调亏灌溉对加工番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为了节水优产,以加工番茄为试验材料,研究了不同生育时期调亏灌溉处理对加工番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,番茄产量随着灌水量的增加而呈先增后减的趋势,苗期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期和成熟采摘期调亏灌溉处理的最大产量所对应的灌水量分别为610.07、502.12、492.14和494.86 mm。果实膨大期重度调亏处理的产量下降最为显著,比对照降低了13%。各生育时期重度调亏的水分利用效率(WUE)高于充分灌水和中度调亏。开花坐果期是调亏灌溉处理的适宜时期,该时期重度调亏的WUE达40.59 kg/m3,比对照提高了30%左右。番茄红素量与灌水量线性关系不明显,而番茄果实中可性固形物、Vc量与灌水量显著负相关。从产量、品质和水分利用效率的角度考虑,在酿酒葡萄开花坐果期内中度调亏的效果最好。     

调亏灌溉对日光温室青茄品质和耗水规律的影响

在日光温室滴灌条件下采用小区试验方法,研究了不同生育期不同程度调亏灌溉对青茄耗水规律、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,温室青茄耗水高峰出现在成熟采摘期,该阶段耗水模系数在49.96%～64.11%之间;苗期的耗水量最小,其阶段耗水模系数在8.64%～16.68%之间。苗期和成熟采摘期适度调亏灌溉(灌水定额为适宜供水的80%)可提高青茄产量和水分利用效率,开花坐果期水分过度亏缺(灌水定额为适宜供水的60%)对青茄品质有所改善,但显著降低青茄产量和灌溉水利用效率。综合考虑产量和品质,拟定日光温室青茄滴灌条件下适宜的灌溉制度为,灌水周期10d,苗期和成熟采摘期适度亏水,灌水定额分别为12mm和20mm;开花坐果期宜充分灌溉,灌水定额为25mm。     

调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树光合特性及产量的影响

研究调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树叶片光合特性及产量的影响,找到核桃树最适宜调亏的生育期,对发展核桃产业具有科学指导意义。本试验分别在萌芽期(Ⅰ)、开花坐果期(Ⅱ)和萌芽期+开花坐果期(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)进行调亏,分析不同调亏程度及复水后核桃树叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)指标及产量变化情况。调亏灌溉下,与正常灌水相比,开花坐果期调亏的叶片Tr和Gs显著降低(P0.05)。与充分灌水相比,萌芽期亏水于开花坐果期复水的叶片Tr、Gs和Ci显著降低(P0.05);果实膨大期复水的叶片光合特性都增大,随着调亏度的增大而减小。调亏灌溉对果实产量均起到正作用,开花坐果期轻度调亏和萌芽期+开花坐果期轻度调亏的单株产量较高。综合试验分析表明,确定开花坐果期轻度调亏为核桃树最适宜的调亏处理。     

温室番茄在宽垄覆膜沟灌下水分调亏下限指标研究

【目的】探明宽垄覆膜沟灌技术对日光温室番茄果实、植株生长、耗水、产量及水分利用效率等方面的影响,寻求节水增产模式。【方法】以温室抗TY番茄"5102"为研究对象,分别在苗期、开花坐果期结果期设置田间持水率的50%、60%质量含水率作为灌水下限,其他生育期灌水下限设置为田间持水率的70%,以3个生育期灌水下限均为田间持水率的70%为对照(CK),共7个处理,每个处理重复3次。【结果】由于各处理的灌水下限不同,番茄的耗水量呈现出明显差异,随生育期的推进基本呈增加趋势,结果期耗水量最大,开花坐果期耗水强度达最大。同时可以发现结果期调亏对番茄耗水量、产量影响最为明显,开花坐果期水分调亏对番茄坐果率影响最明显,开花坐果期灌水下限为60%田间持水率水分处理与CK对比可提高番茄坐果率2.22%,开花坐果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理劣果率、根冠比最大,产量最低。结果期60%处理可提高水分利用效率的同时降低劣果率。【结论】综合整个生育期考虑,苗期灌水下限为田间持水率60%处理,开花坐果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理,结果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理,可显著性提高产量及水分利用效率(P0.05),为温室宽垄覆膜沟灌技术的推广及应用提供理论依据。     

