南方低山丘陵区油茶林地表径流特征研究

油茶是我国重要的木本油料植物,其生长需要从土壤中吸收水分和各种养分,土壤含水量影响油茶的挂果率、出油率,同时油茶的种植改变降水时空分配格局,对减少丘陵山区地表径流量、保持水土和涵养水源起到了一定的作用。本研究以湖南省7年生不同油茶林为研究对象,对不同林地的地表径流进行分析,结果表明:油茶林坡面径流量与降雨量变化一致,并且显著低于无林地坡面径流量,地表径流量表现为无林地2号油茶林1号油茶林。无林地坡面径流在150-43 000 ml之间,油茶林坡面径流量在150-7 700 ml之间,油茶的种植能够减少坡面径流量,对水源涵养功能起到一定贡献作用;1号油茶林坡面径流量小于2号油茶林的坡面径流量;油茶林坡面径流减少量占无林地径流量的60%~90%;油茶林水源涵养贡献率在0.02%~0.08%之间,并随降雨量的增加而增加。本研究可为当地的油茶种植及水源涵养林的营造提供一定的理论基础。     

昆明松华坝水源区等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤磷含量的影响研究

昆明松华坝水源区是水土流失重点防治区,也是面源污染来源地。针对昆明松华坝水源保护区坡耕地磷素的流失,本研究在水源区迤者小流域内坡耕地布设等高反坡阶,通过1a的野外标准径流小区定位观测,研究等高反坡阶减缓土壤磷含量流失的规律。结果表明:(1)等高反坡阶通过减少径流泥沙输出从而降低坡耕地土壤磷素的减少速率,其对地表径流的调控率在6.08%~63.35%,产沙调控率在20.10%~66.46%;(2)等高反坡阶措施具有明显的保水保土效应,使其较原状坡面全磷含量提高了22.22%,磷素含量与侵蚀量呈显著相关关系(P0.05);(3)等高反坡阶处理对土壤速效磷的流失具有调控作用,雨季开始前两小区速效磷含量相差1.89%,至雨季结束速效磷含量相差33.65%,雨季结束后等高反坡阶相较于原状坡面,前者土壤速效磷含量减少率为83.26%,明显低于后者的72.27%。     

深丘区防护林体系营建前后生态效益的初步研究

通过对深丘区环境背景特征的研究，探讨了建设防护林体系的重要性，根据防护林体系的配置和观测体系的布置，以流域为单元，分层研究了防护林体系的综合效益，研究表明：营建后的防护林体系，可使坡面径流减少６２％，径流含沙量减少６９％，流域的年径流量和产沙量有显著变化，森林覆被率每增加１％，年径流深减少４．１ｍｍ，泥沙减少３．７％，但枯季径流略有增加。     

日降水量对南方丘岗幼林地水土流失量的影响

结合效益定位观测,研究了日降水量对南方丘岗幼林地水土流失量的影响,结果表明,在防护林配置模式下,红壤区幼林地（造林前3年）土壤流失量随日降水量增大呈稳定增加的变化趋势,土壤流失量在日降水等级上呈正态分布,以10．1—35．0mm的日降水等级对年泥沙流失总量贡献最大,达54．2％～72．8％;紫色土林地各个日降水量等级的土壤流失量均大于红壤林地。3种不同处理措施的土壤流失量排列顺序为：红壤坡改梯经济林不间种模式〉生物埂造林模式〉防护林模式;水平生物埂造林模式在日降水量小于35．1mm时,其土壤流失量小于防护林模式,大于35．1mm时,要大于防护林模式。     

北京市京津风沙源治理工程营造林水土保持效益分析

对北京市京津风沙源治理工程营造林地实施监测,依据森林生态系统服务功能评估规范和土壤蓄水能力对工程营造林地水土保持效益进行了评估,并分析不同造林措施涵养水源功能的差异,结果表明:工程营造林对减少地表径流和消减泥沙的作用明显.2004~2007年工程营造林地累计固土量为64 814.71 t,累计固定肥力约10 085.2t;封山育林和人工造林是水源涵养的主体(累计贡献率为69.3%),人工造林和配套荒山造林单位面积涵养水源量最高.     

