改性菠萝皮渣对Cu2+的吸附研究

采用五因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计的方法对影响改性菠萝皮渣吸附Cu2+的因子进行优化,得出在浓度60 mg/L、加入量1.2g、pH=5、时间2h、温度40℃时,改性菠萝皮渣有最大吸附率YMax=91.8%。吸附等温线研究表明吸附可能以单分子层吸附占优势。吸附速率模型研究表明二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附的动力学行为。活性炭对比试验表明改性菠萝皮渣对铜离子的吸附在低浓度时优于活性炭。扫描电镜下改性菠萝皮渣表面显示粗糙和多褶皱。改性菠萝皮渣对铜离子的吸附是物理和化学吸附相结合的吸附过程。     

改性食用菌菌糠对重金属离子的吸附特性研究

为了开发利用廉价生物吸附剂并应用于重金属污染废水的处理,对食用菌菌糠进行了表面改性并研究了改性前后食用菌菌糠对Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附特性,调查了污水pH、重金属初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间和温度对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明,食用菌菌糠吸附剂用量分别为16g/L和12g/L时,pH值分别为5和6、初始重金属浓度为20mg/L、吸附时间为3h、25℃条件下,达到了最大吸附量,对Pb2+和Zn2+的去除率分别达到92.79%和88.96%,处理后的Pb2+和Zn2+浓度分别为1.442mg/L和2.208mg/L,接近污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)中的排放浓度1mg/L和2mg/L。食用菌菌糠对Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附等温线符合Fleundlich模式。     

皂化改性菠萝皮生物吸附剂对TVOC的吸附?

对农林废弃物菠萝皮进行化学改性处理,以去除大气中的TVOC有害气体,减轻大气污染的同时实现废弃物的多次循坏再利用,为吸附剂的研究与空气净化提供借鉴。利用二次正交旋转回归以及单因素实验对皂化改性菠萝皮吸附剂的制备工艺以及吸附条件优化；对渣粒径、温度和加入量进行单因素分析；利用吸附等温、动力模型拟合试验探究机理；通过BET、SEM及FTIR对样品进行表征；采用横向对比试验与其他材料对比吸附效果并探讨吸附剂的重复利用能力。结果表明：无水乙醇与氢氧化钠体积比为1:2.8,浸泡时间为6 h,离心时间为13 min,预测值Ymax=8.2759%；渣粒径60目、温度22℃、加入量3g为最佳单因素条件；吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温模型(R2=0.9926),吸附状态为多分子层多位点吸附；遵循二级动力学模型(R2=0.9757),即以化学吸附为主的物理化学双重吸附过程；比表面积显著增大、孔隙率升高,表面褶皱增多,且酰胺N-H基团、-OH等有效基团参与吸附；横向对比试验证明吸附效果在1%水平上显著优于其他四种吸附材料,即改性菠萝皮>硅藻土>活性炭>竹炭>树脂,且至少可重复利用7次以上。     

橘皮中可溶性膳食纤维理化性质的研究

本试验通过碱法提取干燥橘皮中含有的可溶性膳食纤维（SDF），研究碱液浓度、浸提时间、浸提温度、料液比对SDF提取率的影响，选择出碱法提取橘皮SDF最佳条件。在该试验范围内，提取橘皮可溶性纤维最适宜条件为料液比1:30（g/mL）、浸提时间5 h、浸提温度70 ℃、碱液浓度35 mg/mL，在最适条件下平均提取率为9.23%。提取出来后，再对其持水力、溶胀性、脂肪结合能力、还原力等理化性质进行测定。结果表明：橘皮SDF的持水力为1.21 g/g，脂肪结合量在30 min时测得吸附量为4.42 g/g，1 h时测得吸附量为4.39 g/g。表明0 ～ 30 min吸附量增加较大，在30 ～ 60 min几乎未增加，30 min后已达到吸附平衡|溶胀性为2.32 mL/g，还原力测定中橘皮可溶性膳食纤维具备一定的还原能力，但还原能力不如维生素C（Vc），为Vc的53.06%。 [关键词] 橘皮|可溶性膳食纤维|理化性质|橘皮渣|碱法提取     