调亏灌溉对枣树生长与果实品质和产量的影响

为探究开花坐果期调亏灌溉对南疆绿洲区灰枣树品质和产量的影响,以大田生长7年的成龄灰枣树为试验试材,在开花坐果期进行轻度调亏处理T1(80%ET₀,其中ET₀为阶段水面蒸发量)、中度调亏处理T2(60%ET₀)、重度调亏处理T3(40%ET₀)、对照处理CK(100%ET₀),探究开花坐果期调亏灌溉对灰枣树枣吊生长、果实品质、产量、经济效益等影响.结果表明:开花坐果期调亏对枣吊生长速率有显著影响,且随着水分胁迫的加剧,对枣吊生长的抑制作用越大;调亏灌溉对提高单果重、可溶性固形物、糖酸比影响显著,其中,中度处理T2灰枣最终产量提高了9.6%,经济效益增加33.92%.因此,开花坐果期中度调亏有利于提高灰枣品质、产量及经济效益.     

水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

通过番茄滴灌试验,研究不同水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄植株生长、果实形态、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:毛管埋深对日光温室番茄产量、灌水量有显著影响(p0.05),对灌溉水利用效率和品质无显著影响(p0.05);毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄植株生长速度较快,果实横茎较大。轻度与中轻度水分亏缺灌水条件下,毛管埋深为20 cm可显著减小C级(番茄直径D6.5 cm)果实比例29.2%,分别提高A级(D≥7.5 cm)与B级(6.5 cm≤D7.5 cm)果实比例16.6%、2.0%。番茄产量、灌水量随毛管埋深增加呈先增后减趋势,毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄产量最高,达到66.44 t/hm~2。番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率随灌水下限增加而显著降低(p0.01),可通过不同毛管埋深与灌水下限组合,显著降低番茄灌水量,提高产量和水分利用效率。综合考虑,毛管埋深20 cm,灌水下限为田间持水量的60%处理组合为关中地区日光温室适宜的滴灌灌溉方式。     

时空亏缺滴灌对番茄产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

围绕时空亏缺滴灌对设施栽培番茄的产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响进行试验研究.结果表明:在番茄全生育期内,水分亏缺均会降低番茄的阶段耗水量及全生育耗水量;30％ ET0处理在苗期和开花坐果期节水22.61％、22.90％,节水效果最明显,但减产34.55％、44.13％.50％ET0处理也是苗期和开花坐果期节水最明显,节水为17.20％、15.69％00,但50％ET0的各处理减产只有1.33％～7.66％,番茄减产不明显.50％ET0和30％ET0处理均为结果后期产量最大,为32 357.5、37 323.5 t/hm2接近对照;与其他水分调控处理相比,50％ET0灌水量的结果盛期处理对番茄果实的有机酸、可溶性固形物、Vc的含量影响显著.     

温室小型西瓜调亏灌溉综合效益评价模型

应用多层次多目标模糊理论与方法,建立调亏灌溉综合效益多层次多目标模糊评价模型;利用信息熵理论求得各层评价指标客观熵权,结合专家法的主观权重获得模型各层评价指标综合权重,并运用该模型对2007年秋季温室小型西瓜不同亏水处理的综合效益进行评价,结果表明,在西瓜果实膨大期进行水分亏缺处理可以一定程度上提高果实的品质,但重度和中度的水分亏缺会降低果实产量,在果实成熟期采用一定程度的水分亏缺对果实品质和产量影响不大,在苗期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期分别采用0.75Ep、0.75Ep、1.25Ep和1.00Ep的灌溉标准可以获得较为理想的调亏灌溉综合效益.     

