高分辨率遥感图像均值调整法分割技术研究

遥感图像分割是将以像元为基础的图像转化为以对象为基础的过程,因此,遥感图像分割是遥感图像高级分析的基础.对于中、低分辨率遥感图像来说,单个像元的面积较大,且混合像元现象严重,图像分割会产生较大的误差.高分辨率遥感图像单个像元的面积较小,分割后图像上单个对象内含若干像元,便于分析和提取信息.以高分辨率遥感图像Q u ickB ird和IKONO S为研究对象,采用均值调整法对图像进行分割和精度检验.结果表明:采用均值调整法进行高分辨率遥感图像分割具有较好的效果,图像分割的速度和精度均较高.     

Natural Mongolian Pine Forests in the Great Xing''''an Mountains,Northeast China

1 Introduction The Great Xingan Mountains in the northeast of China is covered by boreal forests. Larch (Larix gmelinii) represents the most frequent tree species. Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) can be found on about 3% of the forested land. Pine forests contain the most valuable timber, which is harvested on large areas and transported to southern regions. Within these forests, few studies exist about the flora, the distribution of the dominating tree species, and their…     

长白落叶松人工林生长过程及其经济效益的研究

采用解析木分析方法研究长白落叶松人工林生长过程,结果表明:径级10~15 a生生长较快,20 a生以后趋向稳定;树高15 a生以前生长迅速,20 a生后稳定生长;材积生长从20 a开始到40 a逐年增长,是生长旺盛期,40 a生平均生长量分别较20 a、25 a、30 a生增长了73.5%、41.5%和19.8%。40 a生落叶松每公顷木材产量分别为20 a、25 a生时的220%和169%,产值分别为292%和182%,年产值分别为146%和114%。长白落叶松人工林的培育方向应确定以大径级材为主。     

Structural characterization and radioprotection of bone marrow hematopoiesis of two novel polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Two novel homogeneous polysaccharides, APS-1a and APS-3a were successfully isolated from the root of Angelica sinensis. APS-1a was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose in a relatively molar percentage of 57.34%, 27.67% and 14.98%, and had a molecular weight of 49.0 kDa, whereas APS-3a was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose in a relatively molar percentage of 84.54%, 6.50%, and 8.96%, and had a molecular weight of 65.4 kDa. APS-1a and APS-3a mainly consisted of 1,4-linked galactose, 1,3,6-linked galactose, T-galactose and T-arabinose, and the molar ratio of each linkage was different between APS-1a and APS-3a. The bioactivity analysis showed that APS-1a and APS-3a increased the thymus and spleen index, the number of red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) in peripheral blood and the cellularity of bone marrow cell numbers in irradiated mice, protected mice against radiation-induced micronucleus formation in bone marrow, suggesting that polysaccharides could be used as radioprotective agents, especially for promoting bone marrow hematopoiesis.     

车锁式打气筒设计

本设计将自行车车锁与打气筒巧妙地结合在一起,实现了二者结构形式的统一。应用双注气杆式打气结构,使打气效率优于现有的便携式打气筒,为了方便骑行者能够就地休息又附加了凳子的功能。与单独携带气筒、单独使用车锁相比,合二为一的车锁式打气筒成本低,使用、携带方便,节省空间,工作过程稳定、可靠。     

Partititioning concurrent influences of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on photosynthetic model parameters of Pinus radiata

Responses of photosynthesis (A) to intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) were measured in a fast- and a slow-growing clone of Pinus radiata D. Don cultivated in a greenhouse with a factorial combination of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Stomatal limitations scaled with nitrogen and phosphorus supply as a fixed proportion of the light-saturated photosynthetic rate (18.5%) independent of clone. Photosynthetic rates at ambient CO(2) concentration were mainly in the V(cmax)-limited portion of the CO(2) response curve at low-nitrogen supply and at the transition between V(cmax) and J(max) at high-nitrogen supply. Nutrient limitations to photosynthesis were partitioned based on the ratio of foliage nitrogen to phosphorus expressed on a leaf area basis (N(a)/P(a)), by minimizing the mean square error of segmented linear models relating photosynthetic parameters (V(cmax), J(max), T(p)) to foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. A value of N(a)/P(a) equal to 23 (mole basis) was identified as the threshold separating nitrogen (N(a)/P(a) < or = 23) from phosphorus (N(a)/P(a) > 23) limitations independent of clones. On an area basis, there were significant positive linear relationships between the parameters, V(cmax), J(max), T(p) and N(a) and P(a), but only the relationships between T(p) and N(a) and P(a) differed significantly between clones. These findings suggest that, in genotypes with contrasting growth, the responses of V(cmax) and J(max) to nutrient limitation are equivalent. The relationships between the parameters V(cmax), J(max), T(p) and foliage nutrient concentration on a mass basis were unaffected by clone, because the slow-growing clone had a significantly greater leaf area to mass ratio than the fast-growing clone. These results may be useful in discriminating nitrogen-limited photosynthesis from phosphorus-limited photosynthesis.     

