无性系良种茶扦插育苗技术研究

丹阳市现有茶叶面积800多hm~2,但无性系面积只有13.3多hm~2,占总面积的2％。为了提高无性系良种茶覆盖率,加大无性系茶叶推广力度,解决外地茶苗栽种成活率不高的问题,我们于2002年10月在杏虎农业科技示范园内,建立无性系良种茶育苗基地,采用短穗扦插和遮阳网覆盖技术,进行茶苗繁育研究试验。扦插的茶苗成活率在80％以上。     

桑树绿枝秋季扦插育苗好

桑树绿枝秋季土钵扦插,具有成活率高、节省土地和成本、缩短育苗周期、苗木根系发达、植株健壮等优点。1.制作土钵。先将泥块耕翻打碎后泼水湿润,然后用制钵器将泥土制成高10cm、直径7cm、钵孔直径3cm的圆形土钵(钵孔通底,防止积水)。2.选择苗床。扦插苗应选择在地势高燥、平坦     

温室花卉扦插育苗微喷灌技术试验研究

花卉业的规模化生产,使花卉扦插育苗技术越来越受到重视。本着节水高效、缩短育苗期、提高枝条成活率的原则,我们进行了温室花卉扦插育苗微喷灌技术试验研究。本文通过微喷灌与人工浇灌对比试验结果分析,总结出了温室月季扦插育苗适宜的微喷灌灌水技术模式和相应的种植管理模式。     

桧柏嫩枝扦插育苗技术

桧柏嫩枝扦插育苗,嫩枝抗逆性差,夏季扦插气温高,水分养分消耗较多。由于该树种种皮坚硬,不易透水,其胚又需后熟始能发芽,且需低温催芽处理100天以上,较难掌握。笔者经多次实践,利用其嫩枝进行育苗插试验,成活率较高,现将该技术介绍如下,供业内人士参考。     

微喷与无土栽培技术在葡萄扦插育苗中的应用研究

微喷灌和无土栽培技术是近几十年发展起来的灌溉和栽培作物的先进技术，本文介绍了两种技术结合在葡萄扦插育苗中的应用研究，包括试验基本情况，微喷系统布设和成果分析，研究表明两种技术结合可以改善田间小气候和根系生长环境，提高繁殖系数和幼苗品质，在园艺育苗中有较高的推广应用价值。     

沙棘优良品种微枝扦插大田试验

选用7个沙棘品种（杂雄优1号、杂雌优1号、杂雌优10号、杂雌优12号、杂雌优54号、太阳、乌兰沙林）,使用5种植物生长调节剂（ABT、GGR、NAA、IBA、HSR）处理,进行完全随机区组微枝扦插试验。试验表明杂雄优1号微枝扦插平均成活率最高为92.37%,太阳平均成活率最低为79.48%。试验为微枝扦插技术应用于沙棘生产提供了充分的理论依据以及实践指导,证明了利用微枝扦插技术解决生产中育苗效率和新品种快繁问题的可行性。     

微喷与无土栽培技术在葡萄扦插育苗中的应用研究

微喷灌和无土栽培技术是近几十年发展起来的灌溉和栽培作物的先进技术。本文介绍了两种技术结合在葡萄扦插育苗中的应用研究，包括试验基本情况、微喷系统布设和成果分析。研究表明两种技术结合可以改善田间小气候和根系生长环境，提高繁殖系数和幼苗品质，在园艺育苗中有较高的推广应用价值。     

内蒙古阴山北麓俄罗斯沙棘嫩枝扦插试验

利用微喷技术在日光温室嫩枝扦插俄罗斯沙棘。从苗床准备、插条的选择、生根粉应用及插后管理等各环节采用有效育苗技术措施测定其对成活率、生长势的影响，对于冷凉区广大苗木工作者迅速掌握新品种沙棘育苗关键技术、提高育苗成效具有重要意义。     

良种沙棘嫩枝扦插技术试验研究

通过沙棘良种基地建设、嫩枝扦插育苗技术,以及对日光温室、塑料大棚和裸地不同设施嫩枝扦插育苗和苗木繁育率技术试验,探索了在干旱半干旱地区沙棘良种低成本、快速繁育技术,形成了以日光温室、塑料大棚等设施农业为主体,配套土壤消毒、病虫害防治、抗旱增肥、反季节扩繁等为特征的配套快速繁育技术,在一年的时间内塑料大棚苗木数量翻一番,日光温室苗木数量翻两番。     

