Long-Term Monitoring Study on Rain, Throughfall, and Stemflow Chemistry in Evergreen Coniforous Forests in Hokkaido, Northern Japan

Long-term study on acid precipitation monitoring at suburban forests in Sapporo city showed that bulk precipitation pH were below 4.8 in recent years. Throughfall and stemflow chemistry for two main coniferous species (Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis) showed different regime for pH and element deposition. The mean annual pH values of throughfall and stemflow in Picea stand were 1.0 to 1.3 units higher than that of rain collected outside the forest. In contrast, mean annual pH of throughfall and stemflow in Abies stand were 0.3 to 0.5 units higher than that of rain. Mean annual inorganic nitrogen input via throughfall and stemflow were estimated 0.41±0.11 gN/m²/yr in Abies stand, 0.44±0.13 gN/m²/yr in Picea stand. Cation input via throughfall, especially for K, in Picea stand was 1.4 times as large as that in Abies stand. Mean annual input of S in both stands was the same level. The possible effects on surface soil properties and nutrient cycling in northern evergreen conifers was discussed.     

Evaluation of Precipitation Composition at an Urban and a Rural Area for the Central Korean Peninsula

Precipitation samples were collected using wet-only samplers on a daily basis at Chunchon (rural area) and Seoul (urban area) from January to December in 1998. The pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of major ions were analyzed. The volume-weighted annual average values of pH for both sites were identical. However, for volume weighted average pH of precipitations below 20 mm in Chunchon was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in Seoul. The value of [NO₃ ^?]/[nss-SO₄ ^2?], calculated from average composition of rainfalls below 20mm, were 0.42 and 0.61 in Seoul and Chunchon, respectively. This supports that acidification of precipitation by nitrogen oxides, a part of which might be transported from the Seoul metropolitan area, caused the difference in pH between Chunchon and Seoul.     

Acid and alkaline deposition in precipitation on the Western coast of Sardinia,Central Mediterranean (40° N, 8° E)

The ionic composition of 53 precipitation samples collected at a coastal site in western Sardinia (Torregrande) was measured in order to determine concentrations and fluxes of the major ions. Precipitation events were sampled over a two year period, Oct'92/Oct'93 and Oct'93/Oct'94. Despite the proximity to the African continent and the detection of Saharan inputs reflected in high pH values and high_nssCa fluxes, there is evidence for acidic rain with over 54% of the events having pH values <5.6. This would suggest long-range transport of anthropogenic inputs, as there is no obvious local source. Within the study period, a marked decrease in median pH is recorded at Torregrande in '93/'94, decreasing from 5.94 to 5.18. This is coupled with an increase in total annual flux of NO₃ from 27 to 63 μg/cm², making the average flux of NO₃ in the two years comparable with that at Capo Carbonara (48 μg/cm²). Particulate fluxes at Torregrande show a marked inter- as well as intra-annual variability, from 70 to 200 μg/cm². Variations of pH seems to be partially due to the total particulate as well as_nssCa fluxes. A statistic of Saharan enriched rain episodes of the two sites showed a peak transport season in April–May and October which is two times greater at Capo Carbonara. Rainfall on the west coast, therefore, appears to be less affected by Saharan dust than rainfall on the southern coast and therefore shows greater signs of acidification due to anthropogenic inputs.     

Acid rain deposition patterns in the continental United States

Acid rain has become a major environmental concern, the current extent of which is illustrated in this paper. Maps of both pH and H⁺ deposition in precipitation have been developed for the continental United States by analyzing laboratory pH data from nine precipitation chemistry networks and two single stations spread across the continental United States and southern Canada during the late 1970's. Average laboratory pH values were obtained or calculated for approximately 100 stations, and isopleths of weighted mean pH and mean annual H+ deposition in precipitation were drawn. Results of this analysis show that in spite of a wide variety of collection methods and sampling intervals, there is remarkable uniformity in the average pH among the various stations. The northeastern United States continues to exhibit the most acidic precipitation, with remaining portions of the eastern United States, states along the western coastline and a pocket in central Colorado also experiencing acid precipitation.     

