~(60)Co γ射线辐照对小麦愈伤组织超微结构的影响

用~(60)Coγ射线不同照射量辐照旺盛生长的小麦愈伤组织,并于辐照后3、6、12天取材固定进行电镜观察。结果发现,未经辐照的愈伤组织细胞超微结构正常。经500Rγ射线辐照后,细胞结构有轻度损伤,随之出现旺盛的修复活动,线粒体数量明显增加,内嵴结构完善,内质网发达;辐照后12天细胞结构基本恢复正常。经5000R辐照后细胞严重受损,结构逐趋模糊,细胞器逐步消解,最后细胞死亡。结合辐照后愈伤组织的生长状况以及再生株染色体变异频率等,认为对小麦愈伤组织进行辐射处理时照射量以500～1000R为宜。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对草莓花药愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响

研究了不同剂量辐照处理花粉发育处于单核靠边期花蕾对草莓花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率的影响。结果表明,辐照处理可以明显提高愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率,以辐照剂量20Gy的效果最好,其中章姬品种的愈伤组织诱导率提高39.09%,丰香提高35.68%;在同一种诱导培养基上,经辐照处理产生的愈伤组织,章姬的绿苗分化率与对照相比,提高6.67%~6.72%,丰香提高了4.73%~6.45%。     

辐照后转移时间对水稻体细胞愈伤组织分化的影响

用137Csγ射线辐照 3份籼稻 (OryzasativaL .subsp .Indica)幼穗诱导的愈伤组织 ,研究了辐照剂量、辐照后转移时间对愈伤组织褐化率与分化率的影响。结果发现除了基因型和辐照剂量有明显作用之外 ,辐照后转移时间也有重要作用。辐照后延迟转移时间会不同程度提高褐化率 ,而存活的愈伤组织的分化率却有一定的提高。辐照后 48h转移愈伤组织的效果优于辐照后 2 4h转移愈伤组织的效果。讨论了扩大γ射线辐照愈伤组织的应用范围的可能性     

~(60)Coγ射线辐照对麻黄离体细胞生长的影响

用麻黄外植体诱导出愈伤组织 ,并对其进行不同剂量60 Coγ射线辐照处理 ,结果表明 :低剂量辐照对麻黄愈伤组织影响不大 ,而 80Gy辐照改变愈伤组织结构 ,其色泽变浅 ,在悬浮培养条件下细胞增殖量明显增加 ,分裂旺盛期提前。初步分析 80Gy辐照为有效诱变。     

诱变与组织培养相结合诱发水稻耐盐突变的初步研究

以4个水稻品种的成熟种子作为外植体,用γ射线、叠氮化钠(SA)施行单项或复合诱变处理后进行组织培养,出愈后的部分愈伤组织再用γ射线辐照处理,并在含NaCl的筛选培养基上进行耐盐突变的筛选。结果表明,15kRγ射线对出愈率和生长率均有严重的抑制作用,而1mMSA单独处理对出愈率和生长率则有促进作用,所有诱变处理都降低了植株分化频率,愈伤组织的生长速率和植株再生率虽随筛选培养基中NaCl含量的提高而下降,但1％NaCl作为耐盐突变体的筛选压较为适宜。诱变处理的种子愈伤组织再以适当剂量的γ射线辐照,有提高诱发耐盐突变频率的作用。适宜的照射量为500—750R。     

辐照花粉对普通小麦×窄颖赖草杂种的细胞学效应

以普通小麦J 11( Triticu m aestivu m ) ×窄颖赖草( Ley m us angustus)( 花粉经9Gy γ射线辐照,以不辐照的为对照) 杂种幼胚愈伤组织及其再生植株为材料,研究了辐照花粉对其远缘杂种的细胞学效应。结果表明,辐照花粉对其杂种表现出以下细胞学效应:①明显增加了杂种愈伤组织的染色体数目变异幅度,对照为43 ～64 条,而9Gy 辐照的为26 ～65 条;②使杂种愈伤组织染色体数目减少,平均每细胞减少4-9 条染色体;③促进了杂种染色体结构变异,对照染色体结构变异主要为端着丝粒染色体,而辐照的除具有与其相近频率的端着丝粒染色体外,还有与其相近频率的微小染色体;④增加了双着点染色体和环状染色体等的频率,表明辐照花粉促进了染色体易位和重组。     