银杏绿枝嫁接技术

银杏有多种育苗方法，但播种育苗造价高，树木幼龄期长，结果迟；扦插育苗成活率较低；硬枝嫁接要在春季进行，成活率在８０％左右。如果在生长季节采用绿枝嫁接法，可将成活率提高到９５％以上。下面介绍绿枝嫁接技术要点： （１）嫁接时间在５月下旬～８月下旬期间均可进行。但高温干旱大气不能嫁接，尤其是晴天的中午，也要避开雨天进行。 （２）采集接穗从银杏良种母树或良种采穗圃树冠中上部向阳处采集发育健壮的当年生枝条，在阴凉处剪掉接穗上的叶片，仅留叶柄，每２～３个芽剪一段，然后将接穗下端浸入水中或包裹于湿布中备用。最好…     

Asset management modelling framework for irrigation and drainage systems: Principles and case study application

Sustainability of irrigation and drainage infrastructure poses many challenges to many irrigation authorities worldwide due to a mismatch between the actual cost incurred in the provision of irrigation and drainage service and pricing of this service. This shortfall often leads to inadequate expenditure on maintenance in the absence of adequate subsidies from government or other sources.The asset management modelling framework (AMMF) presented in this paper enables the quantification of on-going ownership costs and operation costs. A life cycle cost (LCC) model for the evaluation of alternative irrigation and drainage asset management strategies is also presented. The AMMF is applied to the evaluation of asset ownership costs and LCC for alternative maintenance and interest rate scenarios in the Cu Chi irrigation system, Vietnam. The cost of three renewal strategies was evaluated: linear depreciation, full annuity and partial annuity. The cost ranges between US$ 28.00/ha and US$ 41.00/ha when interest rate varies between 9 and 3%. The average maintenance expenditure during recent years was estimated to be only US$ 1.30/ha which translates into 0.68% of the total asset replacement cost.The application of a simplified LCC model reveals that the least LCC varies with the level of maintenance and interest rate between US$ 353.5/ha for 5% maintenance expenditure and 12% interest rate to US$ 522.3/ha for 3% maintenance expenditure and 6% interest rate. The importance of exercising value judgements in applying the LCC model is also emphasised and discussed.     

春玉米土壤养分丰缺指标试验——以陕西省榆林市为例

肥料费用占春玉米种植成本的50%以上,为科学合理施肥,提出施肥方案。通过对榆林市春玉米“3414”田间肥效试验和田间土壤农化样品检测结果分析与整理,将榆林市耕地土壤养分划分为“高、中、低、极低”4个等级,初步制订出榆林市春玉米土壤养分丰缺指标。      

Bonding of soil and of sediment cleaned from channels by cement into blocks for lining irrigation channels

Water diverted from rivers to canals and then to fields brings along a heavy sediment load. According to estimates, the elevation of irrigated fields in the Indus Basin has increased up to 8 cm due to deposition of sediment from irrigation water. The deposition of sediment in the canals, distributaries and watercourses is a common concern. Each year during the winter, the canals are closed for desilting the conveyance system. Sediment deposited in the farmer-managed watercourses is piled along the watercourse banks, which takes fertile land out of production. This study was conducted to evaluate the possibilities of preparing cement blocks with soils and with sediments removed from the watercourses and using them in low cost linings to decrease losses from watercourses. Soil–cement and sediment–cement blocks were prepared, and tested for strength, durability and ability to reduce losses from watercourses. Compositions of the soil and of the sediments removed from the channels were determined. Blocks mortared into walls lining the sides of these channels reduced losses to less than 20% of losses in unlined old channels. Plastering the inside of these walls reduced water losses to less than 1% of the losses occurring in old unlined channels. Sediment–cement blocks were easier to make and they develop greater strength than soil–cement blocks. Cost of channel lining, using these blocks, appears to be about 2/3 of costs using fired brick masonry.     

果树苗木起苗机起苗作业质量分析

果树苗木起苗机是果树苗木繁育机械中实现起苗作业的一种机具,具有保持苗木根系完整的功能。通过在矮化中间砧成品苹果苗苗木繁育基地对果树苗木起苗机的入土行程、起苗深度、生产率等方面进行作业质量分析,为优化配备拔苗分级假植等人员数量提供技术依据,达到苹果苗木繁育技术对机具高效作业要求,产出根系完整的优质苗木。     

农村运输车辆的最佳额定载质量研究

通过分析农村道路运输作业过程的特点，建立了以农村运输车辆基本结构特性参数和运输作业条件参数为参变量的车辆运输作业生产率，各项成本的数学模型，并以此为基础，进一步推出运输车辆的最佳额定载质量数学模型，应用农村道路运输实测参数进行定量分析表明，这些模型能较准确地反映实际工况，从而为因地制宜地选用农村运输车辆提供了方法。     

