试验。结果显示，3个浓度的二氧化氯处理组对黄瓜霜霉病均有防治效果，二氧化氯1000倍液处理组（1125g/hm2）病情指数和防治效果分别为8.05和75.25%，防治效果良好；各二氧化氯处理组的黄瓜叶片有药害斑点，后期能够恢复，各处理组黄瓜植株长势无明显差异；各二氧化氯处理组黄瓜结瓜数、产量均与清水处理组差异显著。结果表明，二氧化氯对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的防控效果，有应用前景。     

湖南烤烟化学成分特征及其相关性

采集湖南主产烟区31个县66个乡镇的B2F,C3F,X2F 3个等级烤烟样本559份,测定了烟叶可溶性糖、还原糖、总植物碱、蛋白质、总氮、钾、氯、硫含量,研究了湖南烤烟化学成分特征及其相互关系,结果表明:湖南烤烟总植物碱含量(均值3.161%)、硫含量偏高(均值0.885%)、氯含量偏低(均值0.289%);化学成分在部位间、年度间(除硫外)和3大烟区(除总植物碱外)间差异显著,品种(除钾和硫外)间差异不显著;除可溶性糖、还原糖、蛋白质、总氮、硫与氯,蛋白质与钾相关性不显著外,其余都达极显著或显著水平.