林业局总体设计的系统思考

林业局总体设计是一项复杂的社会经济系统工程。总体设计在林区开发研究决策序列中占有十分重要的地位和作用。本文结合林业局总体设计的实际需要,对林业局系统的目标、功能和结构优化,以及系统开发设计的效果评价等有关问题进行了系统的研究和探讨。     

不同林龄光皮桦生物量分布初探

对3个不同年龄的光皮桦生物量分布规律的研究结果表明:在2～4年内,光皮桦单株生物量随年龄的增大而迅速增大,表现出良好的速生性,4年生时单株生物量是3年生的238.0%,是2年生生物量的363.4%。从单株生物量的组成来看,干所占比例随年龄增大而增大,从2年生时的45.8%,增加到3年生时的56.4%和4年生的58.2%,枝、叶所占比例则随年龄增加而下降,其中枝的比例从2年生时的26.7%下降到3年生时的20.5%和4年生时的21.6%,叶的比例从2年生时的3.6%下降到3年生时的2.3%和4年生时的2.2%。而不同年龄根系的生物量均表现为主根>侧根>细根。随着林龄的增加,光皮桦单株根冠比在下降,即从2年生时的0.31下降到4年生时的0.22。     

台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值评价

以台州绿心区城市森林为研究对象,对其涵养水源、保持土壤、固碳制氧、净化空气、杀菌作用、阻滞粉尘、降低噪音等生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:该地区城市森林生态系统涵养水源价值为298万元/a,固碳价值为2 490万元/a,制氧价值为2 730万元/a,水土保持价值为1 320万/a,减少SO₂价值为43万元/a,阻滞粉尘价值为1 790万元/a,杀菌价值为5 050万元/a,降低噪音价值为6 010万元/a,台州绿心区城市森林生态系统服务价值总值约为1.97亿元/a。     

Dose-effect correlation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus

In order to prevent severe pollution by de-icing salt on greenery along urban roads, a half lethal dose （LD_50）for a plant population was confirmed through stress simulation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus, with an ianalysis of physiological changes, statistics on mortality rate on plant populations and mathematic modeling during a 30- day subacute toxicity test. The results indicate that a significant positive correlation in the early stages and a significant negative correlation in the later stages were observed between the amount of chlorophyll a and b in plants and a cumulative dose of de-icing salt. The amounts of free proline in plants and the dose of de-icing salt were positively correlated Over the entire period. No significant correlation in the initial stage, but a significant negative correlation in later stages was observed between the soluble protein and the dose of de-icing salt. LDs0 of this chloride agent on E. japonicus is 5 kg.（L·m2）-1 over 30 days.     

同分等概记分方法及其在核桃选优中的应用

在研究考察事物过程中,有时需要对个体从不同方面考察分析许多指标,以判定某总体中个体间的优劣。同分等概方法是把所有的考察指标都同分等概地分数化,以总分     

土耳其林业和林业管理机构设置

主要介绍了土耳其的林业概况、林业所有制形式和林业机构的设置情况.土耳其地处欧亚大陆之间,其特殊的地理条件及气候和文化的特殊性,决定了土耳其丰富的植物多样性和适合本国特征的林业管理机构和管理模式.鉴于土耳其东部地区的干旱气候和荒漠地理特征与我国西北地区的相似性,建议引进耐旱植物试种.     

Consequences of the Swedish forest policy

This article demonstrates that the opportunity cost (return forgone) of cutting principles imposed by the Swedish forest policy is economically significant. The Swedish Forestry Act of 1979 recommends a management strategy for sustaining high yields of valuable timber referred to here as the Balance Strategy. However, the Forestry Act allows for a range of different forest management strategies. The Act establishes both a minimum cutting volume for a ten‐year‐period and a maximum final cut area referred to here as the Minimum and Maximum Strategies, respectively. These strategies were compared to a management plan, referred to as the Economic Strategy, for minimizing the opportunity cost for the forest owner. Based on data from a recent forest management plan, a simulation model was used to predict yields and economic returns for a period of one hundred years. The results show that at a 4% interest rate the Economic Strategy produces a gain of approximately 8200 SEK ha^‐1. The Economic Strategy, however, emphasizes volume and its implementation results in a forest far different from that developed under the Balance Strategy, in which quality timber is also produced. The Economic Strategy may also have less favourable effects on biodiversity, conservation of the natural environment and the recreational value of the forest.     

