百畜宫炎清注射液对母猪繁殖性能的影响

选用健康状况良好的经产母猪(2～4胎次)苏太126头,随机分为2组,即试验组61头,对照组65头。试验组的处理方法为,母猪产后立即分别肌肉注射百畜宫炎清注射液和抗生素类药物(注射用青霉素钾),随后相继间隔8～12个小时再进行第二次和第三次肌注百畜宫炎清注射液2次;而对照组产后立即肌肉注射与试验组同类的抗生素类药物。之后,两组在相同的饲养管理条件下,进行跟踪观察两组母猪在下一繁殖周期中出现产科疾病猪头数、35天断奶至配种平均间隔天数、情期受胎率、产仔率及淘汰率等繁殖生产成绩。试验结果表明,试验组35天断奶至配种平均间隔天数、情期受胎率和产仔率比对照组有明显改善,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

空怀母猪饲喂金霉素对繁殖性能的影响研究

对21－25天断奶的120头空怀母猪饲喂15％的金霉素250mg/kg至配种，结果表明，饲喂金霉素的A组120头母猪与对照B组的120头母猪比较，断奶至再配种时间间隔不明显，但情期受胎率提高4．1％，产仔率提高5．8％；窝产活仔数提高0．25头，金霉素提高母猪繁殖性能效果明显。     

腐植酸饲喂空怀母猪的繁殖效果研究

为了研究在饲粮中添加一定剂量的腐植酸对空怀母猪繁殖效果的影响,为腐植酸在母猪饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。试验根据母猪品种、胎次、体况的原则,选取3~4胎次的大白与长白二元杂交、断乳后的空怀母猪100头,随机将其分为2个组,分为对照组(饲喂基础日粮)和试验组(饲喂基础日粮+腐植酸),每个组有2个重复,每个重复头数不等。结果表明:试验组断乳母猪7 d内的发情率和情期受胎率与对照组差异显著(P0.05),试验组母猪多集中在断奶后第4、5天发情,无返情现象,断奶到配种的间隔减少了16.36%,但差异不显著(P0.05),说明母猪日粮中添加腐植酸对经产母猪的发情及情期受胎率有一定的改善效果。     

母猪不同生理阶段的日粮营养水平对母猪繁殖力的影响

选择体况良好的经产母猪120头,分成A、B两组。A组为试验组,B组为对照组,A组的60头母猪在产仔前3周和断奶后到配种期间饲喂高营养水平的哺乳料,B组60头母猪除哺乳期外均喂妊娠料。A、B两组相对比较,除了断奶到配种的时间间隔不明显外,情期受胎率提高了4.3%,断奶成活率提高5.6%,出生体重提高0.39kg,平均窝活产仔猪数多0.69头,试验组提高了母猪的繁殖性能,效果显著。     

妊娠期不同营养方式对母猪系列性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同营养方式对母猪繁殖性能的影响.选择胎次、体重相近、发情期相近空怀的长×大母猪60头,分为3组,每组10个重复.试验日粮营养分低水平营养(日粮1)和高水平营养(日粮2)；第1组在发情配种之日开始饲喂日粮1至分娩,第2组在配种之日开始饲喂日粮2至分娩,第3组配种之日连续30 d饲喂日粮1,而后经过7d过渡期逐渐转为日粮2至分娩.分娩后所有母猪都饲喂哺乳日粮至断奶.结果表明:①第3组产仔数分别比1组、2组提高12.49％( P＜0.05)和12.08％( P＜0.05)；②第3组产活仔数分别比1组、2组增加17.35％ (P＜0.05)和21.00％ (P＜0.05)；③平均出生个体重以第2组最高,差异不显著；但28日龄断奶窝重则以第3组最高,分别比1组、2组提高41.06％ (P＜0.05)和21.50％( P＜0.05).④不同营养方式对母猪情期受胎率没有影响,但低营养水平可延长发情间隔(P＞0.05).前低后高营养方式使母猪产仔数、产活仔数和28日龄断奶窝重显著提高；不同营养方式对仔猪平均出生个体重、母猪的发情间隔及情期受胎率没有显著影响.     