空间诱变和γ射线辐照与离体培养相结合对水稻生物学效应的研究

利用返回式人造卫星搭载早籼品种中优早 3号干种子 ,研究比较其用不同剂量γ射线辐照对水稻的生物学效应。结果表明 ,空间诱变对M1 代成苗率、苗高和结实率的生理损伤明显比γ射线辐照轻 ,M2 代诱发的叶绿素缺失、株高及抽穗期突变的频率不及 30 0Gyγ射线处理。对空间诱变种子进行离体培养 ,叶绿素缺失和株高突变的频率有较大提高。空间诱变种子的愈伤组织经辐照处理后 ,绿点分化率和绿苗分化率下降 ,M2 的叶绿素缺失、株高及抽穗期突变频率超过空间诱变与离体诱变单独处理之和 ,也不同程度高于 30 0Gyγ射线辐照     

农杆菌介导籼稻转化体系的优化

以8个籼稻品种作材料,研究了携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi9片段的pCAMBIA1301质粒的根癌农杆菌EHA105转化籼稻幼胚愈伤组织的影响因素。结果表明,NB培养基适用于籼稻愈伤组织的诱导,共培养时间以3d为宜。40mg/L的潮霉素可用于籼稻愈伤组织的筛选,抗性愈伤率在69.4%~85.3%之间;抗性愈伤组织经分化培养,幼苗分化率在15.4%~47.4%;鉴于多数籼稻愈伤组织分化时对潮霉素特别敏感,因此分化培养基中不加潮霉素;但为了减少假阳性,生根培养基中分别用20mg/L和30mg/L的潮霉素对幼苗进行筛选。     

水稻胚性愈伤诱导及其遗传转化的几个技术参数研究

以日本晴成熟种子及幼嫩种子为材料诱导形成胚性愈伤组织,经农杆菌介导将水稻隐花色素基因的4个RNAi和2个反义RNA表达载体分别转化日本晴愈伤组织,再经抗性筛选和分化培养诱导形成植株,经分子检测筛选出阳性转基因苗。对胚性愈伤诱导率、抗性愈伤率、分化出苗率及转化率进行统计分析。结果表明,成熟种子、新鲜成熟种子及幼嫩种子愈伤诱导率均大于81%,平均为86.67%,其中以新鲜成熟种子愈伤诱导率最高,达96.89%;抗性愈伤率成熟胚为22.21%~40.71%,平均为28.49%,幼胚为36.79%~43.21%,平均为40%,幼胚的抗性愈伤率高于成熟胚;分化出苗率成熟胚为59.29%~80.43%,平均为71.59%,幼胚为63.16%~72.73%,平均67.95%,幼胚与成熟胚差异不明显;转化率(Gus检测阳性率)成熟胚为43.07%~81.08%,平均61.59%,幼胚为58.33%~76.67%,平均67.50%,幼胚转化率稍高于成熟胚。     

农杆菌介导春小麦遗传转化体系的优化研究

采用携带GUS基因双元表达载体p1301-Pubi-Ecppc的根癌农杆菌菌株C58c1、LBA4404和EHA105对4个春小麦品种的幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化。结果表明,3M1.5为最佳诱导培养基;扬麦158和扬麦10是用于小麦遗传转化的良好基因型。对农杆菌转化条件进行进一步优化,得出用农杆菌C58c1侵染预培养15d的扬麦158幼胚愈伤组织,当侵染液浓度为OD6000.8、侵染40min、共培养3d时,可以提高农杆菌介导小麦遗传转化的筛选频率和PCR阳性率。对所得到的具有hyg抗性的愈伤和抗性植株进行GUS基因化学组织检测和PCR分子鉴定,初步证明Ecppc基因已整合到小麦再生植株基因组中。本研究初步建立了农杆菌介导小麦的遗传转化体系。     

Identification of several gy4 nulls from the USDA soybean germplasm collection provides new genetic resources for the development of high-quality tofu cultivars

Tofu, a cheese-like food made by curdling soy milk, is a major dietary staple of Asian countries. Consumption of tofu and other soy products is steadily increasing in North America due to its well-known health benefits. Soybean A(5), A(4), and B(3) peptide null lines 'Enrei' and 'Raiden' are commonly utilized in breeding programs to develop high-quality tofu cultivars. To expand the genetic diversity it is desirable to identify and utilize other A(5), A(4), and B(3) null genotypes in the development of improved tofu cultivars that are adapted to North American conditions. In this study were screened diverse soybean accessions from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection to identify Gy4 mutants, the locus that controls A(5), A(4), and B(3) peptide production. Analysis of total seed proteins from 485 soybean lines by SDS-PAGE enabled the identification of 38 accessions that lacked the A(5), A(4), and B(3) peptides. These accessions showed marked differences in seed size and seed coat color and represented different maturity groups ranging from 0 to IX. To ascertain the molecular basis for the lack of A(5), A(4), and B(3) peptides in the newly identified Gy4 mutants, the nucleotide sequence of a portion of the Gy4 gene was determined from eight soybean accessions representing different maturity groups. These eight Gy4 mutants revealed a single point mutation that changed the translation initiation codon ATG to ATA, resulting in the A(5), A(4), and B(3) null phenotype. The newly identified Gy4 mutants from this study will enable plant breeders to expand the genetic diversity of North American food-quality soybeans and also aid in the development of hypoallergenic soybeans.     

