怎样带菌根和菌根土接种造林

怎样带菌根和菌根土接种造林许多树木的幼苗期皆有菌根,培养菌根的土为菌根土,松树、桦树、柳树等都有菌根和菌根土。采用菌根、菌土造林和用菌根菌土接种育苗是一个道理,使苗木能适应瘠薄中生长,有效地利用土壤养分。在立地条件相同的情况下,多菌根比少菌根的苗木成...     

松树菌根土育苗造林技术

森林菌根土接种法,简便易行,菌根化程度高,接种效果明显。用菌根土接种的云南松、马尾松、加勒比松幼苗长势好、抗性强,苗高、冠幅、全苗重分别是对照苗木的1.7～2.9倍;用以造林,不仅可使造林困难地区松树的成活率由以往平均不足20％提高到85％以上,且可提前2～3年郁闭成林。本文介绍了松树菌根土育苗造林的技术。     

截根菌根化育苗和造林技术

截根菌根化育苗技术是中国林科院菌根中心研究开发的林业生产先进技术 ,是林业部 1997年林业科技推广项目之一。安徽省太湖县从 1998年春季起 ,连续 3年在湿地松容器苗培育和板栗实生苗培育中大面积推广应用 ,提高了苗木的产量和质量 ,增强了苗木的抗病虫害能力 ,节约了育苗成本 ,取得了良好的经济效益。1　造林步骤国外松容器苗造林是太湖县近几年大力推广的造林新技术。在芽苗移栽过程中进行截根 ,接种菌根 ,实行菌根化育苗。其过程如下 :种子处理—催芽—营养土 (培育基质 )准备—装容器—芽苗接菌移栽—菌根化育苗管理—出圃造林。1 1　…     

直干桉接种菌根菌育苗试验

１９９３年和１９９４年，在红河州石岩寨林场进行直干桉接种菌根菌育苗试验，采用天然菌根土和人工菌根剂接种，分不同菌根菌、不同接种部位和剂量进行试验。结果表明，接种菌根菌对直干桉苗木生长具有显著的促进作用，菌根土接种的效果较人工菌剂好。     

沙地云杉研究进展与展望

天然分布在浑善达克沙地的沙地云杉林以其独特的生物学特性引人注目,诸多研究者重点在分类地位、育苗造林技术等方面开展了研究。本文综述了沙地云杉分类、天然更新、育苗造林、抗逆性和菌根相关研究成果,为进一步开展沙地云杉研究提供参考。     

直干桉接种菌根菌育苗试验

１９９３年和１９９４年，在红河州石寨林场进行直干桉接种菌根菌育苗试验，采用天然菌根土和人工菌根剂接种，分不同菌根菌、不同接种部位和剂量进行试验。结果表明，接种菌根菌对直干桉苗木生长具有显著的促进作用，菌根土接种的效果较人工菌剂好。     

云南松壮苗培育与幼林生长相关性的研究

6年来,在滇中宜良和滇东南石屏采用优良种源和家系与多项育苗措施相结合,进行的复因子云南松田间栽培试验证实,用黄乳牛肝菌菌根为主的天然菌根土作容器基质(B3),并用富宁优良种源种子,所育出的云南松容器苗速生健壮,造林6年后林木仍保持着生长优势,单位面积的材积生长量比火烧土和生地土的混合培养基质(B1)和接种Pt305菌种(B2)以及生地土(B4)等措施提高了17.89%～41.96%.用以黄乳牛肝菌为主的天然菌根土加入少量彩色豆马勃孢子粉作育苗基质与优良家系结合,所育壮苗,成苗率达99.1%,比生地土育苗提高了22.1%,苗高生长比单用黄乳牛肝菌菌根为主的天然菌根土提高15.8%,比其他组合提高30%以上;且在主根长度、侧根数、单株鲜重等性状也有显著的优势,故又获得壮苗培育措施的较佳组合.采用适宜的育苗措施,可以使良种的优良遗传性状从苗期到幼林期得到有效体现,达到林木高产优质的栽培目的.云南松苗期与幼林生长的相关性研究表明苗高与林木6年生时的高、径、材积的相关系数r=0.5701～0.7612,相关显著,证明了壮苗优势的稳定性.     

湿地松育苗与造林技术研究

总结了文山州、市林业部门引种湿地松在红旗林场林区育苗、种植的经验,存在的问题以及该树种病虫害发生等情况,在此基础上,探讨了湿地松的育苗与造林中技术:采用的湿砂催芽、芽苗移栽、菌根接种、营养土配制及造林等一系列技术,为今后湿地松在林场中进行大面积种植提供参考。     

落叶松外生菌根真菌优良菌株筛选及其在造林中的应用

落叶松外生菌根真菌优良菌株筛选及其在造林中的应用周玉芝，韩桂云，齐玉臣，刘忱，何兴元关键词菌根真菌，落叶松，造林菌根真菌与树木共生营养，对提高育苗、造林成活率及林木速生具有重要的经济意义。为了研究东北地区主要造林树种─—落叶松的菌根真菌及选育优良菌株...     