调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米植株与土壤水分及节水增产效应

以玉米为研究对象,进行测坑微区试验,研究了地面滴灌条件下调亏灌溉对玉米植株与土壤水分分布、根长、根长密度、根数、产量以及作物水分利用效率的影响。试验于2016年分别设苗期轻度、苗期中度、拔节期轻度、拔节期中度、苗期中度拔节期轻度5个水分亏缺处理,另设全生育期适宜灌水作为对照。结果表明,各调亏处理的玉米冠部最终湿基含水率比对照处理增加-6.03%~4.61%、根部最终湿基含水率比对照处理增加1.30%~8.15%;苗期轻度调亏处理,产量比对照处理降低了7.89%、较对照处理节水8.26%、水分利用效率较对照处理提高0.33%;苗期中度调亏处理,产量比对照处理增加了5.20%、较对照处理节水16.71%、水分利用效率较对照处理提高26.25%;拔节期轻度调亏处理,产量较对照处理增加了1.49%、较对照处理节水14.07%、水分利用效率较对照处理提高18.27%;拔节期中度调亏处理,产量比对照处理降低了23.47%、较对照处理节水28.35%、水分利用效率较对照处理提高6.64%;苗期中度拔节期轻度调亏处理,产量比对照处理降低了28.13%、较对照处理节水38.54%、水分利用效率较对照处理提高16.94%。苗期中度处理与拔节期轻度处理是促进滴灌玉米节水增产的适宜水分亏缺处理,其结果对指导黑龙江西部玉米制定合理的灌溉制度具有实质性意义。     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对荒漠绿洲区葡萄生长、产量和品质的影响

适宜土壤水分状态是决定葡萄营养生长、产量和品质的重要因素。为了探讨不同水分条件下,酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄(Merlot)生理响应机制,取13 a生酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄为试验材料,分别在抽蔓期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期进行水分亏缺处理(土壤含水率下限为田间持水率的55%~60%),并监测了相关植株形态,果实品质和产量指标。结果表明,单个生育期进行水分亏缺处理,对植株形态指标(葡萄株高、新梢长度、新梢粗度等)和果实品质指标(葡萄总糖量、可溶性固形物量、单宁量、总酚量、花色苷量等)无显著性影响。就产量而言,果实膨大期的亏水处理降低产量40.2%,是其需水关键期。而抽蔓期进行亏水处理,增产10.3%。     

温室番茄节水调质灌水方案评价

为寻求日光温室番茄优质高效的灌溉制度,采用设置于温室番茄冠层齐平位置的水面蒸发测定装置,设计3种基于水面蒸发量的灌水间隔水平和4种灌水量水平组合处理,依据小区试验观测结果,分析确定了以番茄产量、水分利用率、单果重、可溶性固形物质量分数及果实硬度等5项指标为主的节水调质灌溉制度评价体系;在采用变异系数法确定出各指标权重的基础上,借鉴TOPSIS综合评价方法,建立了温室番茄节水、优质、高产相统一的综合评价模型,应用该模型确定基于水面蒸发量的温室番茄节水调质灌溉制度,即当累积水面蒸发量Epan达到10mm±2mm时进行灌溉,灌水量为0.9Epan,在产量不降低的情况下,提高了水分利用率,并在一定程度上提高了果实的营养品质和储运品质.     

灌排方案对避雨番茄需水特性与产量的影响

为了实现南方地区番茄节水、优质、高效生产,在避雨栽培条件下,研究了不同灌排方式对番茄需水特性与产量的影响.研究结果表明:各亏缺灌溉处理土壤含水率随时间总体呈下降趋势,暗管埋深08 m的处理较埋深06 m处理,土壤含水量下降更快但不明显.番茄不同生育阶段的蒸发蒸腾量差别较大,表现为始花坐果期>果实成熟与采收期>苗期.随着番茄的生长,其日蒸发蒸腾量大体呈逐渐上升的趋势.在不同灌排模式和避雨措施条件下,苗期的日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为107～271 mm／d,始花坐果期日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为160～309 mm／d,果实成熟与采收期日蒸发蒸腾量变化范围为178～335 mm／d.在相同的排水措施,不同灌溉条件下,番茄果实产量随着灌水量的减少而减少,水分利用率和灌溉水利用率却随着灌水量的减少而增大.研究可为南方避雨栽培下番茄灌排方式的选择及其节水、优质、高产提供参考.     

Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was applied on field-grown pear-jujube trees in 2005 and 2006 and its effects on crop water-consumption, yield and fruit quality were investigated. Treatments included severe, moderate and low water deficit treatments at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages. Different deficit irrigation levels at different growth stages had significant effects on the fruit yield and quality. Moderate and severe water deficits at bud burst to leafing and fruit maturation stages increased fruit yield by 13.2-31.9% and 9.7-17.5%, respectively. Fruit yield under low water deficit at fruit growth and fruit maturation stages was similar to that of full irrigation (FI) treatment. All water deficit treatments reduced water consumption by 5-18% and saved irrigation water by 13-25% when compared to the FI treatment. During the bud burst to leafing stage, moderate and severe water deficits did not have effect on the fruit quality, but significantly saved irrigation water and increased fruit yield. Low water deficit during the fruit growth stage and low, moderate and severe water deficits during the fruit maturation stage had no significant effect on the fruit weight and fruit volume but reduced fruit water content slightly, which led to much reduced rotten fruit percentage during the post-harvest storage period. Such water deficit treatments also shortened the fruit maturation period by 10-15 d and raised the market price of the fruit. Fruit quality shown as fruit firmness, soluble solid content, sugar/acid ratio and vitamin C (V_C) content were all enhanced as a result of deficit irrigation. Our results suggest that RDI should be adopted as a beneficial agricultural practice in the production of pear-jujube fruit.     

