Efficacy of hexaflumuron against the fungus-growing termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger (Sjöstedt) (isoptera,macrotermitinae)

The efficacy of hexaflumuron, a benzophenylurea insecticide, has been studied for the first time on a fungus-growing termite (Pseudacanthotermes spiniger Sjöstedt, Macrotermitinae). Results show that hexaflumuron could be useful in treating infestations of such pest species, which are of great economic importance in many tropical and equatorial countries. Foraging workers harvested and introduced treated food into the nest and subsequently contaminated the brood by trophallaxis. Hexaflumuron showed potent larvicidal activity. The compound did not appear to be rapidly degraded by the digestive enzymes of termite workers, nor by the symbiotic fungus Termitomyces eurhizus Heim growing on fungus combs. This chitin synthesis inhibitor did not act as a fungicide, since growth of the mycelium of this fungus was not inhibited in vitro. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Immobilisation of bifenthrin for termite control

BACKGROUND: Termites are worldwide pests causing considerable damage to agriculture, forestry and buildings. While various approaches have been tried to eliminate termite populations, the relevant toxicants are associated with certain risks to the environment and human health. RESULTS: In this study, to combine the merits of effective chemical control by bifenthrin and a drug photoimmobilisation technique, silk fibroin was used as a carrier to embed bifenthrin, which was then photoactively immobilised by ultraviolet treatment on the surface of wood (cellulose). The immobilised bifenthrin embedded in the photoactive silk fibroin was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (UV), fluorescence measurement and CHN analysis. The surface structures and biological activity were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and bioassays respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the embedded and immobilised bifenthrin has been very well protected from free release and has a long‐term stability allowing slow release with a high efficiency against termites at a low dose of 1.25 µg cm^?2. This study provides a novel and environmentally benign technique for termite control by photoimmobilising silk‐fibroin‐embedded bifenthrin on the surface of materials that are otherwise easily attacked by termites. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

三种有机磷农药对黑胸散白蚁毒杀作用的研究

在室内条件下(27±1℃;RH 60%～80%)测定了甲胺磷、乐斯本、甲基异柳磷对黑胸散白蚁的毒杀效果,结果表明:以上3种药剂均能在较低浓度下毒杀黑胸散白蚁.有效成分为2μg/ml的甲胺磷,2μg/ml的乐斯本,8μg/ml甲基异柳磷在处理后第一天黑胸散白蚁校正死亡率分别为91.2%、89.8%、97.8%.忌避性试验表明,以上3种药剂对黑胸散白蚁均无明显驱避作用.     

Inhibition of termite cellulases by carbohydrate-based cellulase inhibitors: Evidence from in vitro biochemistry and in vivo feeding studies

Efficacy of three prototype termite cellulase inhibitors, cellobioimidazole (CBI), fluoromethylcellobiose (FMCB) and fluoromethylglucose (FMG) was investigated using biochemical and feeding assays. Optimal conditions for measuring endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities were first determined. The three inhibitors were then tested under optimal conditions against enzyme fractions that represented endogenous (foregut/salivary gland/midgut) and symbiotic (hindgut) cellulases. In vitro, CBI and FMCB both inhibited exoglucanase and β-glucosidase activity (I₅₀s in nM and mM range, respectively). Feeding assays showed significant impacts on both survivorship and feeding stimulation by FMCB and CBI. Enzymatic measurements on feeding assay survivors showed impacts on all three cellulase activities by CBI and lesser impacts by FMG and FMCB. Validative bioassays with the sugars glucose, maltose and cellobiose showed no feeding stimulation or mortality as occurred in feeding inhibitor bioassays. These results indicate efficacy for two cellobiose-based inhibitors, FMCB and CBI, suggesting potential for these inhibitors as novel termite control agents.     

在喀麦隆原木上截获模斯乳白蚁

本文叙述了从喀麦隆原木上截获的模斯乳白蚁Ｃｏｐｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓｓｊｓｔｅｄｔｉｖａｒ．ｍａｄｉｃａＳｉｌｖｅｓｔｒｉ。经测量其头长至颚基１．０６～１．０９ｍｍ（１．０７）,头宽０．８３～．０８７ｍｍ（０．８６）,颚头指数０．４９～０．５３ｍｍ（０．５２）,触角１２节     

Effect of hexaflumuron on mortality of the Western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) during and following exposure and movement of hexaflumuron in termite groups

