川中丘陵区防护林体系蓄水保土效益研究

采用定位，半定位和调查，对不同森林类型和防护林体系的蓄水保土功能与效益进行了研究。研究结果表明，防护林体系建成后，森林覆盖率由８％～１２％上升到２４．７％～３９．０％，坡面地表径流量减少６２％左右，浸蚀模数减少４３．９％～５４．７％，土壤蓄水量每平方公里增加２２．２３６．１ｍ＾３，成林比幼林蓄水功能提高５％～１０％。     

三江平原垦区防护林生态效益分析与评价

８０年代末期，三江平原垦区防护林体系建成以来，比６０年代平均年风速降低１４．９３％；年平均气温上升４２．４％，平均增加０．９℃；年平均≥１０℃积温上升２．１％，平均增加５０．９℃；无霜期增加７．４％，延长９．５天，年平均蒸发量减少３．７％，绝对值减少４５．３ｍｍ；年平均降水增加６．１％，绝对值增加３２．９ｍｍ；空气湿度平均增加３２．９ｍｍ；空气湿度平均增加３．２％。林网内垂直高度１－５ｍ范围内，水     

板桥河小流域防护林体系的水文效应研究

对乌江板桥河小流域防护林体系的水文效应进行 10年的定位监测 ,初步掌握了小流域的气候、水量分配情况 ,以及防护林体系建成对流域水文功能的影响。 10年来 ,小流域防护林体系对径流产生了明显的调节作用 ,洪峰径流量有所减少 ;林地的水量分配发生了一定的变化 ,林冠截留量和树干流有所增加 ,地表径流量减少 ;林地的地表径流系数仅为农地的5 3 3 % ;封山育林对改善次生植被的水文功能是非常有效的     

StudiesonaConstructionPaternforaWatershedEco┐economicProtectiveForestSystemandItsApplication

本文在揭示流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式内涵的基础上，指出了其核心内容是流域生态经济型防护林体系配置格局．研究内容包括：流域生态经济系统诊断，土地资源综合评价，体系林种的水平配置和树种的立体配置，流域生态经济系统规划，体系综合效益评价及动态调控等．各部分内容联系紧密，层次分明，形成以流域的调查—诊断—评价—配置—决策—规划—管理为系列的整套研究方案．在研究方案实现过程中，运用综合评价模型、目标规划模型及专家系统等实用方法，建立了集数据库管理子系统、图形库管理子系统、模型库管理子系统、专家系统于一体的流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式决策支持系统．并以山西省昕水河流域为典型实例，进行了流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式的应用研究，实现了体系结构的优化、功能完善的目标，较好地解决了防护林体系建设实践中生产经营、措施布局、综合决策等具体问题，为流域的资源开发与综合治理提供了科学的指导．     

Water Conservation Forest Impacts on the Runoff Generation and Sedimentation at Small Watershed Scale in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed

密云水库集水区水源保护林在北京地区饮用水源保护中起着非常重要的作用．本文给出了该区小流域对比实验的初步研究结果,有林小流域和无林小流域对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程较为一致的径流响应表明,土壤前期含水量对流域产流有较大的影响,在降雨较多土壤含水量较大的情况下该区产流方式可以表现为饱和地表径流．尽管该区以霍顿超渗产流为主,但对于１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程,森林流域产流总量为１３９３．８０ｍ３,无林流域为２２０２．４３ｍ３,森林流域减少洪水总量３６．７％,消减洪峰流量达３７３％．然而,１９９７年７月１９日降雨过程森林流域径流洪峰量与洪水泥沙含量均较无林流域高,这表明预处理措施对径流泥沙过程有极为显著的影响     

头塘小流域山地防护林体系营建及防护效益分析

在对头塘小流域山地系统特征了解的基础上，探讨了该区域山地防护林体系结构的调整、配置方式和营建技术。经对小流域所建防护林体系进行防护效益监测分析。结果表明：营建防护林体系后，防护效益显著，土壤侵蚀模数由１８３１ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．ａ下降到１１６５ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．１，减少了３６％；     