云南松造林技术初探

云南松是大姚县境内森林资源中分布广、面积大、覆盖率所占比例高、用材林的主要树种,也是大姚县荒山造林的主要树种之一。过去大姚县采取人工整地直播、飞机播种及泥床育苗等造林方式实施云南松造林,但造林保存率低,用种量大,补植、补造工作量也较大。为了进一步提高云南松造林成活率、保存率,彻底改变长期以来云南松人工造林的方式,文章对大姚县2007年以来推广云南松菌根土育苗造林的苗木培育技术和造林技术措施做如下总结介绍,以期对大姚县云南松造林工作有所促进。     

油松、辽东栎混交林中生化他感作用的研究

研究了油松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓＣａｒｒ．）、辽东栎（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＫｏｉｄｚ．）混交林中的生化他感作用，结果表明：油松、辽东栎纯林及松栎混交林下的枯落叶、半分解枯落叶及表层土壤水浸液对油松及其它植物的种子发芽和幼苗胚根、幼茎生长有显著的影响，一般在高浓度下表现为强烈的抑制作用，低浓度下作用不显著或起促进作用。其中辽东栎枯落叶水浸液的抑制作用最为强烈，混交林中枯落叶的抑制作用有所下降。说明在某些条件（干旱、混交比例和混交方式不当）下，两树种混交可引起林地生化他感物质富积，从而导致油松生长不良，林地生产力下降。解释了实际林地的现象，为营造松栎混交林提供了依据。     

Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China

Large-scale vegetation restoration in China's Loess Plateau has been initiated by the central government for controlling soil and water losses in the past three decades. However, there is virtually no guidance for plant species selection for the restoration purpose. We investigated the effects of planting trees and shrubs, land-use conversions from croplands to pastures and native grasslands on soil water dynamics and water stresses by using long-term field measurements from 1986 to 1999 in the semi-arid loess hilly area. Our research has led to the following three major findings. Firstly, the amount of soil water storage within a 100 cm depth decreased as measured at both the beginning and the ending point of growing seasons regardless land cover types. The soil water replenishment by rainfall during rainy seasons was not sufficient to fully recharge the soil water storage. Landscape restoration through shrub planting may help retain more soil water than other land cover types. Secondly, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ET) and pan evaporation (PET) generally declined for all land cover types during the study period. Shrub lands had the largest ET/PET ratio, followed by native grassland, cropland/alfalfa, and pine woodland. The ET/PET ratio of native grasslands declined fastest, followed by pine woodlands, shrub lands, alfalfa, and croplands. Pine woodland's low ET/PET ratios were mainly caused by its higher runoff due to soil compaction resulted from soil desiccation. Lastly, we found that the soil water storage at the beginning of growing season was important in determining the ET/PET ratios. This study suggested that pine plantations may not be appropriate for landscape restoration in such a semi-arid loess hilly area while shrubs may be highly recommended.     

Integrating pine honeydew honey production into forest management optimization

Pine honeydew honey is an economically important non-wood forest product from eastern Mediterranean Pinus brutia forests, which are also important for timber production. Pine honey is produced by bees that feed on the honeydew secretions of Marchalina hellenica, a scale insect that infests pine stands and feeds on pine sap. The aim of this study was to optimize the joint production of pine honeydew honey and timber by maximizing the soil expectation value of pine stands. The simulation of P. brutia stand dynamics and timber production in healthy and infested stands is based on individual-tree growth and yield models that account for the effect of M. hellenica on tree- and stand-level growth and mortality. The optimization procedure uses a direct search method based on nonlinear programming. The results suggest that pine stands growing on good sites should be managed using rather short rotations and mainly aiming at timber production. In contrast, forest management in medium- and poor-quality sites should aim at longer rotations by taking advantage of the joint production of pine honey and timber assortments. Honey-oriented forest management can be much more profitable than timber production in stands growing on medium and poor sites. Pine honey represents an opportunity to increase the value and economic profitability of P. brutia forests.     

松荷异龄混交造林试验及其成效研究

总结了松荷异龄混交的试验结果和造林技术,分析和揭示了珠江流域南热带季风气候区(18 a)马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×(14 a)荷木(Schima superba)异龄混交林和(32 a)湿地松(P.elliottii)×(14 a)荷木异龄混交林的林分结构、生物量、凋落物、土壤理化性质、林地涵养水源和林分生长量等的变化规律及其影响作用,全面评价松荷异龄混交造林的成效。松荷异龄混交林明显地改善土壤理化性质,增加土壤养分,提高水源涵养功能,增强林分稳定性能,促进主要树种的生长,为低效防护林改造提供了有效途径。     