Determination of comprehensive quality index for tomato and its response to different irrigation treatments

In order to investigate better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato under limit water supply, two experiments of different irrigation treatments were conducted in the arid region of northwest China during spring to summer in 2008 (2008 season) and winter in 2008 to summer in 2009 (2008-2009 season). After measuring single quality attributes, the analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used to determine the weight of single quality attributes and comprehensive quality index, respectively. The results show that the rank of comprehensive quality index had good fitness to that of single quality attributes, indicating that the comprehensive quality index was reliable. Compared to full irrigation, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the seedling stage had slight improvement of comprehensive quality and limit water saving. Applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the fruit maturation and harvesting stage decreased the yield by 23.0-40.9%, but had the best comprehensive quality. However, applying 1/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly reduced crop water consumption and had obvious improvement of comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly and water use efficiency in the 2008 season. And applying 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly decreased crop water consumption and slightly improved the comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly in the 2008-2009 season. Considering the water saving amount, yield and comprehensive quality, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage and no water stress in other growth stages appears to be a better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato, which can be recommended for the spring to summer and winter to summer seasons in the arid region of northwest China.     

水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响

为指导日光温室番茄高产节水优质的灌溉施肥,以番茄为研究对象,设置3种施肥方式(总施肥量相同,施肥时间不同,其中F₁:不施底肥,番茄移栽后随水追施总肥量的30%,剩余70%平分6次追肥,F₂:底肥施1/2,剩余平分6次追肥,F₃:全施底肥不追肥)和3种土壤水势的灌水下限(W₁:-30 kPa,W₂:-50 kPa,W₃:-70 kPa),研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对番茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响.结果表明:施肥方式对番茄的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,而灌水下限对耗水量有极显著性影响,且耗水量与灌水量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);与产量最大处理F₂W₁相比,F₂W₂处理产量降低6.91%,但节水14.83%,水分利用效率提高8.51%;TTS质量分数与平均单果重呈极显著负相关,而与除糖酸比外其他影响品质指标呈显著性正相关关系;综合考虑产量、WUE及TTS质量分数,利用TOPSIS综合评价方法,确定了温室滴灌条件下番茄节水调质的最优灌溉施肥模式为:移栽前施入底肥为总肥量的50%,移栽后灌水20 mm,进入开花坐果期以后,20 cm土层的土壤水势控制在-50 kPa以上,每次灌水定额为10 mm,剩余肥料每隔1次灌水追肥1次,将剩余50%的肥料分6次追肥.研究成果为制定日光温室番茄节水高产优质的灌溉模式提供了理论依据.     

不同灌水量和灌水频率对田间黄瓜耗水特性及产量的影响

【目的】确定大田黄瓜最适宜的灌溉频率和灌水量。【方法】试验于2018年在华北水利水电大学农业高效用水试验场进行,以20cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量(E20)作为灌水依据,灌溉处理分为2个灌溉间隔(I1:3d;I2:6d)和3种水面蒸发系数(K1:0.5;K2:0.7;K3:0.9),共6个处理,对黄瓜耗水特性、产量构成和水分利用效率进行了分析。【结果】黄瓜整个生育期耗水量在380~570mm之间波动,黄瓜的产量在18.2~46.1t/hm2之间波动。从不同灌水频率组合来看,I2K3处理的产量最高,其中,K3处理的早期产量最高,而I1与I2处理的水分利用效率无明显差异。果实数与灌水量之间、耗水量与产量之间均呈正线性相关关系。【结论】建议对于田间黄瓜栽培,灌溉间隔设置为6d,蒸发皿系数选择0.9为宜。     