基于APSIM模型的降水量分配对旱地小麦和豌豆产量影响的研究

为探索降水量分配对作物产量的作用机制和规律,在对APSIM模型检验的基础上,运用APSIM模型和多元积分回归方法研究黄土高原雨养农业区降水季节分配对作物产量的影响。结果表明:APSIM模型可用来模拟小麦和豌豆的产量;作物产量除与年降水总量有关外,还与降水量的季节分配有关;降水量的季节分配对小麦和豌豆产量影响为开口向上的二次曲线,并且都为正效应;当年6~7月份降水对小麦产量影响最大,5~6月份降水对豌豆产量影响最大,最大贡献率为每增加1mm的降水量,小麦增产10.4kg·hm-2,豌豆增产10.3kg·hm-2;降水量季节分配比年降水总量对作物产量的形成有更为深刻的影响。     

Chemical composition of precipitation in a forest area of Chongqing,Southwest China

Experiments were carried.out in Chongging-a city seriously damaged by acid precipitation in southwest China — to explore chemical compositions of open bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in a Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest. The results showed that annual mean pH values of and annual ion depositions in the three types of rain water were 4.47 and 50.6 g m^?2, 3.82 and 69.7 g m^?2, and 2.92 and 0.215 g m^?2 respectively. pH values demonstrated an obvious seasonal variation; they were lower in winter than in the rest of the year. Ca²⁺ and NH _inf4 ^sup+ together made up more than 80% of the total cation, while SO _in4 ^sup2? alone contributed over 90% to the total anion. This high level of SO _in4 ^sup2? in rain water in Chongqing, which outran those found in other cities in China, was closely related to the combustion of locally produced coal that contains 3 to 5% sulphur. Thus, acid precipitation in Chongqing is of a typical sulphuric-acid type.     

近70年长江干流寸滩站以上流域水沙关系

以长江干流寸滩水文站以上流域为研究对象,基于1953-2018年的实测水沙资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和水沙关系曲线分析径流、输沙的时间趋势及其关系变化,并采用双累积曲线法分析水沙变化的驱动因素。结果表明：寸滩站以上流域多年平均径流量为3 425亿m³,多年平均输沙量为3.61亿t;多年平均月径流量为294.8亿m³,多年平均月输沙量为3 013万t,且主要分布在6-10月,分别占年径流泥沙总量的70%和95%以上。趋势分析显示,流域年降雨量和径流量变化趋势不明显,年输沙量呈极显著减小趋势;月径流量在1-4月显著增加,其他月份变化不显著,而各月输沙量均呈显著减少趋势。水沙关系曲线均可用幂函数拟合,拟合参数受时间尺度影响,统计检验显示悬移质输沙量实测值与水沙关系曲线的估算值差异不显著。双累积曲线分析发现水利工程建设和水土保持等人类活动是寸滩水文站输沙减少的主要原因,其作用占69%~93%,其中2000年以来人类活动的贡献超过90%。     

三种有机肥水溶性分解产物对铜、镉吸附的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪的水溶性分解产物对铜和镉的沉淀作用及其在红壤和潮土上的吸附影响。结果表明三种水溶性分解产物对铜镉的沉淀及吸附有双重效应：铬合效应和ｐＨ提高效应。在相同的ｐＨ值条件下,有机分解产物通过络合作用而不同程度地抑制了铜和镉的沉淀作用及其在两种土壤上的吸附。由于铜具有较强的形成络合物的能力,所以有机分解产物对铜的抑制效果对于镉的抑制效果。吸附等温线表明,在不调节ｐＨ时,三种有机分解产     

Influence of the Sampling Period on the Deposition Time Series of Major Ions in Bulk Precipitation

The influence of a change from daily to weekly sampling of bulk precipitation on the obtained deposition values was studied with parallel sampling for 8 months at the station of Virolahti in 2004. Due to dry deposition, the deposition values of the whole period were found to be 5–70% higher from weekly sampling than from daily sampling, the biggest difference being for K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg⁺ and Na⁺. The collection efficiencies of the summer sampler and the winter sampler compared to the standard rain gauge were studied from daily sampling in 1991–2003 and weekly sampling in 2004–2008. The performance was best in summer and in winter with rain samples (median value 85–88%), while the median value for daily snow samples was 72%. In winter, the total sum of precipitation collected in the daily sampler and the weekly sampler was 78% and 69%, respectively. The deficit in the weekly sampler in winter was concluded to be due to evaporation, while from the summer sampler no evaporation seemed to occur. Use of the precipitation amount measured by the standard rain gauge when calculating annual precipitation-weighted mean values gave higher mean concentrations than the use of the precipitation measured by the deposition sampler itself, the biggest difference of 8–11% being in the sea-salt ions Cl^?, Mg⁺ and Na⁺. It was concluded that the concentration and deposition values measured by daily and weekly bulk sampling are incompatible, and should not be combined into the same time series.     