玉米/大豆套作下作物叶片氮、磷动态特征及其相关性分析

在田间小区试验条件下,以登海605（紧凑型）、 川单418（半紧凑型）、 雅玉13（松散型）3个玉米品种,贡选1和桂夏3两个大豆品种为试验材料,采用玉米/大豆套作种植模式,在仁寿和雅安试验点研究玉米拔节期、 大喇叭口期、 子粒建成期和成熟期以及大豆苗期、 始花期和鼓粒期叶片氮、 磷养分动态规律,分析玉米和大豆叶片氮磷含量之间的相关性。结果表明,两大豆品种无论是净作还是套种,叶片氮含量在苗期最低,磷含量在苗期最高;大豆与雅玉13套作比净作其叶片氮和磷含量分别高出5.81% 和 38.56%以上,而套作大豆叶片氮磷比值却低于净作,仁寿试验点高于雅安试验点,始花期之后净、 套作大豆叶片氮磷含量及其比值变化规律不明显。三种株型玉米叶片磷含量随生育期呈现低高低的规律,其中松散型玉米品种雅玉13叶片磷含量最高;而叶片氮含量在子粒建成期之前变化幅度较小,成熟期达到最低。同样,玉米氮磷比值仁寿试验点高于雅安试验点。通过叶片氮和磷含量及其比值间的相关性分析,玉米和大豆叶片氮、 磷含量与其之间的比例相关性达到显著水平（r0.46, P0.05）,特别是叶片磷含量与氮、 磷比之间的相关性极显著（P0.01）     

Alteration of seed storage protein composition in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] mutant lines induced by γ-irradiation mutagenesis

This study investigated the alteration of seed storage proteins in soybean mutants induced by γ-irradiation. Five soybean cultivars and four landraces were irradiated with 250 Gy of γ rays to induce variability. The seed storage protein profiles of 414 genetic fixed mutants (M(12)-M(20)) having excellent agricultural traits were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Among the 414 mutants, 58 were identifed as lacking lipoxygenase, 89 lacking the α' subunit, 113 lacking the α subunit, and 40 with an altered β subunit. One hundred and forty-nine mutants lacked the A(3) subunit of glycinin. Fifty-four mutants showed higher trypsin inhibitor (TIA) activity, whereas 139 showed lower TIA activity compared to their original cultivars. The selected mutants with low amounts of antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase, and α subunit will constitute genetic resources for improving soybean protein quality.     

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield and disease incidence with potassium fertilization

Abstract

Six cultivars and three lines of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were planted at two locations in Delaware in 1974 and 1975. Potassium fertilizer (KCl) at 0, 56, or 223 kg/ha actual K was added to the soil and the plants were evaluated for seed yield and incidence of gray‐moldy and purple‐stained seed.

Potassium application was related to a decrease in yield in one year at one location but had no significant effect in the other year or at the other location. Cultivars differed in yield over the two years, with Kent, Cutler 71, and York having the most consistent yield in this study. The pathogen incidence was not affected by potassium application in contrast to earlier studies with soybeans grown in aluminum cylinders with a partially restricted soil volume. In this study, gray‐moldy and purple‐stain was highest in short season cultivars and higher at Georgetown than at Newark.

Use of soybean cultivars resistant to diseases as well as maintaining adequate soil potassium levels should reduce high levels of disease.     

Correlations of oil and protein with isoflavone concentration in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Twelve isoflavones were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in seeds of 17 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars grown at three locations. 6' '-O-Malonyldaidzin and 6' '-O-malonylgenistin together constituted 71-81% of total isoflavones, which ranged in concentration from 2038 to 9514 microg/g and averaged 5644 microg/g across locations and cultivars. The total as well as several individual isoflavones had a moderate negative correlation with oil across locations and cultivars. Six cultivars had a moderate or strong negative correlation of total isoflavones with oil. Five cultivars had a moderate or strong positive correlation of total isoflavones with protein. These results suggest that judicious selection of germplasm for soybean breeding may facilitate development of soybean lines with desirable isoflavone concentrations.     