用于砂土层连续采样的柔性软袋式钻取采样技术研究

砂土是地球表面常见的一种覆盖物,由于风力和水力的搬运作用导致传统浅层采样器所采集的样芯信息量不足,并且由于砂土颗粒之间的内聚力小流动性大,传统环刀压入方法无法采集到长度大于20cm并且具备连续层序信息的样品。为此提出一种柔性软袋式取芯技术,采用内置柔性袋取芯机构的外螺旋钻具对砂土进行钻取采样,以提高采样的样芯长度并保持层序信息。分析了取芯钻具与砂土相互接触的机理以及对采样样芯的扰动情况,通过仿真模拟的比对揭示了传统环刀压入法对样芯扰动的原因。搭建了试验台并针对传统环刀压入法与柔性软袋式取芯方法的采样率进行了对比试验,结果显示后者取芯率随转速增加下降10.4%,前者随压力增加提高16.4%,使用柔性软袋方法取芯率均值从13.08%提高到84.08%,并能保持连续的样芯层序信息。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

水稻直播技术探讨

介绍国内外水稻直播技术的发展现状，分析水稻直播技术的优点，阐明水稻直播技术的实施要点。与传统水稻栽培方式相比，水稻直播技术省却了育秧、拔秧、插秧环节，节省了大量时间和人力、财力、物力，使复杂的种植程序得以简化、劳动力得到进一步解放、种植成本大大降低，是传统水稻种植方式的重大变革。     

簇生番茄果梗超声切割过程仿真与试验

为揭示超声技术应用于簇生番茄切割采收的机理及优势,比较了簇生番茄果梗材料在常规切割和超声切割中的切割力和去除特性。首先测定了簇生番茄果梗和自制超声切割刀的参数,然后基于Abaqus进行仿真,将果梗纤维化,在宏观和微观仿真中对比常规切割和超声切割过程中的应力及去除机理。最后,自制试验台,通过改变超声切割刀的激振频率、输入电压、切割速度和切割角度进行切割力测定试验并采用响应面法的Box-Behnken进行四因素三水平分析,随后观察果梗断面形貌。结果表明：在自制超声刀工作频率(35～37 kHz)和电压(340～380 V)内,切割速度、角度对切割效果影响最显著,激振频率和输入电压在特定值附近时切割效果最好;在36 kHz、360 V、0.125 cm/s、0°的条件下,仿真中超声切割耗时约为8 s,平均最大切割力为0.635 N,相对于常规切割(1.019 N)降低37.7%;试验中超声切割耗时约为5.3 s,所需切割力最大为0.543 N,相较于常规最大切割力(1.017 N)降低46.6%,同时表面粗糙度降低20.9%,试验与有限元仿真的切割力结果误差为8.9%,基本吻合。超声切割可以...     

Potential, spatial distribution and economic performance of regional biomass chains: The North of the Netherlands as example

This work assesses the viability of regional biomass chains by comparing the economic performance of potential bioenergy crops with the performance of current agricultural land uses. The biomass chains assessed are ethanol production from Miscanthus and from sugar beet in the North of the Netherlands. The competitiveness of bioenergy crops is assessed by comparing the Net Present Value (NPV) of perennial crops, current rotations, and rotation schemes which include additional years of sugar beet. The current land use and soil suitability for present and bioenergy crops are mapped using a geographical information system (GIS) and the spatial distribution of economic profitability is used to indicate where land use change is most likely to occur. Bioethanol production costs are then compared with petrol costs. The productions costs comprise costs associated with cultivation, harvest, transport and conversion to ethanol. The NPVs and cost of feedstock production are calculated for seven soil suitability classes. The results show that bioenergy crops are not competitive with current cropping systems on soils classed as “suitable”. On less suitable soils, the return on intensively managed crops is low and perennial crops achieve better NPVs than common rotations. Our results showed that minimum feedstock production costs are 5.4 €/GJ for Miscanthus and 9.7 €/GJ for sugar beet depending on soil suitability. Ethanol from Miscanthus (24 €/GJ) is a better option than ethanol from sugar beet (27 €/GJ) in terms of costs. The cost of bioethanol production from domestically cultivated crops is not competitive with petrol (12.34 €/GJ) production under current circumstances. We propose that the method demonstrated in this study, provides a generic approach for identifying viable locations for bioenergy crop production based on soil properties and current land use.