The effects of hexaflumuron consumption on the mortality of workers of the Western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks, were observed following various exposures to a substrate treated with 14C-labeled hexaflumuron at 5 g kg(-1). Uptake of hexaflumuron by workers was rapid, peaking at approximately 280 ng hexaflumuron per termite 12 days after exposure. The onset of mortality began at day 8, with cumulative mortality reaching approximately 96% by day 45. Excretion of hexaflumuron from worker termites was rapid following various exposure periods, half-lives ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 days. Trophallaxis among worker termites was efficient, hexaflumuron levels in recipient termites approaching two-thirds of levels present in donor termites feeding continuously on hexaflumuron-treated filter paper. The effect of donor-to-recipient group ratios was negligible on the amounts of hexaflumuron transferred from donors to recipients. In laboratory tests, hexaflumuron diffused from a feeding source within 7 days. The presence of additional food sources appeared to inhibit movement of hexaflumuron. Movement of hexaflumuron by cannibalism and coprophagy occurred, but was significant only when termites were starved. Hexaflumuron also appeared to adversely affect egg development by preventing hatch. Hexaflumuron was readily transferred through termite groups, effectively suppressing laboratory populations of R hesperus. Variable efficacy in field situations employing baiting with hexaflumuron in southern California may be a consequence of sporadic feeding at bait stations, the rapid clearance of hexaflumuron from individual termites, and the difficulties in bait presentation (low foraging activity, poor bait station foraging fidelity) inherent in the foraging characteristics of the Western subterranean termite.     

Transfer of five commercial termite bait formulations containing benzoylphenyl urea chitin synthesis inhibitors within groups of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

ABSTRACT

Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), workers were exposed for 7 days to one of five chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs): diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, noviflumuron, and novaluron in commercially available bait matrices. Following a 7 day exposure period, termite donors (D) were combined with naïve (not exposed) termite recipients (R) at five D:R ratios (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, and 1:19) and mortality determined daily for up to 68 days. Lethal time and percent mortality data suggest efficient transfer at all D:R ratios for all CSIs tested, except diflubenzuron at 1:19. Despite the data indicating transfer of lufenuron in bioassay, this material may not be effective in field use based on behavioral observations that include limited movement by donors. We also report frequency of visible evidence of CSI intoxication, including the previously described “jackknife” pose and an additional physical deformity, we term “curled-body”. The implications these data and observations have for laboratory evaluation and field population management using commercial termite baiting systems is discussed.     

白蚁对不同园林木本树种的危害调查

当前随着我国园林化城镇建设的加速,白蚁对园林植物的危害具有日趋加重的趋势。本文对27种木本园林树种进行了蚁害调查,结果表明,受白蚁危害较为严重的园林树种主要有樟树、木荷、女贞、广玉兰、刺槐、加杨等树种,而柚、柏木、苦楝、擦木、喜树等树种较抗白蚁的危害。这一结果为我国南方园林抗白蚁树种的选择提供了可靠的依据。     

武汉植物园定植树种白蚁危害情况的调查

１９９５－１９９９年,对武汉植物园定植树种遭受白蚁危害的情况进行了调查。在植物园定植的约９０科９００余种木本植物中,有５８科１５７种植物受到不同程度的危害,依分类级别看,裸子植物受到不同程度的危害。依分类级别看,裸子植物比被子植物严重,以科为单位杉科最重,樟树则是受害最重的树种;在国内收集保存的１５０种珍稀濒危木本植物中有３４种也受到侵蚀,以银鹊树,珙桐,香果树最为严重,开展系统的珍稀濒危植物白蚁     

Carbon dioxide as a potential fumigant for termite control

Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were exposed to ? 95% or 50% carbon dioxide atmospheres for intervals of 24-120 h at 26(±3)°C. A 24-h exposure to ? 95% carbon dioxide caused significant termite mortality, but 60 h were required for complete mortality. Exposure to 50% carbon dioxide for 60 h resulted in approximately 70% termite mortality, while complete mortality was recorded after 120 h. When termites were sealed in wooden blocks (90 × 90 × 152 mm), 72-96 h exposure to ? 95% carbon dioxide was necessary for complete control. A limited study with Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) suggested that this drywood termite is also susceptible to carbon dioxide fumigation, although slightly longer exposures may be required than with C. formosanus. Carbon dioxide-modified atmospheres are a viable alternative to conventional fumigants for vault fumigation of termite-infested materials, and may also be applicable to larger-scale fumigations to control structural pests.     

引诱剂对两种外来白蚁的引诱作用

利用白蚁喜食的植物和添加剂等配制了4种白蚁诱饵并在进口木材上进行了诱捕试验，筛选出了效果较好的2种配方。并对其在木材白蚁检疫中的应用进行了探讨。     

乳白蚁分类研究进展及对我国植物检疫的影响

乳白蚁属(非中国种)是我国十分重要的进境植物检疫性有害生物。本文主要综述了近年来国内外乳白蚁分类研究中取得的一些新成就,介绍了全球主要区域乳白蚁的种类分布,总结了我国多年来乳白蚁的截获状况,分析了国内外乳白蚁分类研究情况对我国进境植物检疫可能产生的影响。     

