森林认定存在问题对森林生态建设的影响分析

森林面积和由森林面积决定的森林覆盖率是衡量森林生态建设成效的关键指标。现行森林认定标准不一致,不能准确反映森林植被覆盖现状、森林质量和森林生态建设成果。分析森林认定依据、存在问题和对森林生态建设的影响,提出解决问题的对策和建议,逐步实现森林认定标准统一规范,引导森林生态建设方向。     

河南森林食品资源及开发现状初探

按照森林蔬菜、森林粮食、森林油料、森林饮料、森林药材、森林蜜源、森林香料、其它九类。阐述了河南省森林食品的生产现状和存在问题,提出了发展措施。     

我国森林食品资源及其开发利用现状

随着社会的发展和人类生活水平的提高, 开发利用森林食品具有重要的现实意义。文中在参考了大量的国内外相关文献的基础上, 将森林食品分为森林蔬菜、森林粮食、森林油料、森林饮料、森林饲料、森林药物、森林蜜源、森林香料以及其他, 共9类, 分析了我国森林食品资源及其开发利用现状, 并探讨了森林食品开发利用的前景、存在的问题和解决的对策。     

森林旅游学范畴及其形成的若干因素研究

森林旅游学是一门研究森林游憩发展规律、森林游憩资源发掘、森林游憩区规划和建设、森林游憩区的经营以及提供开展森林游憩业指导思想的学科。在此基础上讨论了森林旅游学的研究内容和森林旅游学形成的内外因素。     

森林康养 衢江大有可为

正森林,给人们提供着赖以生存的氧气、丰富多样的食品和优美的自然风光,成为大家休闲游乐的首选之地。近年来,围绕森林资源,一个新兴产业——森林康养正在我国悄然兴起。森林康养是以森林对人体特殊的功效为基础,以传统中医学与森林医学原理为理论支撑,以森林景观、森林环境、森林食品及生态文化等为主要资源和依托,开展的以修身养性、调适机能、养颜健体、养生养老等为目的的活动。其主要内容包括森林浴、森林休闲、森林度假、森林体验、森林运动、森林保健、森林疗养和森林食疗等方面。近年来,衢江区积极践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"重要思想,依托森林资源,     

森林采伐与森林生态关系的研究

森林采伐与森林生态的关系是辩证统一、相互制约的。如何以森林生态理论为基础.因林因地、科学的选择采伐方式、采伐强度,使森林始终处于动平衡状态。达到采伐促进森林天然更新和增长;更新是为了将来的森林采伐。充分发挥森林的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,实现森林的可持续发展。     

推进森林疗养的研究与探索

正一、森林疗养概念的提出(一)森林疗养的概念森林疗养,日本和德国称之为森林疗法,韩国称之为森林休养,我国台湾地区称之为森林调养。称谓虽有区别,但本质相同,其基本含义是"利用特定森林环境和林产品,在森林中开展森林安息、森林散步等活动,实现增进身心健康、预防和治疗疾病目标的替代治疗方法"。森林疗养是在森林浴基础上提出来的,是森林浴的进一步发展。森林疗养需要对森林环境进行认证,疗养课程需要得到医学证实,一般还需要森林理疗师现场指导。森林疗养的业态包括以森林浴为代表的运动疗法,以体验森林经营、木工制作和园艺制作为代表的作业疗法,利用森林中特有地形和自然条件的气候疗法,利用从森林中提取精油的芳香疗法,以科学搭配本地食材为代表的食     

建立森林经营规划与森林经营方案编制体系的思考

森林经营是森林质量精准提升的关键途径,编制森林经营规划与森林经营方案是森林质量精准提升的具体行动,科学合理编制规划与方案对森林质量精准提升具有十分重要的意义。阐述了森林经营规划和森林经营方案的内涵、作用、联系与区别,以及编制中存在的问题,指出森林经营类型和森林作业法是规划与方案编制的核心要点,省县级森林经营规划应制定科学合理的森林经营类型和与之相对应的森林作业法,森林经营方案应依据县级森林经营规划组织落实适宜森林经营主体的森林经营类型和森林作业法。通过建立系统的森林经营规划与森林经营方案编制体系,实现森林质量全面持续精准提升。     