丹系母猪断奶后发情和排卵规律的研究

母猪适时配种是提高受胎率的关键措施之一,而决定配种时间的主要依据是母猪排卵时间。本研究采用B超探测技术对56头不同胎龄的丹系高产母猪发情后的排卵规律进行观测研究。结果发现,母猪断奶后发情至排卵间隔平均为(29.28±8.14)h,排卵持续时间平均是(14.64±4.07)h;母猪断奶至发情间隔为4 d时,母猪发情至排卵间隔和排卵持续时间与其他组差异均显著(P0.05);当断奶至发情天数从2 d增加到5 d,发情至排卵间隔平均减少4.78 h,排卵持续时间平均减少2.39 h;哺乳期小于25 d的母猪断奶到发情间隔及排卵间隔与其他两组母猪均差异显著(P0.05);不同哺乳期的母猪排卵持续时间差异不显著(P0.05);胎次对母猪发情排卵时间存在一定的影响,高胎次母猪比低胎次母猪断奶后发情较迟,排卵持续时间也较长。     

“喜满圈”对放牧经产藏猪母猪繁殖性能的影响

为研究生殖营养素和中草药复方制剂(商品名"喜满圈")对藏猪经产母猪繁殖性能的影响,选择以往繁殖正常的分娩1周的藏猪经产母猪40头,随机等分成对照组和试验组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头。两组试验母猪在相同条件下进行饲养管理,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组于母猪产后2周开始每天饲喂"喜满圈"产品,每头每天1袋,均匀拌料投喂,至配种后21 d结束,对于断奶后2周仍不发情的母猪停止饲喂"喜满圈"。跟踪测定其发情配种及后续繁殖性能。研究结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,经产母猪断奶后21 d内的发情率和受胎率分别提高20和14.74个百分点(P0.01);仔猪初生重较对照组提高0.03 kg(P0.05),放牧经产藏猪母猪窝产仔数提高1.2头(P0.01),2月龄仔猪断奶重较对照组提高0.31 kg(P0.01)。试验证明:补饲饲粮中添加"喜满圈"能提高放牧经产母猪发情配种受胎率,同时提高产仔数、仔猪初生重和仔猪断奶重。     

妊娠期不同营养方式对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同营养方式对母猪繁殖性能的影响。选择胎次、体重相近、发情期相近空怀的长×大母猪60头,分为3组,每组10个重复。试验日粮营养分低水平营养(日粮1)和高水平营养(日粮2);第1组在发情配种之日开始饲喂日粮1至分娩,第2组在配种之日开始饲喂日粮2至分娩,第3组配种之日连续30 d饲喂日粮1,而后经过7 d过渡期逐渐转为日粮2至分娩。分娩后所有母猪都饲喂哺乳日粮至断奶。结果表明:①第3组产仔数分别比1组、2组提高12.49%(P<0.05)和12.08%(P<0.05);②第3组产活仔数分别比1组、2组增加17.35%(P<0.05)和21.00%(P<0.05);③平均出生个体重以第2组最高,差异不显著;但28日龄断奶窝重则以第3组最高,分别比1组、2组提高41.06%(P<0.05)和21.50%(P<0.05)。④不同营养方式对母猪情期受胎率没有影响,但低营养水平可延长发情间隔(P>0.05)。前低后高营养方式使母猪产仔数、产活仔数和28日龄断奶窝重显著提高;不同营养方式对仔猪平均出生个体重、母猪的发情间隔及情期受胎率没有显著影响。     

定时输精对经产母猪繁殖性能及生殖激素的影响

试验旨在建立高效的经产母猪定时输精（timed artificial insemination,TAI）技术,研究了定时输精对经产母猪繁殖性能、断奶-分娩间隔、不同胎次母猪产仔性能及断奶后7 d内血清生殖激素水平的影响。选取309头2~8胎次二元（长×大）经产母猪,随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组母猪进行常规人工授精（artificial insemination,AI）,试验组母猪进行断奶后24 h注射PMSG 1 000 IU,间隔72 h注射GnRH 100 μg,在注射GnRH后24和40 h各输精1次的定时输精技术。通过统计两组母猪的断奶1周内发情率、受胎率、分娩率、窝均产仔数等,判断定时输精对经产母猪繁殖性能的影响;通过对断奶时间和分娩时间的统计,检测定时输精对经产母猪断奶-分娩间隔的影响;用放射免疫（RIA）方法检测2~4胎次母猪断奶1周内血清E₂、LH、FSH和P₄的含量,研究定时输精对母猪生殖激素的影响。结果显示,试验组母猪发情率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,但两组间受胎率、分娩率差异不显著（P>0.05）,窝均产仔数、窝均合格仔数和繁殖效率有增加的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;定时输精显著缩短了母猪的断奶-分娩间隔（P<0.05）。在胎次方面,3~4胎母猪使用定时输精的效果较好,其发情率、受胎率和分娩率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。在生殖激素方面,试验组E₂水平在注射PMSG后迅速上升,且在定时输精处理后66~96 h内持续高于对照组（P<0.05）,试验组P₄水平在断奶后至配种前显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但配种后快速升高,并高于对照组;LH和FSH的含量在两组间无显著差异。综上,定时输精可有效提高经产母猪的断奶发情率,并减少其非生产天数,可显著提高3~4胎母猪的繁殖性能。     