黄河三角洲湿地刺槐林水文效益和生长量与气候因子的关系(英文)

研究湿地防护林水文生态效益与气候环境因子的响应是湿地生态保护与经营管理中的热点问题。本文通过自然降雨径流小区定位观测试验,定量研究了黄河三角洲湿地刺槐林地及其采伐迹地的产流产沙效果和土壤水分动态变化规律。刺槐林地与采伐迹地相比,一场降雨的径流量减少53.9%～150.8%,泥沙量减少172.8%～387.1%;刺槐林地降雨径流洪峰峰值比采伐迹地低0.8L·s-1,且径流洪峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后25min;刺槐林地和采伐迹地土壤含水率随年内降水量变化分干湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地年平均含水率比采伐迹地高23.3%～25.6%,特别是雨季其含水率比采伐迹地高24.3%～29.8%。应用逐步回归分析理论和方法,建立了刺槐生态防护林高生长量与气候环境因子的回归模型,影响该地区刺槐林高生长的主导因子是光照因子,其次是水分因子,再次是热量因子。该项研究可为黄河三角湿地刺槐防护林的更新改造及其生态水文效益的定量评价提供科学依据。     

我国南方公路劣质地植被恢复方法探讨

针对我国南方公路两侧坡陡、土壤干旱瘠薄、立地条件差、造林施工难度大的特点,提出以固坡防蚀,控制泥沙径流为主要目的,兼顾绿化景观层次的植被恢复方法.     

刺槐林地产流特征及其土壤水分动态谐波分析

刺槐林是中国北方丘陵半干旱区典型的生态防护林树种之一。通过自然降雨径流场定位观测试验,本文对辽宁西部地区(1850-12225E,4024-4234N)刺槐生态防护林及其采伐迹地的产流、产沙特征和土壤水分动态变化规律进行了定量研究。采伐迹地与刺槐林地相比二者之间的产流量和产沙量存在显著差异,采伐迹地的产流量和产沙量比刺槐林地分别增加40%-177%和180%-400%。典型降雨产流水文过程线显示,刺槐林地径流峰值比采伐迹地低1.0-2.5?0-3m3穝-1,且径流峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后10-20min。谐波分析表明,刺槐林地与采伐迹地土壤含水量随年内降水量变化分干、湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地土壤年平均含水量比采伐迹地高2.3%。研究结果表明:刺槐生态防护林具有涵养水源、增加土壤水分、减少地表径流与土壤侵蚀的重要作用。图2表4参12。     

清水河思茅松人工林水土流失监测报告

通过对清水河思茅松人工林试验区不同造林类型、不同造林年限、不同坡度的泥沙流失量的观测,进行水土流失分析,得出了以下两个重要结论:①坡度为18°的新造林地比坡度为22°新造林地水土流失少35.42%。②2年生林分与1年生林分比较,水土流失大为减少,水土流失减少了95.00%~96.77%,与天然林相比已无多大差别。     

营林措施对杉木幼林地水土流失的影响

通过建立１６个径流小区,对不同整地方式、抚育方式、间种绿肥和营造林模式等营林措施的杉木造林地的水土流失进行了５年的定位观测研究,结果表明,不同整地方式林地５年的土壤流失量表现为全垦＞带垦＞穴垦,穴垦比全垦、带垦分别减少４０３３％和２５４８％的土壤流失量;不同抚育方式林地５年土壤流失量表现为扩穴连带抚育（９８６９５ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞块状抚育（９２５８７ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞不抚育（４０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２）,块状抚育比扩穴连带抚育减少６１９％的土壤流失;不同造林模式林地５年的水、土、肥流失均表现为：传统模式＞世行模式＞生态型模式,其中世行造林模式林地水、土、有机质和养分（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ）流失量比传统模式造林地可分别减少６６０％的水、６０８％的土壤、１０２６％的有机质流失和１０３６％的养分流失量;在造林地上间种绿肥增加地表覆盖是防治林地水土流失的有效措施之一。     