三江平原垦区防护林生态效益分析与评价

８０年代末期，三江平原垦区防护林体系建成以来，比６０年代平均年风速降低１４．９３９６；年平均气温上升４２．４％，平均增加０．９℃；年平均≥１０℃积温上升２．１％，平均增加５０．９℃；无霜期增加７．４％，延长９．５天；年平均蒸发量减少３．７％，绝对值减少４５．３ｍｍ；年平均降水增加６．１％，绝对值增加３２．９ｍｍ；空气湿度平均增加３．２％。林网内垂直高度１～５ｍ范围内，水平２０Ｈ范围内平均降低风速３０．２％；当气温低时，林带能提高温度，当气温高时，林带又能降低温度，调温幅度大约可在２℃左右；林网内地温明显增高，比对照平均增高６％以上；空气湿度平均增加３０％左右，蒸发量减少１０％左右。     

乌兰布和沙地新开发人工绿洲防护林体系综合效益评价

对内蒙古中磴口县新开发乌兰布和沙地人工绿洲防护林体系作了评价。试区土地开发建立防护林体系后,森林覆盖率由零增加到２６．４％。研究结果表明：１）农田防护林网增产效益显著,林网内小麦、籽瓜、甜菜的单产分别比林网外提高４５．７７％、１５５．７１％、２５．０％。２）农田防护林体系建设６年后,即可盈利,第１０年可收回全部投资,并盈利２．２２１７×１０＾４元。３）年沙尘暴日数、扬沙日、浮尘日、尘卷风日、大风日     

论嫩江上游伦贝尔盟流域生态环境建设

根据嫩江上游呼盟流域生态遭到不同程序破坏，降水径流、水土流失使流域经常发生早、涝、风雹灾害，特别是下游洪水灾害，论述了建设嫩江上游呼盟流域生态建设防护林体系工程的必要性。     

头塘小流域山地防护林体系营建及防护效益分析

在对头塘小流域山地系统特征了解的基础上,探讨了该区域山地防护林体系结构的调整、配置方式和营建技术。经对小流域所建防护林体系进行防护效益监测分析,结果表明：营建防护林体系后,防护效益显著,土壤侵蚀模数由１８３１ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ下降到１１６５ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ,减少了３６％;坡地造林后,地表径流较荒草坡地、裸地分别减少７９４４％和９４０１％,泥沙削减率下降８７８％和９８８％。头塘小流域在金沙江流域具有代表性,其防护林体系的结构配置以及营建技术,可用以指导金沙江流域山地防护林体系建设     

Wildfire and salvage harvesting effects on runoff generation and sediment exports from radiata pine and eucalypt forest catchments, south-eastern Australia

This study examined the effect of wildfire and salvage harvesting on runoff generation and sediment exports from three small forest catchments in south-eastern Australia. In 2006, wildfire burnt a radiata pine catchment and two adjacent natural eucalypt forest catchments which formed part of a long-term hydrological research project. Subsequently, only the pine plantation catchment was salvage harvested. The combined effect of fire and salvage harvesting in the pine catchment caused a substantial increase in runoff compared to the burnt eucalypt forest catchments and pre-fire conditions, particularly in response to high intensity, short duration summer storms. Post-fire maximum suspended sediment concentrations from fixed-interval sampling greatly exceeded pre-fire values for both eucalypt and pine catchments, while sediment (suspended and bedload) exported from the pine catchment exceeded each of the eucalypt catchments by a minimum of 180 and 33 times. However, the export increase was probably closer to 320 and 71 times based on a survey of eroded channels in the pine catchment combined with measured post-survey exports. Notably, seven summer storm events accounted for approximately 80% of the pine catchment sediment yield. Hillslope process measurements indicated that the highest runoff velocities occurred in log drag-lines formed by cable harvesting, while soil water repellency was more extensive in the harvested pine catchment than in the adjacent eucalypt catchment. The latter effect probably resulted from higher burn severity in the pines combined with reduced soil moisture due to less shading after harvesting. Runoff modelling indicated that the log drag-lines acted as an extension to the drainage network and increased peak flows at the harvested catchment outlet by 48% for a high intensity summer storm event, while substantial reductions in modelled runoff were achieved through increasing the hillslope surface roughness coefficient. It is recommended that post-fire salvage operations should avoid the formation of log drag-lines when using cable harvest techniques and maximise surface cover to limit increases to runoff, erosion and catchment sediment exports.     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