温室樱桃番茄水分效应及水分生产函数

以温室樱桃番茄为试验材料,通过对全生育期5个土壤水分水平的控制,研究了不同灌水水平对日光温室樱桃番茄产量?品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,樱桃番茄的产量?品质与土壤水分含量密切相关,土壤相对水分含量为50%～60%、60%～70%、80%～90%和90%～100%的产量与70%～80%的相比,分别减少了39.70%、22.53%、3.43%和20.30%。土壤水分适宜(70%～80%)不仅可以提高樱桃番茄的产量,而且可以提高水分利用效率,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加先增加后降低,且在70%～80%水分利用效率最高。     

Withholding of drip irrigation between transplanting and flowering increases the yield of field-grown tomato under plastic mulch

Experiments were conducted in summer of 2003 and 2004 to study the effect of withholding irrigation on tomato growth and yield in a drip irrigated, plasticulture system. Irrigation treatments were initiated at tomato planting (S0), after transplant establishment (S1), at first flower (S2), at first fruit (S3), or at fruit ripening (S4). An additional treatment received only enough water to apply fertigation (FT). Withholding drip irrigation for a short period (S2–S3) increased tomato marketable yield by 8–15%, fruit number by 12–14% while reducing amount of irrigation water by 20% compared to the S0 treatment. Withholding drip irrigation also increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Similar trends were observed in 2003 and 2004 despite large differences in rainfall, heat units, and tomato yield between years. This suggests that if soil moisture is adequate at transplanting, subsequent withholding of irrigation for 1–2 weeks after tomato transplanting may increase yield while reducing the amount of irrigation water.     

Response of apricot trees to deficit irrigation strategies

During four growing seasons, 10-year-old apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. ‘Búlida’) were submitted to three different drip irrigation regimes: (1) a control treatment, irrigated at 100% of seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc), (2) a continuous deficit irrigation (DI) treatment, irrigated at 50% of the control treatment, and (3) a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatment, irrigated at 100% of ETc during the critical periods, which correspond to stage III of fruit growth and 2 months after harvest (early postharvest), and at 25% of ETc during the rest of the non-critical periods in the first two growing seasons and at 40% of ETc in the third and fourth. Soil–plant–water relation parameters were sensitive to the water deficits applied, which caused reductions in leaf and soil water potentials. The longer and severer deficits of the RDI treatment decreased fruit yield in the first two seasons. The RDI treatment pointed to two threshold values that defined the level at which both plant growth and yield were negatively affected with respect to the control treatment: (1) a predawn leaf water potential of around −0.5 MPa during the critical periods, and (2) a 22% drop in irrigation water. The total yield obtained in the DI treatment was significantly reduced in all the years studied due to the lower number of fruits per tree. No changes in the physical characteristics of fruits were observed at harvest. RDI can be considered a useful strategy in semiarid areas with limited water resources.     

Response of Salustiana oranges to high frequency deficit irrigation

Summary Mature Salustiana orange trees under drip irrigation were subjected to deficit irrigation during three years. The water applied (including effective rainfall) in the five irrigation treatments was: (A) 60% of the evaporation of a Class A pan over irrigated grass (Control treatment); B) and C 80% and 60% of control, during the whole year, respectively; (D) 60% of control during the flowering and fruit set period; (E) 60% of control during the fruit maturation period. During the rest of the year, treatments D and E received the same amount of water as the control. There were four replicates in a completely randomized block design. Irrigation frequency was the same for all treatments. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) was estimated by the water balance method using a neutron moisture meter. ET for the control treatment was about 840 mm/year and it was reduced in the deficit treatments. Irrigation treatments affected both yield and fruit quality although the effects varied between years according to the season's rainfall. Fruit number was not affected by the irrigation treatments, therefore differences in yield were due to effect on average fruit weight. Compared to the control treatment, treatments B and C decreased yield significantly (p = 0.05) by 5% and 15%, respectively, and increased the total soluble solids and acids content of the fruit juice. Water deficit in the flowering and fruit set period (treatment D) decreased yield by 4%, acids content of the juice and peel thickness. Treatment E produced fruit of lower quality with thicker peel and more acids than the control. Treatments did not affect juice and pulp content, maturity index of fruits nor maturation time. The effects of the irrigation treatments on the water status of the trees, fruit set and abscission and their implications on irrigation scheduling are also discussed.