生态经济林模式水土流失模型探讨

对三峡库区坡耕地生态经济林模式下各经济林模式类型水土流失模型进行了探讨,即对其泥沙流失量、径流量与次降雨侵蚀力、次降雨量的模型进行了初步研究.同时,对水土保持林模式以及生物篙模式和裸地进行了研究对比.研究结果表明,仅茶叶模式泥沙流失量、径流量分别与次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨量均呈现为指数函数,其它生态经济林模式、水土保持林模式以及生物篱等模式类型和裸地水土流失函数关系表现各异.     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

Effect of Vegetation and Precipitation upon Runoff and Sediment Production on Slope Lands of the Loess Area in China

INTRODUCTION The vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau is of significant importance in ameliorating the serious situation of soil and water conservation. The Loess Plateau is characterized by lots of gullies, and its surface soil is fragile and easily eroded, the factors that influence soil and water loss are: rainfall, vegetation, slope and others. Rainfall is the motive, power of causing soil and water loss; besides, vegetation and slope also greatly affect soil and water loss. …     

滇中高原区主要森林类型林地土壤蓄水功能

应用人工模拟降雨、径流场定位观测及林地土壤层持水能力等实测资料,从森林土壤入渗性能,地表径流和土壤侵蚀,林地土壤水分状况,土壤的持水能力和最大容水量等方面深入分析了不同森林类型林地土壤的水源涵养功能及其差异。     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

优材更替生态公益林水土保持效益研究

以湖南省洞口县月溪国有林场生态公益林为研究对象,对其成熟林优材更替前后水土保持效益进行了研究.结果表明:1#更替模式(新造杉木纯林)和2#更替模式(新造杉木+樟树混交林)的地表径流量、泥沙流失量都比3#更替模式(CK,未砍伐杉木过熟林)大2～3倍;前者实施了挖穴造林,破坏了地表土壤结构,但水土流失系数没有超出允许浸蚀量...     

红壤区典型茶园模式对侵蚀性降雨的减流减沙效应

基于福建安溪官桥生态茶园2017年度自然降雨数据及园区5种铁观音茶树水土流失治理模式的坡面产流、产沙情况的观测数据,系统研究了不同治理模式下铁观音茶树坡面水土流失对引起侵蚀的降雨的响应机制。结果表明:(1)降雨集中于4~8月份,引起侵蚀频次最多的是5~6月份;(2)根据降雨量与最大30 min降雨强度I 30,可以将侵蚀性降雨分为Ⅰ~Ⅴ种类型,其中,Ⅰ雨型的降雨是当地发生频率最多的侵蚀性降雨,雨量最大的Ⅴ雨型平均产流量最大,雨强最大的Ⅳ雨型平均产沙量最大,发生频率较高的Ⅲ雨型产流总量最大,Ⅱ雨型产沙总量最大。(3)5种铁观音茶树水土流失治理模式在不同降雨类型下的水土保持效应不同,其中采取“梯田+自然留草”的治理模式在各雨型条件下的减流率和减沙率均优于其他模式。研究结果对山区茶园水土保持及提升茶产量有重要的参考价值。     

板桥河小流域防护林体系的水文效应研究

对乌江板桥河小流域防护林体系的水文效应进行 10年的定位监测 ,初步掌握了小流域的气候、水量分配情况 ,以及防护林体系建成对流域水文功能的影响。 10年来 ,小流域防护林体系对径流产生了明显的调节作用 ,洪峰径流量有所减少 ;林地的水量分配发生了一定的变化 ,林冠截留量和树干流有所增加 ,地表径流量减少 ;林地的地表径流系数仅为农地的5 3 3 % ;封山育林对改善次生植被的水文功能是非常有效的