激素的使用对批次化生产中纯种杜洛克母猪繁殖性能的影响

为了研究激素在批次化生产中对杜洛克母猪生产性能的影响,笔者进行了相关试验。试验一：选用800头体况相近,健康的240日龄杜洛克猪后备母猪,随机分为2组,每组400头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组每天16:00-17:00饲喂烯丙孕素5 mL,连喂18 d,停药42 h后按1000 IU/头剂量肌肉注射PMSG;72 h后按0.1 mg/头剂量肌肉注射GnRH;24 h后进行人工授精,间隔16 h再次进行人工授精。试验二：将400头体况相近的第一胎产后断奶母猪随机分为2组,每组200头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组第1天16:00注射孕马血清素,72 h后注射GnRH,24 h后进行人工授精,间隔16 h后再次进行人工授精。比较不同组间后备母猪和断奶母猪的配种受胎率、分娩率、产仔数等。结果表明：试验一中,试验组的情期受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、健仔数都极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。试验二中,试验组的发情比例、情期受胎率极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。分娩率、健仔数、产仔数都较对照组有所提高但差异不显著（P>0.05）。由此可见,在批次化生产中合理使用性激素可显著提高杜洛克...     

Effects of Measurement Time of CIDR，Different Models of Feeding and Management，Repeat Superovulation and Oestrus Time on Superovulation in Sheep

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of measurement time of CIDR,different models of feeding and management,repeat superovulation and oestrus time on superovulation in sheep.The results showed that the average number of available embryos of the 10 days was significantly higher than those of the 13 days （P＜0.05）.In addition,there were extremely significantly differences on the rate of available embryos between the 10 and 13 days of CIDR （P＜0.01）.The average number of available embryos and available embryos rate of drylot feeding group were extremely significantly higher than those of pasture feeding group （P＜0.01）.The optimal result of repeated superovulation was two times,and there were no significant differences between the second and the third times （P＞0.05）,but there were significantly differences compared to other forth times （P＜0.05）.The quality of embryos in the group of 24 h after superovulation was the best.In conclusion,the measurement time of CIDR,the pattern of different feeding and management and repeat superovulation had significantly effects on sheep superovulation,and the best quality embryos of sheep was in 24 h oestrus after superovulation.     

Diurnal rhythm in heat production and oxidation of carbohydrate and fat in pigs during feeding, starvation and re-feeding

Diurnal rhythm in heat production (HE), oxidation of carbohydrate (OXCHO) and fat (OXF) was calculated from daily measurements of gas exchange in 12 pigs [20-40 kg live weight, (LW)] during 6 days of near ad libitum feeding, followed by 4 days of starvation and 4 days of re-feeding. All measurements, divided in five times intervals from 12.00 to 8.00, showed the highest values of HE, reflecting the animals' energy requirements, between 12.00 and 16.00 gradually declining to the lowest values between 4.00 and 8.00. The values measured in the interval 4.00-8.00 were considered as a basal metabolic rate (BMR), being in all measurements 25% lower than during 12.00-4.00. The lowest BMR was measured on the fourth day of starvation (21.7 kJ/h.kg(0.75)). By transition from feeding to starvation, OXCHO declined gradually, but was for 16 h able to cover the energy requirement with no contribution from OXF. The decline in OXCHO proceeded for 40 h and reached zero between 4.00 and 8.00 on the first day of starvation with the energy requirement being covered by OXF. The HE during starvation was 25-30% lower than during feeding caused by absence of feed-induced thermogenesis and by the transition from OXCHO to OXF. Immediately after re-feeding dietary carbohydrates were oxidized, however, there was still a substantial OXF, proceeding until the next feeding. From the second day of re-feeding the contribution of substrates to the total HE was re-established with no OXF and the same level of HE as during feeding.     

The effects of calving to first service interval on reproductive performance in normal cows and cows with postpartal disease

The relationships between the calving to first service interval and several measures of reproductive performance were evaluated in 1738 lactation records from cows in 32 southern Ontario Holstein herds. Lactation records were divided into three mutually exclusive health categories based on the cows' postpartal disease histories.

Relationships between the calving to first service interval and the first service conception rate, number of services per conception and open interval were similar for all three health categories. The first service conception rate was lower and the average number of services per conception higher in cows first bred before 60 days when compared to cows first bred after 60 days. The relationship between the calving to first service interval and the open interval indicated that for each day that breeding was delayed the open interval was extended by 0.86 days.