燕山山地华北落叶松单株生物量与生产力研究

根据对33株华北落叶松标准木的生物量实测资料,对林木单株与器官生物量分配情况进行了探讨,建立了以胸径、树高为自变量的生物量预测模型;提出了在幼树期（树龄7-15a或胸径1．7-6．6cm）根茎比平均值为0．159,幼树期以后（当树龄超过15a或胸径大于6．6cm时）根冠比平均值为0．236,建立了以林龄、胸径为自变量的根冠比预测模型;以去皮材积一生物量模型为基础进行解析木的生产力模拟,多年平均生产力变化在211．258-4512．804g／a,16a以后进入速生期,到49a时年生产力水平仍很高,建议生产上主伐林龄应推迟到50a以后。     

核桃芽接接穗高效繁殖试验

以5年生早实核桃辽宁1号为试材，通过研究接穗的采集时间，采集长度，可利用芽率，每根枝条可采接穗数等，得出核桃芽接接穗的高效繁殖技术。5月-6月应在新梢长到30cm-50cm时掐头，5天后，留1个-2个芽剪枝做接穗，在管理好的采穗圃，一年每个枝条可采5根-7根接穗，其中2/3用于夏季芽接，1/3用于秋季闷芽接，这些接穗上的接芽多充实，饱满，一株5年生树一年可采集接穗50根-80根，可利用接芽数为250个-400个。     

杉木采穗母树修剪方法的探讨

通过对不同年龄的杉木使用截干、斜埋、剪枝等几种不同修剪方法的试验,比较各种不同方法产生穗条的数量及生根情况,确定一种可行的采穗母树剪定方法,为杉木采穗圃的营建与管理提供技术保证。结果表明在使用幼龄苗营建杉木采穗圃时,采用斜埋法产生穗条的数量最多且生根情况最好;如果要从年龄稍大一点的树中获取大量穗条或是建立长期的采穗圃,采用截干法,效果较好。     

Spatial distribution of leaf dry weight per area and leaf nitrogen concentration in relation to local radiation regime within an isolated tree crown

To assess the spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity within an isolated 20-year-old walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) crown, the distribution of relevant leaf characteristics was measured. Variations in leaf dry weight per area (W(a)), and nitrogen content on a weight (N(w)) and area basis (N(a)) were studied along two horizontal and one vertical gradients of leaf irradiance, at two dates (July 30 and September 3). In addition, the content of total nonstructural carbon on a weight (TNC(w)) and area basis (TNC(a)) was measured on July 30. Concurrently, the spatial distribution of daily integrated leaf irradiance within the crown was simulated by a three-dimensional radiation transfer model over a one week period before sampling at each date. High spatial heterogeneity was observed for W(a) (from 50 to 140 g m(-2)), TNC(a) (from 4 to 17 g m(-2)) and N(a) (from 1.2 to 3.6 g m(-2)) among the foliage. Although TNC(w) and N(w) were not correlated and only weakly correlated to daily leaf irradiance, respectively, W(a), TNC(a) and N(a) were strongly correlated to daily leaf irradiance. The relationship between observed N(a) and simulated daily leaf irradiance was used to assess the spatial distribution of N(a) within the crown at each date. Total leaf nitrogen in the foliage was estimated to be 339 g in late July and 317g in early September. For the whole crown (i.e., 1729 current-year shoots), N(a) increased strongly with basal shoot diameter (an index of "shoot vigor"), highlighting the fact that large shoots were mainly located in sunlit locations and exhibited high photosynthetic capacity.     

杉木,柳杉混交林营造技术及效益的研究

本文对杉木、柳杉混交林的营造技术及效益研究结果表明:杉木、柳杉混交林能够形成稳定协调的林分结构,能改善林分小气候;16年生的杉木、柳杉混交林单位面积上的蓄积量比杉木纯林高27.5～50.4％,比柳杉纯林高15.5～36.3％;杉木、柳杉混交可以改造杉木低产林,扩大杉木的栽植范围,具有比纯林高的经济效益和生态效益。     

高校绿化功能及设计原则——以黄山学院行知园规划设计为例

文章以安徽黄山学院行知园(植物园)规划设计为例,分析高校绿化建设的原则,介绍如何发挥校园绿化多方面功能,以期给同类项目提供借鉴。       

原条运材公路曲线加宽与汽车尾杆的研究

原条运材汽车列车在曲线道路上运行，将引起较大的曲线加宽，一般辕杆式汽车列车的加宽值比分离式汽车列车小，而带有尾杆转向补偿器汽车列车的加宽值较小，其值为分离式汽车列车加宽值的一半，增设尾杆是减少曲线加宽值的有效措施。原条运材汽车尾杆长度可由原条汽车列车通过平、竖曲线工况和汽车车架尾部结构确定，尾杆可采用多节伸缩式结构。