森林生态精神文化：层次·内涵·建设——以国家森林城市创建中生态精神文化建设为例

森林生态精神文化是森林生态文化体系中的重要组成和核心,分析其生态精神文化的层次和内涵,有利于指导国家森林城市的创建和森林生态文化体系建设;分别从认知、情感及行为响应三个层次解读森林精神文化的层次和内涵,结合国家森林城市建设规划,提出个人、政府、企业的森林生态认知、森林生态情感和应有的森林生态响应,倡导个人、政府、企业对森林要有科学的认识、真挚的情感和积极的生态响应,从而形成健康的森林精神文化。     

楚雄州森林食品发展对策研究

概述森林食品的内涵、特征、认证的产品类型以及发展森林食品的重要意义。楚雄州主要森林食品有野生菌、森林蔬菜、森林坚果、森林粮食、森林油料、森林水果、森林药材等种类,目前已建森林食品加工企业74户,2017年加工森林食品19.88万t,总产值达41.66亿元,全州森林食品采集及加工产值达94.87亿元。文中分析楚雄州森林食品开发中存在的资源过度利用、开发技术落后、产品加工滞后、产业发展缓慢等问题,提出加强森林食品的集约经营,提高森林食品的产量和效益,大力培植龙头企业,做大做强森林食品产业,强化森林食品质量安全,提高市场竞争能力等森林食品发展的思路和对策。     

日本的山地治理与开发

日本的山地治理与开发扬立文（中国林科院林业所，北京１０００９１）编者按：林业部于今年初推出的“山区林业技术开发计划”，即“富山计划”，已在各地全面启动。这项计划是林业部根据我国山区的实际情况制定的，是一项旨在充分发挥科学技术的先导作用，以山区资源为基...     

紫色土流失区造林技术

紫色土流失区造林技术是在划分流失地类型的基础上,采取生物和工程措施相结合的方法,适地适材选择造林树种。流失区适宜造林树种以侧柏为主,辅以建柏、闽粤栲、火力楠等树种。     

The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils,plants and livestock

The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.     

重庆市级重大项目菖蒲盖景区农旅融合亚高山草场修复与养护

介绍重庆市酉阳县菖蒲盖亚高山草场概况,以及草场存在的水土流失、植被退化、景观效果不佳等问题。藉此提出清杂、整地、灌溉排水、土壤改造、植草等对草场加以生态修复的技术措施,以及相应的草场维护和景观养护措施。通过实施生态修复,认为初步取得了预期效果。     

The role of agroforestry in industrialized nations: the southern hemisphere perspective with special emphasis on Australia and New Zealand

Agroforestry in Australia and New Zealand is dominated by silvopastoralism. Farmers may employ combinations of shelterbelts, shade trees, widely spaced trees over pasture, or more densely planted woodlots. In addition to wood production and shelter, erosion control, amenity and landscape planting, and conservation of natural forest are often important. Many farm forestry people show considerable innovation.In temperate wetter areas of Australia, eucalyptus and, to a lesser extent,Pinus radiata (radiata pine) dominate agroforestry tree plantings for wood, shade, shelter, and salinisation and erosion prevention. The One Billion Tree Program, initiated by the Australian Federal Government, provides limited funding for tree planting. Joint farmer ventures with the State or local industry are also common. Most State governments also provide advice, and planting is tax deductible. Local landcare groups, formed to encourage sustainable agriculture, often promote tree planting, particularly where soil degradation is a problem. Melbourne University and other Techncial Institutes offer training in agroforestry.In New Zealand, a third of the farms require trees for soil conservation. This, together with the growing recognition of the financial benefits of planting trees, has resulted in small landowners doing most of the current planting of 80,000 to 100,000 ha yr^–1. Most farmers plant radiata pine, but eucalyptus and other hardwoods, including willows and poplars, are also widely used. There are almost no government incentives for tree planting in New Zealand. The Farm Forestry Association is the major extension organization. Lincoln University has an important teaching and research commitment, and the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited has developed very useful management models.     