油松-沙棘混交模式对生境和油松生长的影响

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区,以油松纯林为对照,对油松与沙棘行状混交、行状混交沙棘平茬、带状混交、宽行混交和宽行混交沙棘平茬林地的沙棘郁闭度、高度、光照强度、土壤水分、土壤密度、土壤空隙度、土壤养分及油松的存活率、高度、地径、顶梢年生长量等进行13年的监测研究.结果表明:行状混交与宽行混交的沙棘郁闭度、高度均高于行状混交沙棘平茬、宽行混交沙棘平茬和带状混交;林地的光照强度为油松纯林的较高,带状混交、宽行混交沙棘平茬、行状混交沙棘平茬的居中,宽行混交和行状混交的较低;土壤储水量在11年后表现为行状混交与宽行混交的较高,行状混交沙棘平茬、带状混交与宽行混交沙棘平茬的居中,油松纯林的较低;土壤密度、土壤空隙度、土壤养分表现为沙棘郁闭度、高度越高,土壤密度越低,土壤空隙度、土壤养分越高.与油松纯林相比,行状混交和宽行混交油松的高度和地径在6年以后明显较低,存活率在7年以后显著降低;行状混交沙棘平茬、宽行混交沙棘平茬与带状混交的油松高度在7年以后较高,行状混交沙棘平茬与宽行混交沙棘平茬的油松高度在10年以后高于带状混交的油松;行状混交沙棘平茬、宽行混交沙棘平茬与带状混交的油松地径在9年以后大于油松纯林的油松地径;行状混交沙棘平茬、宽行混交沙棘平茬和带状混交的油松顶梢年生长量在6年以后较大,行状混交和宽行混交的较小.油松与沙棘混交,行状混交沙棘平茬、宽行混交沙棘平茬和带状混交促进了油松的生长,行状混交和宽行混交降低了油松的存活率,抑制了油松的生长.     

吉林省西部不同土壤种类文冠果栽培试验初报

以内蒙古翁牛特旗种源的文冠果为材料,在吉林省西部前郭县和长岭县的不同土壤条件下进行引种栽培试验.初步研究结果表明:风沙土、栗钙土是最适宜栽培和发展文冠果的土壤种类,含盐量小于0.2%的轻度盐碱地亦可以栽植;含盐量大于0.2%的土壤应谨慎选用,中、重度盐碱土不能栽种文冠果.     

中度盐碱地草麻黄栽培技术的研究

在中度盐碱地上采用覆沙压碱、灌水洗碱、深栽避碱、激素处理等措施进行草麻黄人工栽培试验,结果表明:深栽避碱和覆沙压碱对草麻黄株高生长量具有显著促进作用;而各项栽培技术措施在中度盐碱地上对草麻黄地上生物量产量的增加均有显著促进作用。综合2项生长指标考虑,以深栽避碱和覆沙压碱技术措施对草麻黄在中度盐碱地上栽培具有更显著的增产作用。     

森林与生态环境(下)

生态环境的恶化已经成为当前国际社会最为关心和最迫切需要解决的问题。本文详细地阐述了森林与水土流失、土壤沙漠化、土壤退化、大气污染和酸沉降、噪声污染之间的关系,并认为应该发展森林来改善人类的生存环境。     

Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza formation and increased survival of Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer

In order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml) of soil from an established Douglas-fir plantation were added to planting holes when Douglas-fir seedlings were planted on an old, unrevegetated clearcut in the Klamath Mountains of Oregon. Seedlings were lifted throughout the growing season to determine the influence of soil transfer on the rate of root tip initiation and mycorrhiza formation. Six weeks after planting, seedlings receiving plantation soil had formed 62% more root tips than controls; however, no statistically significant differences were apparent 15 weeks after planting. By that time, a small percentage of root tips were visibly mycorrhizal; seedlings receiving transferred soil had the most colonization (13.6 vs 3.5 per seedling, p 0.05). Of seedlings receiving transfer soil, 36.6% survived the first growing season, compared to 11.3% of control seedlings. At this high elevation, soils often remain frozen well into spring, leaving only a brief period betwen the time when soils become warm enough for root growth and the onset of summer drought. Under these conditions, the rapid root growth and mycorrhiza formation stimulated by plantation soil increases the ability of seedlings to survive the first growing season.This is Paper 2341 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.     

Root Egress and Field Performance of Actively Growing Betula pendula Container Seedlings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of enlarging the planting window of container-grown silver birch seedlings from spring and autumn to summer by planting young, actively growing seedlings. For over 3 yrs the study investigated the growth, survival and damage of silver birch seedlings grown in containers and planted at different times during the growing season on 18 sites in fields and forest sites in central Finland. In a pot experiment in the greenhouse, the root-egress ability of seedlings planted at different times during the growing season was monitored. Root egress of seedlings was rapid from the beginning of July to the middle of August. Actively growing seedlings planted in summer on a site suitable for silver birch grew and survived at least as well as seedlings planted in spring during the dormant stage. The risk of drought stress increased when seedlings were planted on easily drying, coarse sandy soils. The risk was also high in soils with high levels of fine soil fractions that become hard when dry and when the dry period continued for several weeks before planting. In conclusion, it is possible to enlarge the planting window of birch seedlings to July and the beginning of August by using actively growing container seedlings.