刺槐林地产流特征及其土壤水分动态谐波分析

刺槐林是中国北方丘陵半干旱区典型的生态防护林树种之一。通过自然降雨径流场定位观测试验,本文对辽宁西部地区(1850-12225E,4024-4234N)刺槐生态防护林及其采伐迹地的产流、产沙特征和土壤水分动态变化规律进行了定量研究。采伐迹地与刺槐林地相比二者之间的产流量和产沙量存在显著差异,采伐迹地的产流量和产沙量比刺槐林地分别增加40%-177%和180%-400%。典型降雨产流水文过程线显示,刺槐林地径流峰值比采伐迹地低1.0-2.5?0-3m3穝-1,且径流峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后10-20min。谐波分析表明,刺槐林地与采伐迹地土壤含水量随年内降水量变化分干、湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地土壤年平均含水量比采伐迹地高2.3%。研究结果表明:刺槐生态防护林具有涵养水源、增加土壤水分、减少地表径流与土壤侵蚀的重要作用。图2表4参12。     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

黄河三角洲湿地刺槐林水文效益和生长量与气候因子的关系(英文)

研究湿地防护林水文生态效益与气候环境因子的响应是湿地生态保护与经营管理中的热点问题。本文通过自然降雨径流小区定位观测试验,定量研究了黄河三角洲湿地刺槐林地及其采伐迹地的产流产沙效果和土壤水分动态变化规律。刺槐林地与采伐迹地相比,一场降雨的径流量减少53.9%～150.8%,泥沙量减少172.8%～387.1%;刺槐林地降雨径流洪峰峰值比采伐迹地低0.8L·s-1,且径流洪峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后25min;刺槐林地和采伐迹地土壤含水率随年内降水量变化分干湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地年平均含水率比采伐迹地高23.3%～25.6%,特别是雨季其含水率比采伐迹地高24.3%～29.8%。应用逐步回归分析理论和方法,建立了刺槐生态防护林高生长量与气候环境因子的回归模型,影响该地区刺槐林高生长的主导因子是光照因子,其次是水分因子,再次是热量因子。该项研究可为黄河三角湿地刺槐防护林的更新改造及其生态水文效益的定量评价提供科学依据。     

Effect of Vegetation and Precipitation upon Runoff and Sediment Production on Slope Lands of the Loess Area in China

INTRODUCTION The vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau is of significant importance in ameliorating the serious situation of soil and water conservation. The Loess Plateau is characterized by lots of gullies, and its surface soil is fragile and easily eroded, the factors that influence soil and water loss are: rainfall, vegetation, slope and others. Rainfall is the motive, power of causing soil and water loss; besides, vegetation and slope also greatly affect soil and water loss. …     

Impact of vegetation restoration on hydrological processes in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China

Sediment discharge from the Yellow River originates mainly from the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen, i.e., the Helong area. Spatial-temporal variations of the vegetation cover in this area during the 1981–2007 period have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data. We have also analyzed the interannual variations in vegetation cover and changes in annual runoff and sediment discharge, the consequences from precipitation change and the Grain for Green Project (GGP). The results show that vegetation cover of the Helong area has increased during the 1981–2007 period. The northwestern part the Helong area, where the flat sandy lands are covered by grass, has experienced the largest increase. The region where the vegetation cover has declined is largely found in the southern and southeastern Helong area, which is a gullied hilly area or forested. Although precipita-tion was relatively low during the 1999–2007 period, the vegetation cover showed a significant increase in the Helong area, due to the implementation of the GGP. During this period, the most significant improvement in the vegetation cover occurred mainly in the gullied hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, such as the drainage basins of the Kuyehe and Tuweihe rivers and the middle and lower reaches of the Wudinghe and Yanhe rivers. A comparison of the average annual maximum NDVI between the earlier (1998–2002) stage and the next five years (2003–2007) of the GGP indicates that the areas with increases of 10% and 20% in NDVI account for 72.5% and 36.4% of the total area, respectively. Interannual variation of annual runoff and sediment discharge shows a declining trend, especially since the 1980s, when the decrease became very obvious. Compared with the 1950–1969 period, the average runoff during the 1980–2007 period was reduced by 34.8×108 m3 and the sediment discharge by 6.4×108 t, accounting for 49.4% and 64.9% of that in the 1950–1969 period, respectively. There is a positive correlation between the annual maximum NDVI and annual runoff and sediment discharge. This correlation was reversed since the implementation of the GGP in 1999 and vegetation cover in the He-long area has increased, associated with the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge. Less precipitation has been an important fac-tor driving the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge during 1999–2007. However, restoration and improvement of the vegetation cover may also have played a significant role in accelerating the decrease in annual runoff and sediment discharge by enhancing evapotranspiration and alleviating soil erosion.     