长江源区沱沱河流域1961-2011年径流特征及其对降水的滞后效应

[目的]分析51 a来长江源区沱沱河流域径流量在降水的年代、年代际、季节等时间尺度上的变化,以及径流对降水的滞后效应,为流域水资源管理和利用提供理论依据。[方法]利用1961-2011年长江源区沱沱河流域沱沱河水文站和气象站的径流量和降水数据,在此基础上结合累积距平、变差系数、集中度、集中期等统计方法开展分析研究。[结果]沱沱河流域51 a来年际及四季径流量均呈增加趋势,其中年际、春季、夏季增加显著,气候倾向率分别为1.00×10⁸ m³/10 a,6.00×10⁶ m³/10 a,6.30×10⁷ m³/10 a;径流量和降雨量主要集中在5-10月,尤其集中在7月下旬至8月中旬之间。径流量与降水之间存在极显著的相关性;径流对降水均具有滞后效应,多年平均滞后时间为10 d左右,且滞后天数随着时间的推移呈扩大趋势。[结论]近51 a来研究区径流量和降水量的变化趋势均呈增加趋势,径流对降水具有10 d左右的滞后效应。     

Precipitation and streamwater chemistry from undisturbed watersheds in the cascade mountains of Oregon

Long-term records of precipitation and streamwater chemistry are rare; such records from forested watersheds relatively free of acidic deposition are even rarer. Precipitation and streamwater chemistry have been measured on two undisturbed forested watersheds at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest located on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Data from one watershed spans the period 1973–1985, the other 1969–1985. The mean annual pH of precipitation was 5.5 with a range of 4.7 to 6.0. HCO₃ ^? was the dominant anion; Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ were the dominant cations. The mean annual pH of streamwater was 7.3, and was dominated by HCO₃ ^? and Ca²⁺. These data contrast sharply with data from other calibrated watersheds in the north Cascade Mountains of Washington and British Columbia, and with data from New Hampshire and North Carolina where pH of precipitation averages 4.14 and 4.43, respectively, with SO₄ ^2? the dominant anion.     

长江中下游地区耕地土壤有机碳密度变化率驱动因素

为探究长江中下游地区耕地土壤固碳增汇措施,该研究收集与整理长江中下游地区59处长期定位试验观测数据,量化不同类型耕地土壤有机碳密度变化率的差异特征,运用随机森林模型与线性规划探究土壤有机碳密度变化率的驱动因素与提升途径。结果表明:水田和旱地土壤有机碳密度变化率范围分别为-1 548.15～3 577.10 kg/(hm²·a)和-261.89～3 245.01 kg/(hm²·a),差异不显著(P=0.85)。有机肥氮量、土壤pH值、化肥氮量、秸秆氮量对水田土壤有机碳密度变化率的影响较大;有机肥氮量和化肥氮量对旱地影响较大。因此,建议长江中下游地区可通过有机无机肥科学配施,合理调控水田土壤pH值和秸秆还田量。该研究可为长江中下游地区耕地固碳增汇的技术推广提供参考。     

白洋淀流域气温、降水和径流变化特征及其相互响应关系

运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验和小波分析法,对白洋淀流域1957—2012年7个气象站点气温、降水和3个典型水文站点径流量的变化趋势、突变点及周期性变化进行了分析,并探讨了径流与降水和气温的响应关系,以期为该地区生态环境保护和水资源合理利用提供基础数据支持。结果表明,研究区年均气温呈上升的趋势,并在1988年后上升趋势增大,其中,冬季和春季的气温增幅对气温升高贡献较大;降水量变化相对复杂,整体呈波动下降的趋势,其中,夏季降水量减少幅度最大,达1.72 mm·a~(-1)。受气温升高和降水量的直接影响,典型站点径流量呈明显下降趋势,并在年际尺度上与气温呈负相关,与降水变化呈显著正相关;在年内尺度上,则与气温和降水变化呈显著正相关。夏季径流量减少幅度最大,阜平、倒马关和紫荆关站分别下降0.85 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)、0.72 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.66 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)。3个指标的周期性变化都比较明显,其中径流和降水的波动变化基本一致,表明径流对降水的响应比较突出。径流变化不仅受气温和降水的影响,还受到水利工程建设、各类农业措施等多种因素的影响。     

Acidic Precipitation and Large-Scale Transport of Air Pollutants Observed in Korea

Acid rain at a rural site in Chongwon (KHN), central Korea has been under observation since 1990. To substantiate the 10-year observations, rain samples from six other sites were also collected and analyzed. Results show that acid rain occurred frequently at all sites. At KHN, seasonal and annual variability of pH values had a 10-year VWM value of 4.67 and an arithmetic mean value of 5.09. In general, a high value of pH occurred during springtime when the occurrence of yellow sand (dust) was prevalent in East Asia; during summer, heavy rain usually contained neutral pH values. During other seasons, the degree of acidic precipitation usually coincided with certain air flows. Most frequently, air flows and cyclones coming from south and central China often resulted in precipitation with low pH values observed in Korea. Using daily satellite observations from 1996, we have also been monitoring the long-range and large-scale transport of air pollutants (LSTAP) over East Asia. Many samples of LSTAP were obtained when they were crossing the Yellow Sea and moving over the Korean Peninsula and to SW Japan. The width of the Yellow Sea is ca. 350～700 km and air pollutants take 1～2 days to cross it. Cases of acid rain in Korea clearly correlate wth the LSTAP from source regions in China.     