桑枝粉对水中Cr（VI）离子的吸附研究

桑枝粉富含纤维素和木质素,具有吸附去除废水中重金属离子的功能。采用桑枝粉吸附去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）离子,考察pH值、吸附时间、桑枝粉用量、Cr（Ⅵ）离子溶液初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,测定吸附等温线,对等温吸附规律和吸附动力学过程作数学模拟。结果表明,桑枝粉对水中Cr（Ⅵ）离子有很好的吸附效果。吸附量随着pH值的增大而减小,随着吸附时间的延长而增大,吸附平衡时间为6h;桑枝粉用量增加,吸附去除率提高;Cr（Ⅵ）离子溶液初始浓度增大,吸附去除率下降。适宜的吸附条件为：桑枝粉用量5g/L,pH值1．5,温度25℃,吸附时间6h,Cr（Ⅵ）离子溶液初始浓度为10mg／L。桑枝粉对Cr（Ⅵ）离子的等温吸附规律符合Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin模式,吸附呈单分子层形式,吸附性能良好,吸附易于进行。吸附动力学过程可用准一级和准二级动力学模式进行模拟。     

活性炭对含磷废水的处理研究

为了研究活性炭对含磷废水的吸附性能,试验利用预处理后的活性炭处理含磷废水,考察了溶液p H值、活性炭相对投加量、吸附时间、磷初始质量浓度对磷去除率和吸附量的影响,采用响应曲面法(Response surface methodology,RSM)箱线图(Box-Behnken Design,BBD)模型优化了吸附条件并进行了吸附动力学试验。结果表明:最佳吸附条件是溶液p H值为3,炭的相对投加量为8 g/mg,吸附时间为60 min,磷初始质量浓度为0.78 mg/L,在此条件下,磷的去除率达到67.92%。说明伪二级动力学方程能很好描述活性炭对磷的吸附过程;活性炭可用于处理含磷废水,对磷具有较好的吸附性能。     

桑枝粉对水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附研究

桑枝粉富含纤维素和木质素,具有吸附去除废水中重金属离子的功能。采用桑枝粉吸附去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子,考察pH值、吸附时间、桑枝粉用量、Cr(Ⅵ)离子溶液初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,测定吸附等温线,对等温吸附规律和吸附动力学过程作数学模拟。结果表明,桑枝粉对水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子有很好的吸附效果。吸附量随着pH值的增大而减小,随着吸附时间的延长而增大,吸附平衡时间为6 h;桑枝粉用量增加,吸附去除率提高;Cr(Ⅵ)离子溶液初始浓度增大,吸附去除率下降。适宜的吸附条件为:桑枝粉用量5 g/L,pH值1.5,温度25℃,吸附时间6 h,Cr(Ⅵ)离子溶液初始浓度为10 mg/L。桑枝粉对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的等温吸附规律符合Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin模式,吸附呈单分子层形式,吸附性能良好,吸附易于进行。吸附动力学过程可用准一级和准二级动力学模式进行模拟。     

牧草中提取膳食纤维方法的研究

本实验以营养期紫花苜蓿为材料,采用正交L16(45)试验方法,用3种酶去除苜蓿中淀粉、蛋白质,旨在寻找用酶法提取苜蓿膳食纤维的最适工艺条件及限制膳食纤维提取各因素的影响程度。试验结果表明,a-淀粉酶水解淀粉的条件:加酶量为6%、温度为65℃、时间为60min、pH为6、料液比为1∶14;糖化酶水解条件:加酶量为0.20%、温度为45℃、时间为90min、pH为5.5;木瓜蛋白酶水解蛋白质的条件:木瓜蛋白酶加酶量为4.2%、处理时间为60min、温度为35℃、pH为7.5。同时确定了酶提取膳食纤维限制因素影响程度大小,a-淀粉酶:液料比>温度>pH>加酶量>时间;糖化酶:温度>加酶量>pH>时间;木瓜蛋白酶:温度>pH>加酶量>时间。提取产品总膳食纤维含量为88.5%,其中水溶性膳食纤维为5.5%,不溶性膳食纤维为83.1%。说明酶解法提取苜蓿膳食纤维是完全可行的。     

花生壳活性炭吸附兽用抗生素阿莫西林的研究

为了研究去除水体中阿莫西林的有效方法,试验采用静态吸附法对磷酸活化法制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件及花生壳活性炭吸附阿莫西林的效果进行了研究。结果表明:磷酸溶液质量分数为30%、活化时间为80 min、活化温度为600℃、液固比为200%时制得的活性炭吸附性能最佳,吸附的最佳条件为投加量3 g/L、时间100 min、温度35℃、溶液初始pH值4。说明花生壳活性炭可作为处理阿莫西林的高效吸附剂。     

参杂有PbO的Fe_3O_4对Pb~(2+)的吸附研究

制备、表征了参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4,研究并优化了参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4的合成条件并用于研究其对Pb2+的吸附去除。探究了该吸附随着时间推移而引起的吸附动力学变化;分析了p H值、温度以及Pb2+初始浓度等因素对吸附的综合影响,探究了不同Pb2+初始浓度下吸附的平衡特性。结果表明,Pb2+在参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4上的吸附符合准二级动力学吸附方程和Langmuir等温模式。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.