芦花冲小流域多功能防护林水土保持效益监测

采用坡面径流场和三角形-梯形复合测流堰方法,观测了芦花冲小流域多功能防护林林地的径流、泥沙及土壤物理性质变化。结果表明多功能防护林体系的水土保持效果明显,不同造林模式林地同对照比较,坡面径流量减少17.75%~77.41%,泥沙流失量减少55.24%~89.83%,土壤容重减少3.00%~30.30%,土壤总孔隙度增加12.67%~75.55%。应用世行多功能防护林造林模式营造林3~4a后,林地的水土流失可以得到基本控制。     

云南金沙江流域华山松人工林水土保持效益研究

以裸地为对照 ,对云南金沙江流域的华山松人工林林地的土壤物理性状及营养成分、林分涵养水源的能力、林冠层降雨截流功能、土壤水分动态变化、土壤渗透能力、林地地表径流及泥沙量以及地表生物量和根系分布状况进行了定点、定量观测研究。结果表明 :华山松林对改良土壤、增加肥力具有明显的作用 ,与裸地相比 ,其林地有机质、土壤月均含水率、渗透性能分别是裸地的 2 74、 1 14、 4 6 1倍 ,土壤最大蓄水量比裸地高5 6 74 % ;华山松林分年降雨截流量为 6 3 7mm ,截流率为 2 0 2 % ,径流率为 5 7%。径流削减率为 91 3% ,泥沙削减率为 95 6 % ;土层 2 0cm之上根系占总量的 83% ,对地面固土保水起着重要的作用     

Spatial Para Allocation of a Small Watershed Protection Forest System

With the interpreted IKONOS4 satellite images collected in 2005,a 1:10 000 forest map,the data collected in ClassⅡforest survey in 2007,and surface runoff data obtained in the permanent runoff monitoring station,six site factors of slope gradient, slope position,soil thickness,soil thickness of A layer,soil type and soil water content were selected to establish a matter element model suitable to 297 forest sub-compartments.Further,the AHP was applied to modify the spatial structure and form the spatial para allocation of the protection forest system. The results showed that:1) the area allocation of different vegetation types was irrational,the area of a mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest was 124.39 ha,accounting for 14.97%of the forested land,the mixed forest was consisted of two coniferous species accounted for 27.37%of the total forest land,and the pure forest was consisted of one coniferous species accounted for 42.48%.2) After optimization,the area allocation of different vegetation types in the protection forest system ranked as:the mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest(31.12%)>shrub land(15.5%)>the economic tree crops(12.28%)>the mixed forest consisting of two coniferous species(11.46%)>the pure broad-leafed forest(11.41%)>the pure coniferous forest(9.51%)>grass land(8.70%). Besides,the annual surface runoff could reduce 43 171 mm or 62.15%,annual soil erosion could decrease 465.97 t or 79.66%.3) The following suggestions for spatial para allocation of the small watershed protection forest system were proposed: (1) Reducing pure cypress or pine forest,and increasing alder-cypress,oak-cypress or pine-cypress mixed forest.As for the current cypress and pine pure forests,alder or oak could be introduced to develop a mixed forest.(2) The canopy closure of pure cypress forest and alder-cypress forests should be maintained within 0.60-0.75,and the canopy closure of oak-cypress,pine-cypress or oak-pine forests should be controlled within 0.60-0.80. (3) For improvement of current pure