It appeared that overall conception rates may be lower for cows first bred very early or very late, but differences in the overall conception rate were only significant for cows experiencing a reproductive tract infection. Unless very expensive semen is being used, it is suggested that disease free cows be bred at the first heat occurring after 40 days postpartum, and that cows experiencing postpartal disease be bred at the first heat occurring after 60 days postpartum.

     

初乳饲喂次数对娟姗犊牛生产性能的影响

为研究探讨初乳饲喂次数对娟姗犊牛生产性能的影响,试验选取初生重接近的健康娟姗犊牛20 头,随机分为4 组,分别为对照组、试验I组、II组和III组,每组5 头犊牛,试验期为60 天。4 组犊牛出生当日饲喂两次初乳,首次初乳量按照体重的10.0%进行灌服,第2次初乳于出生后6~8 h按照体重的5.0%进行饲喂。4 组犊牛出生当日在产房饲养,2日龄时均转为室外犊牛岛单栏饲养。2日龄后,对照组每天上午06:00和下午16:00时各饲喂常乳1次,2~6日龄每次饲喂1.50 L,7~20日龄每次饲喂1.80 L,21~35日龄每次饲喂2.50 L,36~60日龄每次饲喂3.00 L,自7日龄开始犊牛自由采食颗粒料。试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别继续饲喂初乳至犊牛2日龄、4日龄、6日龄后再饲喂常乳,饲喂时间和饲喂量与对照组一致。结果表明:(1)在饲喂初乳后48 h、72 h、96 h,试验组与对照组犊牛血清免疫球蛋白g(IgG)均差异显著(p<0.05),120 h、144 h、168 h,试验Ⅰ组与对照组比较,犊牛血清IgG含量差异不显著(p>0.05),试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组血清IgG含量与对照组相比,差异极显著(p<0.01)。(2)随着初乳饲喂次数的增加,可有效降低犊牛20日龄内腹泻发生率,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组较对照组比较犊牛腹泻发生率分别降低9.5%、22.5%、36.5%,治疗犊牛腹泻总成本较对照组分别下降12.0 元、43.2 元、76.8 元,3 组试验组犊牛成活率为100.0%。(3)初乳饲喂次数的增加,使0~60日龄娟姗犊牛平均日增重(ADG)升高,试验组与对照组相比较,日增重均差异极显著(p<0.01),分别增加16.7 g、33.3 g、80.0 g。试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组较试验Ⅰ组ADG差异也极显著(p<0.01)。综合考虑,建议娟姗犊牛饲喂初乳至6日龄,可降低犊牛腹泻发生率、减少治疗费用,提高犊牛成活率及ADG。     

獒本杂交犬繁育性能研究

通过对獒本杂交犬与当地土种犬发情时间、配种时间、产活仔数、幼犬初生重等的对比研究,发现獒本杂交犬发情时间集中在9~11月份,发情受胎率与母犬年龄及养殖条件有关,常规养殖下3~4岁獒本杂交母犬发情率为100%,2~4岁獒本杂交母犬受胎率达到100%。獒本杂交犬产仔力和哺乳性能等繁育性能指标明显高于本地土种犬,1~5岁龄杂交母犬的平均活产仔数显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬平均初生重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬断奶平均个体体重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.01);仔犬断奶平均窝重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);幼犬断奶成活数比土种犬高14.3%。     

The effect of feeding strategy during the pre-follicular phase on subsequent follicular development in the pig

In female pigs feeding level has important effects on reproductive performance. This review is focused on the follicular development after low and high feeding levels during the luteal phase in gilts. Although aspects of diet composition seem to have a role in regulating reproductive performance, the most important aspect appears to be the plane of nutrition. Similar effects are described during lactation in primiparous sows, when their metabolism is challenged to its maximum. Also in this situation feeding level clearly affects weaning to oestrus interval, follicular development, oocyte maturation, ovulation rate and subsequent embryonic survival.     