Juvenogens as potential agents in termite control: laboratory screening

Preliminary screening tests of eight juvenogens, fatty acid esters of two parent juvenoid alcohols, showed high juvenilizing effect in the termite Prorhinotermes simplex (Hagen). This effect is manifested by differentiation of termite workers into pre-soldiers, soldiers and/or soldier-intercastes ('soldiers'). Juvenogen 9 was tested with five other termite species: Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen, Kalotermes flavicollis F, Cryptotermes declivis Tsai & Chen, Reticulitermes santonensis de Feytaud, and R flaviceps Oshima, and showed promising efficacy in force-feeding (FF) as well as in choice bioassays. In the economically important subterranean termites R santonensis and R flaviceps, after application of 0.5 mg ml(-1) in FF experiments ca 57 and 73%, respectively, of workers changed into soldiers. In Zootermopsis angusticollis application of 0.05 mg ml(-1) caused differentiation in 62% soldiers, and 57% soldiers differentiated after topical application of 1 microg of the tested compound per termite. Differentiation of excessive soldiers induced by a juvenile hormone-mimicking compound may cause disruption of the social structure and ultimately the death of the colony.     

桉树幼林白蚁发生为害规律研究

分期造林试验结果表明,月平均气温、月降雨量对桉树幼林白蚁为害率的影响极显著.高温、少雨有利白蚁发生为害.因此.选择春季阴雨连绵时期造林,可以显著减轻白蚁为害.     

Group effects on insecticide toxicity in workers of the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki

Coptotermes formosanus workers were treated topically with insecticide and subsequently held individually or in groups to examine possible effects on insecticide toxicity. Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and chlordane toxicities were 1.4-, 1.5-, and 1.3-fold greater, respectively, among workers held in groups compared with those held individually after insecticide treatment. Experiments were conducted to examine how enhanced toxicity occurred among termites held in groups after topical insecticide treatment. When workers were treated topically with chlordane and immediately placed with untreated workers, significantly greater numbers of untreated workers were killed compared with controls at all ratios examined (insecticide-treated:untreated). These data indicated that workers treated topically with insecticide were capable of somehow transferring a lethal dose of insecticide to untreated workers confined in the vial. Chlordane was recovered from untreated workers which had been confined with chlordane-treated workers; significantly higher quantities of chlordane were recovered from dead workers exposed to chlordane-treated workers compared with surviving workers exposed to chlordane-treated workers. Possible mechanisms of insecticide transfer from insecticide-treated to untreated termites are discussed.     

杨梅园白蚁为害现状和防治对策

杨梅是我国南方优良的经济生态树种和著名的特产果树。到2006年,浙江省杨梅种植面积已发展到6.6万hm2,产量达30万t,成为本省的第2大水果。近年来,随着杨梅产业的发展,杨梅病虫害的发生越来越重。其中白蚁为害杨梅已成为生产上一个非常突出的问题。据调查,慈溪市现有的4 000 hm2杨梅林中,受白蚁为害的面积达320 hm2,白蚁为害严重的林地,受害株率达77%。杨梅树受白蚁为害后,轻者生长发育滞缓,结果量减少,品质下降;严重者树叶发黄,枝干枯死,甚至全株死亡。笔者通过调查,分析其为害现状,并探讨了防治对策。1杨梅园白蚁的种类自1999年起浙江省白…     

上海局截获的三种白蚁

本文叙述了从缅甸的原木中及美国的废纸中截获的三种白蚁，它们分别是暗黄大白蚁Ｍａｃｒｏｔｅｒｍｅｓｇｉｌｖｕｓ（Ｈａｇｅｎ），黄球白蚁Ｇｌｏｂｉｔｅｒｍｅｓｓｕｌｐｈｕｒｅｕｓ（Ｈａｖｉｌａｎｄ）和北美散白蚁Ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｉｔｅｒｍｅｓｆｌａｖｉｐｅｓ（Ｋｏｌａｒ）。     

Effects of non-repellent termiticides on the tunneling and walking ability of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

BACKGROUND: Non-repellent insecticides, including fipronil and indoxacarb, are becoming increasingly important for soil treatments to manage the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). The effects of these insecticides on termite walking and tunneling behavior could significantly reduce their efficacy against colonies. RESULTS: Groups of R. flavipes were exposed to several concentrations of commercial formulations of fipronil and indoxacarb, and the ability of treated termites to tunnel in soil and walk was assessed. Increasing insecticide concentration resulted in a reduction in the ability of R. flavipes to walk, tunnel and form tunnel branches; the importance of these effects on the use of non-repellent insecticides is discussed. CONCLUSION: Exposure of R. flavipes to 1, 10 or 50 mg L⁻¹ of fipronil or 50, 100 or 200 mg L⁻¹ of indoxacarb significantly reduced termite walking and tunneling and the number of tunnel branches. Distance walked (ca 73 mm) by untreated control termites did not change over time for at least 16 h after treatment; control termites formed ca 150 cm of tunnels with ca 40 branches. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry