白术多糖对断奶仔猪白细胞介素-1β基因表达的影响

本试验选用44日龄、平均体重8.94 kg的DLY三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头猪。第一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第二、第三、第四和第五组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加抗生素(杆菌肽锌+硫酸粘杆菌素)及0.05%、0.10%、0.15%的白术多糖(PAM),正式期为30 d。30 d后颈静脉采取血液样品,并应用SYBR Green I荧光染料实时定量PCR方法进行白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)基因mRNA的定量,研究白术多糖对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响,为白术多糖的深入研究提供科学依据。结果表明:IL-β基因的相对表达量,各处理组间差异不显著(P0.05),但白术多糖处理组均比对照组和抗生素组高,其中以0.1%PAM组最高,抗生素组、0.05%PAM组次之,对照组和0.15%PAM处理组的最低。0.1%PAM处理组与对照组和抗生素组相比,IL-β基因相对表达量分别提高34.21%和27.5%;0.1%PAM处理组与0.05%PAM处理组和0.15%PAM处理组相比,IL-β基因相对表达量分别提高27.5%和34.21%。0.05%PAM处理组与对照组和抗生素组相比,IL-β基因相对表达量分别提高5.2%和0%;0.15%PAM处理组与对照组相比,IL-β基因相对表达量提高0%;0.15%PAM处理组与抗生素组相比,IL-β基因相对表达量降低5%。     

断奶及日龄对仔猪骨髓组织抗菌肽Protegrin-1mRNA表达的影响

本文旨在研究不同日龄仔猪骨髓组织抗菌肽Protegrin-1(PG-1)mRNA表达的差异及断奶对其表达的影响.分别于0(出生当天)、3、14、23、28日龄随机屠宰杜长大公猪4头,采集股骨骨髓组织.以18S rRNA作内标,用一优化的RT-PCR(反转录-聚合酶链式反应)方法进行半定量分析.结果表明:不同日龄仔猪骨髓组织PG-1mRNA相对丰度有明显的差异(P＜0.05).出生时最低,随着日龄的增加,其表达显著增加.断奶导致其显著下降(P＜0.05),随着断奶日龄的增加,其表达又呈上升趋势.即不同日龄仔猪骨髓组织抗菌肽PG-1 mRNA表达存在显著性差异;断奶显著降低其表达.     

酵母多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态和肠道免疫状态的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态、抗氧化能力和肠道免疫状态的影响。试验选取体重[(6.89±0.88) kg]相近、健康状况良好的21日龄长×大×杜杂交阉公断奶仔猪32头,随机分为4个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.1%酵母多糖(0.1%酵母多糖组)、0.2%酵母多糖(0.2%酵母多糖组)、55 mg/kg吉他霉素和20 mg/kg硫酸黏菌素(抗生素组)的试验饲粮。预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加0.1%酵母多糖可显著增加断奶仔猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量(P0.05),显著降低盲肠内容物pH(P0.05);添加0.1%和0.2%酵母多糖和抗生素可显著降低料重比(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加0.1%和0.2%酵母多糖有增加断奶仔猪空肠绒毛高度的趋势(0.05P0.10),添加0.1%酵母多糖和抗生素可显著增加回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量(P0.05);3)饲粮中添加0.2%酵母多糖和抗生素可显著降低断奶仔猪的十二指肠黏膜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P0.05),添加0.1%、0.2%酵母多糖和抗生素可显著降低空肠黏膜SOD活性(P0.05);4)0.2%酵母多糖组断奶仔猪的十二指肠黏膜白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的mRNA表达量显著降低(P0.05),回肠黏膜白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的mRNA表达量显著提高(P0.05);0.1%、0.2%酵母多糖组和抗生素组的空肠黏膜肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的mRNA表达量有降低趋势(0.05P0.10)。综上所述,酵母多糖可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低盲肠pH,改善肠道形态并降低肠道炎症。在本试验条件下,仔猪饲粮中酵母多糖的适宜添加水平为0.1%。     

植物多糖对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

旨在探讨断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或联合添加黄芪多糖、牛膝多糖及白术多糖对其小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。选取256头35日龄的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为8个组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪,采用三因素两水平(2×2×2)试验设计,饲粮中黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖的添加水平均为0,800mg/kg,试验共进行28d。结果显示:植物多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜绒毛高度,提高绒腺比(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。与对照组相比,多糖组断奶仔猪回肠V/C比值显著提高(P0.05),各单一多糖组之间差异不显著(P0.05),3种多糖联合添加与两两添加及单一添加相比显著提高了V/C比值(P0.05)。多糖组断奶仔猪血清中二胺氧化酶(DAO)的活性、血清中内毒素(ET)含量及D-乳糖的含量均显著降低(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜Occludin、Claudin和ZO-1的基因表达量(P0.05)。单一添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖及牛膝多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(SGLT1)的mRNA相对表达量(P0.05),对葡萄糖转运载体2(GLUT2)mRNA相对表达量有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。多糖两两联用及3种多糖联合添加能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道SGLT1和GLUT2mRNA相对表达量(P0.05)。结果表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加植物多糖可显著改善断奶仔猪肠道黏膜形态结构和肠道的通透性,其机制可能与植物多糖改善断奶仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能作用有关。     

日粮添加不同水平的酵母多糖对仔猪生长性能及免疫力的影响

试验研究在断奶仔猪的日粮中添加不同水平的酵母多糖对其生长性能及免疫力的影响,并探讨酵母多糖的最适添加量。试验选取21日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪80头,按照单因素试验设计,随机分为4个处理组(每组4个重复,每个重复5头仔猪)。对照组仔猪饲喂基础日粮,试验1～3组依次饲喂含有0.10%、0.15%、0.20%酵母多糖的基础日粮。试验周期为28 d。结果显示,试验2组断奶仔猪的试验末重显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验1～3组断奶仔猪的腹泻率均极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。随着酵母多糖添加量的增加,试验组仔猪血清中IL-6、TNF-α含量逐渐显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验2组和试验3组的IL-10含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,在断奶仔猪日粮添加0.15%～0.20%的酵母多糖可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能及免疫力。     

包被精油复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道免疫及盲肠微生物的影响

研究旨在观察包被精油复合酸(microencapsulated complex of essential oils and organicacids, MEA)对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫相关指标和盲肠微生物的影响及其机理探讨。选用断奶仔猪250头,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复10头猪,分别饲喂基础日粮(BASE组)、基础日粮+0.05%MEA2(LA组)、基础日粮+0.08%MEA2(MA组)、基础日粮+0.20%MEA1(HA组)、基础日粮+0.20%MEA1+0.05%MEA2(BHA组),饲养试验时间为21 d。结果表明,LA、MA组断奶仔猪肝脏指数显著低于BASE组(P<0.05),但在日粮中添加MEA对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清IL-2、回肠OccludinmRNA相对表达量与空肠SlgA无显著影响(P>0.05);BASE、LA组、MA组回肠pH值均显著高于BHA组(P<0.05),且随着MEA添加量的增加,回肠pH值随之降低(P<0.01);MA组较LA组或HA组相比有增加血清IgG的趋势(0.050.05)。结果提示,在日粮中添加MEA可以降低断奶仔猪回肠pH值;在日粮中添加MEA2可以显著降低断奶仔猪肝脏指数;在日粮中添加0.08%的MEA2可以增强断奶仔猪免疫强度并可改善断奶仔猪盲肠微生物菌群结构。     

太子参茎叶多糖对断奶仔猪肠道免疫功能、肠黏膜形态结构及盲肠内容物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加太子参茎叶多糖对断奶仔猪肠道免疫功能、肠黏膜形态结构和盲肠内容物菌群的影响。选取25日龄断奶的"大白×长白"二元杂交仔猪120头,按体重相近原则随机分成4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加500(0.05%多糖组)、1 000(0.10%多糖组)和1 500 mg/kg(0.15%多糖组)太子参茎叶多糖。试验期30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组十二指肠白细胞介素-4(IL-4)含量均显著升高(P0.05),0.10%多糖组十二指肠干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量显著升高(P0.05),0.10%和0.15%多糖组回肠分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)含量均显著升高(P0.05);0.10%和0.15%多糖组十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度显著或极显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值显著增加(P0.05);0.15%多糖组回肠绒毛高度显著增加(P0.05);各试验组盲肠内容物中的大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05),乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加太子参茎叶多糖能够提高断奶仔猪肠道免疫功能,增加小肠绒毛高度和V/C值,调节盲肠内容物菌群结构,维持肠道微生态平衡;其适宜添加量为0.10%。     

白术茯苓多糖复方对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨断奶仔猪饲粮中添加白术茯苓多糖复方对其生长性能和免疫功能的影响。试验选用体重接近、健康状况良好的23日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪150头,采用单因素试验设计,将仔猪随机分为6组,抗生素组(添加硫酸黏杆菌素20 mg/kg+杆菌肽锌40 mg/kg+喹乙醇100 mg/kg)、空白组(既不添加任何抗生素也不添加白术茯苓多糖复方)和白术茯苓多糖复方添加组(分别添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%白术茯苓多糖复方),每组5个重复,每个重复5头猪。试验期27 d。结果表明:1)与抗生素组和空白组相比,饲粮中添加白术茯苓多糖复方显著提高了平均日增重(P0.05),并且显著降低了料重比(P0.05)。2)与空白组相比,抗生素组和0.06%白术茯苓多糖复方组腹泻率显著降低(P 0.05)。3)饲粮添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%白术茯苓多糖复方后,血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgG和IgM含量与空白组和对照组差异不显著(P0.05);4)与抗生素组相比,饲粮添加0.06%白术茯苓多糖复方显著降低了血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量(P0.05),且添加0.04%和0.06%白术茯苓多糖复方显著提高了血清白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的含量(P0.05)。5)与抗生素组和空白组相比,0.06%和0.08%白术茯苓多糖复方组空肠黏膜Toll样受体4(TLR-4)、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P0.05),而IL-10 mRNA相对表达量显著提高(P0.05)。由此可知,白术茯苓多糖复方可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,缓解断奶仔猪腹泻,提高仔猪免疫水平。在本试验条件下,仔猪饲粮中白术茯苓多糖复方的适宜添加水平为0.06%。     

复合多糖对育肥猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

试验旨在研究以牛膝、杜仲和玄参三种药用多糖进行配伍对生长育肥猪生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,探讨复合多糖改善育肥猪生长性能及肉品质的机理。试验选用160头体重接近的生长育肥猪,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,分为5个处理:1)基础日粮组,2)抗生素组,3)0.05%复合多糖组,4)0.10%复合多糖组,5)0.15%复合多糖组。每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪,试验期共90 d。结果显示:1)与基础日粮组相比,0.10%复合多糖组和0.15%复合多糖组能显著提高猪日增重和降低料重比(P<0.05)。2)与基础日粮组相比,0.10%复合多糖组和抗生素组能显著提高猪屠宰率(P<0.05),复合多糖各组(0.05%,0.10%和0.15%)和抗生素组能显著降低猪的背膘厚并提高眼肌面积和瘦肉率(P<0.05)。3)与基础日粮组相比,复合多糖各组(0.05%,0.10%和0.15%)能显著提高猪背最长肌大理石纹评分并显著降低猪背最长肌的滴水损失(P<0.05)。与基础日粮组相比,抗生素组显著提高猪背最长肌的失水率和滴水损失(P<0.05)。结果表明复合多糖能够显著提高肌肉肉色评分、大理石纹评分、熟肉率,提高瘦肉率和肉品质。     

谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪抗菌肽PR-39 mRNA的表达调控

本文旨在探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)对断奶仔猪抗菌肽PR-39 mRNA表达的影响.选取64头胎次相同、28日龄断奶、体重(7.50±0.67)kg的三元杂交仔猪(杜×长×大),随机分为2个组,即基础日粮对照组和1.0%Gln添加组,每组设4个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各1/2).于试验第28天,进行细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量的分析.于第30天,采用半定量RT-PCR研究日粮中添加Gln对PR-39 mRNA的影响.试验结果表明:Gln添加显著提高仔猪血清中IL-1β含量(P<0.05),但对血清IL-6和TNF-α及空肠黏膜TNF-α、IL-2无显著影响(P>0.05);显著促使骨髓,空肠黏膜中PR-39 mRNA的表达(P<0.05),与对照组相比,骨髓和空肠黏膜中PR-39 mRNA分别提高50.5%(P<0.05)和24.0%(P<0.05).由结果可知,断奶仔猪日粮中添加Gln能显著促使骨髓及空肠黏膜PR-39 mRNA表达上调.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.