A preliminary study of the tolerance of healthy foals to a low residue enteral feeding solution

After a three day acclimatization period, six healthy, young (aged 4 to 20 days) orphan foals of mixed breeding were fed 100 per cent of their caloric needs (estimated at 523 kjoules/kg bodyweight [bwt] or 125 kcal/kg bwt/day) as a low residue isotonic feeding solution (LRF) for seven days. The solution provided 4.18 kjoules (1 kcal/ml) and was fortified with minerals and protein to meet estimated foal requirements. The solution was fed through an indwelling 12 French feeding tube. Five of the six foals completed the study; the loss of the sixth foal apparently was unrelated to the feeding protocol. The foals tolerated LRF well. Signs of intolerance were noted in two foals and were limited to flatulence, mild bloat and very mild abdominal pain associated with a decreased interval between two feedings during the first 48 h on 100 per cent LRF. Complete recovery without therapy occurred within 6 h and feedings were resumed. Growth in height and weight were comparable to published data for healthy foals raised with their dams. Feeding tubes were easily maintained with no apparent dysphagia, regurgitation or discomfort to foals. This low residue, calorically dense, isotonic feeding solution may be useful for enteral feeding of selected foals aged at least seven days.     

饮水温度和豆浆对育肥藏北母绵羊和藏北母山羊效果的影响

[目的]研究自由饮用18～20℃温水和每日饮用豆浆对补饲育肥藏北母绵羊（S）和藏北母山羊（G）的效果。[方法]试验用羊为淘汰的2～3岁藏北母绵羊和藏北母山羊。选择350只年龄接近、体重相近的藏北母绵羊,随机分为7组,每组50只。在试验期内,对照自由放牧组母绵羊50只,每日按照农牧民放牧习惯自由放牧,晚上不予补饲;绵羊6个试验组每日按照农牧民放牧习惯白天自由放牧,晚上收牧后给予一定补饲,补饲的精料颗粒料添加量为280 g/d,燕麦青干草为自由采食。经过预试验7 d,正式试验期49 d。试验前后,对每只试验羊称重。藏北山羊分组试验同藏北绵羊。试验结束后,随机在试验处理组和对照组中各选取母羊11只屠宰,随即测定试验羊的屠宰率。[结果]在相同饮水条件下,随10%豆浆饮用量的增加,体重和屠宰率差异显著（P<0.05）;在10%豆浆饮用量相同的试验组,饮水由冰水换为温水,体重和屠宰率差异极显著（P<0.01）。在不计人工投入和电费的条件下,育肥藏北母绵羊各组效益差异极显著（P<0.01）。 S4、S5和S6共3个试验组有经济效益,且随着饮水温度和豆浆量的增加,经济效益也越高（P<0.01）,S6试验组每只羊可带来高达105.95元的经济效益;育肥藏北母山羊各组效益差异亦显著（P<0.01）,且只有G6试验组每只羊可带来21.35元的经济效益。[结论]藏北母绵羊和藏北母山羊体重和屠宰率仍有较大的提升空间。选择合适的饲养模式对藏北母绵羊和藏北母山羊进行短期育肥,能够带来可观的经济效益。该试验研究为今后在饲草料相对缺乏的藏北牧区短期育肥绵羊和山羊提供了技术和数据参考。     

Rhythm of engorgement and detachment of Anocentor nitens females feeding on horses

The present study evaluated the engorgement and drop-off rhythms of Anocentor nitens females feeding on horses. Drop-off rhythm was evaluated at 6h-intervals (06:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 00:00 h) on horses held in stalls or in a pasture. A new method of marking feeding female ticks (the bowknot technique) was developed to evaluate ticks on horses in pasture that attached to different parts of the horse's body. This technique was highly successful, indicating no significant interference on tick engorgement rate or final tick weight, length and reproductive capability. Horses held in the pasture during the summer produced only 28.2% of the tick detachment during the daylight period from 06:00 to 18:00 h. In contrast, 53.4% of the ticks detached during this same 12 h-period during the winter. This difference was probably related to the longer scotoperiod during the winter. Different drop-off rhythms were observed for females attached to different anatomical parts of the horse's body. For example, ticks attached to the ears, perineum, and tail showed similar drop-off patterns, but were different from ticks attached to mane, rump and other body parts. The idiosoma length of the feeding female ticks was individually measured every 6 h until the engorged female detached naturally. The engorgement rate (increase in millimeters of the body length per hour) was evaluated during the last 96 h of parasitism. The highest engorgement rates were observed during the last 24 h of parasitism (approximately 0.16 mm/h), which were four-fold higher than the engorgement rates of the previous 3 days ( approximately 0.04 mm/h), demonstrating that these lower and higher values corresponded to the slow and rapid feeding phases reported elsewhere. Based on these data, the 6 mm idiosoma length was estimated as the minimal length that would correspond to the time point (i.e. 24 h before detachment) during which ticks would undergo the rapid feeding phase and detach as fully engorged females. When this 6 mm length was tested to estimate the number of engorged females detaching from horses in a period of 24 h, the estimated accuracy varied from 58.5 to 97.7% (mean: 73.3%).