对发展我国速生丰产林有关问题的思考

本文在明确速生丰产林概念的基础上, 着重探讨了发展速生丰产林在我国林业建设中的地位, 澄清了国内外不同林业发展战略思路(如接近自然的林业, 林业分工论, 新林业学说和生态林业等) 与发展速生丰产林的关系.最后根据园内外发展速生丰产林(工业人工林) 的经验和教训, 指出今后我国速生丰产林的发展道路及应注意的问题.     

Study on Function of Vegetation''''s Preventing Soil Erosion in Small Watershed of the Loess Area

This paper analyzes the function of preventing soil erosion of the different woodlands according to a long-term fixed-position observation, and points out that the steep slope plantation of uncontrolled measures for soil and water conservation is apt to produce sediment Forestland has very strong effect in soil and water conservation when the biomass of arbor in the hillslope is over 1 4.51t/ha. Through analyzing the function of soil and water conservation about forestland (arbor, bush and the mixed wood of arbor and bush), it can be known that if the high forest coverage reaches 40%, forests will provide better protective function. To vegetation under forest, litter layer, herb and sparse forest land which do not suffer destruction from human beings, they all have good function in preventing erosion, and the amount of soil loss is far less than the tolerance of soil erosion. At the same time, when vegetation coverage and biomass are in an appropriate state, they will have powerful protective function.     

Loblolly -- the pine for the twenty-first century

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was a minor component of the vast natural forests of the southern United States before the region was settled by immigrants. Extensive planting and natural regeneration of cutover forest land and abandoned farmland between 1930 and 1990 made loblolly the leading timber species in the United States. It now predominates on 13.4 million ha (45 percent) of the commercial forest land in the southern United States (between latitudes 28° N and 39° N and longitudes 75° W and 97° W) and directly or indirectly provides 110,000 jobs and $30 billion to the economy of the region. The extreme versatility of loblolly has also provided important environmental contributions to most southern states. These include landscape beautification, erosion control, soil amelioration, excellent wildlife habitat, and outstanding recreational opportunities. Incorporating existing pest management strategies into silvicultural systems can produce substantial and long-lasting insect and disease control with little cost or physical effort. Introductions of loblolly into numerous countries around the world (especially China, Brazil, and Argentina) have proven to be very successful, environmentally sound, and commercially profitable. In some locations, loblolly grows much faster than on sites of similar quality in the southern United States.     

Farm Level Tree Planting in Pakistan: The Role of Farmers’ Perceptions and Attitudes

The low proportion of forested land and continuing degradation of existing forest cover are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry in Pakistan. Farm forestry has been identified as a feasible solution, particularly in the plain areas. Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour in a survey of 124 farmers in Dera Ismail Khan district of Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province showed that farmers’ willingness to grow trees on their farms is a function of their attitudes towards the advantages and disadvantages of growing trees, their perception of the opinions of salient referents and factors that encourage and discourage farm level tree planting. Farmers viewed farm forestry as economically beneficial and environmentally friendly. Tree planting was perceived as increasing income, providing wood for fuel and furniture, controlling erosion and pollution and providing shade for humans and animals. Farmers saw hindrance in agricultural operations and the harbouring of insects, pests and diseases as negative impacts of tree planting; however, these were outweighed by their perceptions of positive impacts. Tree growing decisions of farmers were influenced by the opinions of family members, owners/tenants, fellow farmers and village elders. The factors that significantly predicted farm level tree planting were availability of barren land, lack of markets, lack of nurseries and damage caused by animals and humans. Farm forestry programmes are more likely to be successful if they acknowledge and address the factors which underlie farmers’ reasons for planting or not planting trees.     

苍梧县低效防护林综合改造技术研究

苍梧县是珠江防护林体系建设的重点县。由于人为干扰、树种选择不当、经营措施不合理等原因,林分退化严重,生态环境遭到破坏,形成较大面积的低效马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林和低效次生阔叶林。本研究通过对低效林分的土壤理化性质、凋落物、植物多样性、生物量等的调查,提出了对苍梧县低效林采取异龄混交、调整群落结构、调控林分密度、抚阔补珍、抚针植阔和封育补植等一系列综合改造技术,并对几种低效林分改造后形成的不同林分结构的土壤物理、化学性质及持续特性等效果进行了初步评价。