酸性磷酸酶活性与大豆耐低磷能力的相关研究

在水培条件下研究了11个南方春大豆地方品种和育成品种对低磷胁迫反应的差异及其与酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）的相关关系。结果表明，不同大豆品种的地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮积累量差异极显著（P＜0.01），表现出品种间耐低磷的差异性。大豆品种地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮量与APA的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。APA是大豆品种磷效率的一种机制，它可作为耐低磷品种筛选的一个生化指标。     

Digital measurement of heliotropic leaf response in soybean cultivars and leaf exposure to solar UVB radiation

Inconsistencies in reported sensitivities of soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance may in part be due to differences in the radiative environment of the experimental conditions or differences in exposure due to heliotropic response. In order to examine the impact of heliotropic movement on UVB exposure of the soybean upper trifoliate, leaf position was electronically recorded and inclination and azimuthal position of the leaves calculated for three soybean cultivars—Bay, York, and Williams 82—under greenhouse and field conditions. The UVB exposures of the top trifoliate of three soybean cultivars were modeled using anisotropic and isotropic sky radiance distributions. The Williams 82 cv. produced the greatest variation in leaf angle with solar zenith angle of the three cultivars, averaging between 19 and 47°, compared with a lower 10–27° range for York and Bay cultivars. The incidence angle data for the upper trifoliates of the field plants were not significantly different from the greenhouse plants. For clear sky conditions, overall exposure differences indicated that the Bay cultivar receives more UVB than the York or Williams 82 cultivars, in large part due to the higher variation in heliotropic movement shown by the Bay cultivar in response to the sun location.     

Variability of nodulation and dinitrogen fixation capacity among soybean cultivars

 In order to identify soybean cultivars with higher biological N₂ fixation capacities, North American and Brazilian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars, belonging to maturity groups VI–VIII, were evaluated for nodulation parameters and N₂ fixation rates. The symbiotic performance of 152 cultivars was evaluated in pots containing 4 kg soil with an established population of the three Bradyrhizobium elkanii strains [29w (SEMIA 5019):SEMIA 566 : SEMIA 587, 22%:36%:34%] which are established in most Brazilian soils cultivated with soybean. Differences were verified among cultivars, with some accumulating up to twice as much nodule dry weight and N in tissues as others. The variability among cultivars was also confirmed when six of them were used in a field experiment, resulting in differences in nodulation, yield and total N accumulated in grains. The analysis of nodule occupancy in 12 cultivars grown either under sterile conditions and receiving a double inoculum and N-free nutrient solution, or in pots containing soil with an established population of bradyrhizobia, showed the preference of cultivars for specific strains. Received: 7 December 1998     

大豆根系分泌物中氨基酸对根腐病菌生长的影响

采用砂培和室内模拟方法,研究了两个抗病性不同的大豆品种水溶性根系分泌物中氨基酸组分随作物生长的变化;同时检测了培养基中添加大豆根系分泌物和纯品氨基酸对大豆根腐病菌菌落生长的影响。结果表明,添加大豆苗期和花荚期根分泌物均显著促进尖镰孢菌菌丝生长,添加成熟期根分泌物显著促进腐皮镰孢菌菌丝生长。易感根腐病大豆品种合丰25号花荚期以后根分泌物中氨基酸种类多于抗根腐病大豆品种绥农10号。感病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸总量随生育时期增加,在鼓粒期达到最高;抗病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸总量在花荚期最高。感病大豆品种根系分泌的主要氨基酸为精氨酸,抗病大豆品种根系分泌的氨基酸主要为天冬氨酸。氨基酸纯品培养中,添加精氨酸和酪氨酸处理的尖镰孢菌菌落直径显著高于不加氨基酸的对照菌落直径;添加丝氨酸和天冬氨酸的处理菌落直径则显著低于对照处理。同时,添加天冬氨酸的培养基上腐皮镰孢菌菌落直径显著低于不加氨基酸的对照。可见,不同大豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸组分对病原菌生长起着一定的作用,其表现的作用受根际氨基酸种类和氨基酸浓度影响较大,对于不同病原菌的作用存在差异。     

Improvement of mineral nutrient content of tomato through selection of cultivars and soil fertility

Depleted soil fertility and high-yielding cultivars have been associated with low nutrient contents in vegetables. This study explored if elemental nutrient concentrations in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) can be increased through selection of cultivars and nutritional regimes. Cultivars with different phenotypes of heirloom and modern origins were studied in field experiments in two years. Chemical fertilizer (10-10-10), compost, and an organic fertility regime of soybean meal, bone meal, and potassium sulfate were assessed for their effects on growth and composition of fruits of the cultivars. Differences in nutrient concentrations between modern or heirloom cultivars or among fertility treatments were small or non-significant. Differences among individual cultivars for each element were large with some cultivars having nearly twice the concentrations of nutrients of others and with considerable uniformity in cultivar rankings among the elements. This work suggests that cultivars can be selected for production of nutrient-dense tomatoes.