盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳制剂处方的研制

采用单因素分析方法对乳化剂的用量、外水相与初乳体积比及一些药用辅料进行筛选,确定了盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳的基础处方,并对处方进行了质量评定。最终确定了初乳中乳化剂OP-10的最佳用量为处方量的10%,外水相中乳化剂泊洛沙姆188的用量为7%,蜂胶的最佳用量为处方量的5%,明胶为稳定剂,最佳外水相与初乳比例为5∶5。制备的盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳,稳定性较好,常温放置1个月未见分层,粒径小且分布均匀,包封率高。     

盐酸咪唑苯脲复乳注射液在山羊体内的药动学

<正>为研究盐酸咪唑苯脲复乳注射液在山羊体内的药动学,将12只崂山奶山羊随机分为2组,每组6只,公母各半,分别肌注盐酸咪唑苯脲复乳和盐酸咪唑苯脲粉针剂,给药剂量均为1 mg/kg b.w.。血浆样品经固相萃取柱处理后,采用HPLC法测定山羊血浆中咪唑苯脲的血药浓度,用3P97药动学软件处理药时数据。山羊肌注盐酸咪唑苯脲复乳和粉针剂的药时数据均符合一级吸     

附红细胞体病用药指南

一、附红细胞体的治疗药物 1．咪唑苯脲目前市场上主要有盐酸咪唑苯脲注射粉剂和二丙酸咪唑苯脲油乳剂等药剂。     

3%伊维菌素微乳的制备及其工艺考察

为了掌握微乳形成的条件及伊维菌素微乳的制备工艺,试验采用筛选成乳比例法、3%伊维菌素微乳制备工艺优化法和微乳类型鉴别的方法,确定了油相(肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、蓖麻油、油酸、大豆油,以O1～4代表其中之一)、表面活性剂(吐温-80、司班-80、吐温-60、聚乙二醇400,以S1～4代表其中之一)和助表面活性剂(丙二醇、正丁醇、异丙醇、丙三醇,以C1～4代表其中之一)的成乳比例及制备伊维菌素微乳的最佳温度和搅拌速度,并对制备的微乳进行类型鉴定。结果表明:微乳成乳各相体积比例为S2∶C2∶O3∶H_2O=1∶4∶10∶4.8;3%伊维菌素微乳制备工艺最佳条件是水浴加热50℃,以400 r/min进行搅拌,10 min可以溶解;且证明了微乳为水包油型微乳。说明本试验成功制备水包油型微乳,且3%伊维菌素微乳制备工艺简单,适合规模化生产。     

液体石蜡乳的研制及稳定性试验

为制备稳定的液体石蜡乳剂,选用多元醇作为辅助乳化剂,采用单因素试验法筛选了乳剂油相、乳化剂种类及油水比例,初步确定了乳剂配方;采用正交试验设计对初定配方和生产工艺进行优化,最终筛选出乳剂的理想配方和生产工艺。乳剂的配方为油相60 mL,乳化剂吐温-801．5 mL,辅助乳化剂丙二醇1．5 mL,水38．5 mL,生产工艺为室温条件下以800 r/min搅拌速度乳化7 min。稳定性试验表明,研制的液体石蜡乳剂稳定性良好。     

绿豆蛋白乳饮料的制备及其稳定性

通过单因素试验确定复合稳定剂中黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素(carboxy methyl cellulose,CMC)、海藻酸丙二醇酯(propylene glycol alginate,PGA)的复配比例为1∶1.5∶6.25。在乳饮料生产中添加绿豆蛋白,以感官评分和产品的乳化稳定性为考核指标,通过正交试验确定产品的最佳配方,同时考察其热稳定性的变化。结果表明:最佳配方为乳粉8.0％、绿豆蛋白1.0％、绵白糖10.0％、复合稳定剂0.4％及柠檬酸0.3％(以上均为质量分数),按此配方生产的绿豆蛋白乳饮料乳香浓郁、口感细腻、甜度适中,乳化稳定性为98.60％。饮料中乳蛋白含量为1.95％,符合GB/T21732-2008《含乳饮料》中的标准要求。     

紫外系数倍率法测定盐酸咪唑苯脲缓释剂在健康奶牛中的血药浓度

本试验以261 nm为测定波长,277 nm为参比波长,采用紫外系数倍率法测定盐酸咪唑苯脲缓释剂在健康奶牛体内不同时间的血浆药物浓度,并用药动学计算软件拟合处理得药动学参数。结果表明:此方法能不经分离直接消除血浆的背景干扰,盐酸咪唑苯脲标准品在0.1~5.0μg/mL的范围与ΔA呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率96.16%,日内、日间RSD%均小于5.00%。药-时曲线符合一室吸收模型,药动学方程为:C=2.254 0(e-0.008 8t-e-0.422 3t),r=0.998 0。与肌肉注射盐酸咪唑苯脲水剂相比,消除半衰期(t1/2ke)延长了75.402 h,药物峰浓度时间(Tmax)延长了7.631 h。盐酸咪唑苯脲缓释剂优于盐酸咪唑苯脲水剂。     

红茶奶的研制

采用脱脂奶或脱脂奶粉,加入红茶粉进行红茶奶生产实验。根据对茶粉色度、溶解性、香气、滋味、价格等因素进行的性价比分析,选择出最佳红茶粉及添加量;重点研究稳定剂与体系稳定性的关系。在分析与研究现有设备的基础上,确定生产工艺;比较乳化稳定剂稳定效果,确定了复配稳定剂最佳配比.以及工艺参数和产品配方。     

米糠蛋白复合乳饮料制备及其乳化稳定性

在牛乳中添加米糠蛋白研制复合乳饮料.以感官评分及产品乳化稳定性为考核指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定产品最佳配方,并对其稳定性进行研究.结果表明:最佳配方为全脂乳粉2％、米糠蛋白添加量0.7％、绵白糖10％、柠檬酸0.3％、复合稳定剂0.2％.在该最佳条件下制得的米糠蛋白复合乳饮料口感细腻,乳化稳定性97.52％,蛋白质含量1.0％,营养价值高.     

紫外系数倍率法测定盐酸咪唑苯脲缓释剂在奶牛中的血药浓度

本试验以261nm为测定波长,277nm为参比波长,采用紫外系数倍率法测定盐酸咪唑苯脲缓释荆在奶牛体内不同时间的血浆药物浓度,并用药动学计算软件拟合处理得药动学参数.结果表明:此方法能不经分离直接消除血浆的背景干扰,咪唑苯脲标准品在0.1～5.0μg/mL的范围与△A呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率96.16%,日内、日间RSD(%)均小于5.00%.药时曲线符合一室吸收模型.药动学方程为:C=2.2540(e-0.0088t-e-0.4223t),r=0.9980.与肌肉注射咪唑苯脲水剂相比,消除半衰期[T1/2(Ke)]延长了75.402h,药物峰浓度时间[Tmax]延长了7.631h.咪唑苯脲缓释剂优于咪唑苯脲水剂.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.