1960-2010年延河水沙特征及其对退耕工程的潜在响应

河流水沙特征与流域降水量和下垫面变化密切相关.为揭示流域降雨以及退耕还林对延河流域水沙特征的影响,本文以延河甘谷驿站控制区1960-2010年流域降水量、河流径流量和输沙量实测数据为基础,统计分析了延河水沙变化特征及其对流域降水量的响应,并对比分析了退耕前、后(以2002年为界)延河水沙变化.结果表明:在1960-2010年间,延河甘谷驿站控制区年及汛期(6-9月)降水量、径流量和输沙量呈波动递减趋势,汛期降水量、径流量和输沙量值约占年值的64.8％、71.7％和98.1％;年及汛期输沙量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系,径流量变化可分别解释年及汛期87.6％和92.2％的输沙量变化,降水量变化可分别解释年及汛期22.7％和23.6％的输沙量变化;退耕后流域年及汛期平均输沙量、径流量和径流系数显著低于退耕前,剔除退耕前后降水量差异影响,退耕工程对年及汛期累计输沙量变化分别贡献87.5％和86.9％,对年及汛期累计径流量变化分别贡献77.4％和75.4％.研究阐明退耕可显著降低年及汛期平均径流量、径流系数和输沙量.     

Atmosphärische Deposition von Bioelementen in Agrarökosysteme 1. Mitteilung: Deposition von Bioelementen mit dem Niederschlag

Atmospheric deposition of bioelements in agrar-ecosystems 1. Report: Deposition of bioelements by precipitation The bioelement deposition by precipitation was measured in 1977–1981 in Göttingen (Niedersachsen). The bioelement concentrations and the deposited quantities are in good agreement with the results of other authors. The mean pH-values of the collected precipitation water in 1980 and '81 in Göttingen was 4,60. The difference to the pH-values measured by Ulrich et al. (1979) in the Solling is explained by the different geographical locations of the ecosystems in connection with the transport of dust and variations in the composition of the soils of the areas. From the view of plant nutrition and soil acidification the contribution of the deposition by precipitation is insignificant for agriculture. Only about 6% of the typical annual Ca-leaching from loamy soils are caused by the H⁺ input by precipitation. The rest is caused by other influences, especially the soil respiration.     

黄土高原径流侵蚀功率输沙模型的改进

水土流失对流域生态危害严重,输沙量模拟和预测可以为流域水土流失防治提供依据,因此精确的输沙模型是流域水土流失治理的重要工具。为了精确模拟变化环境下黄土高原年输沙量,该研究基于黄土高原19个水文站的径流和输沙数据,通过随机森林变量重要性度量方法评估年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数、淤地坝相对指数、归一化植被指数、不透水地面积等因子对流域年输沙量的影响,使用非线性最小二乘法估算年输沙模型参数,对比分析不同因子组合的年输沙模型精度,提出适用性较强的黄土高原年输沙模型,据此开展年输沙量变化贡献率分析。结果表明：1）以幂函数形式构建的仅含径流侵蚀功率单因子输沙模型精度与流域面积有显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.505（P<0.05）,模型精度随着流域面积增大而下降,在大于7 000 km2的流域适用性较差;2）年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数及不透水地面积因子组合建立的多因子年输沙模型在黄土高原适用性最佳,模型在率定期NSE平均值为0.84,RMSE平均值为0.21亿t,在验证期纳什系数平均值为0.79,均方根误差平均值为0.27亿t。3）影响研究流域年输沙量变化的因素依次是：年径流侵蚀功率、不透水地面积和淤地坝指数。研究可以为黄土高原不同区域水土流失防治和生态治理工作提供理论支撑。     

Seasonal mass balance of major ions in three small watersheds in a maritime environment

Three watersheds (16.4, 544, and 83 ha) at distances of 0.5, 20, and 40 km from the Atlantic coast have been monitored for major ion chemistry of precipitation input and streamflow from May 1977 to November 1978. More than 200 precipitation and stramflow samples were analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, chloride and sulphate, as well as pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and compared to similar studies at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, U.S.A., and Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Major ion chemistry reflects proximity to Atlantic and Bay of Fundy coastal sources of marine aerosols. Evidence is presented implying biological reduction of H ⁺ and S04 to H₂S during summer months for two consecutive growing seasons. Weighted mean annual pH values of precipitation for the three watersheds in Nova Scotia range from 4.11 to 4.63. More than 50% of the H ⁺ in precipitation is retained in the watersheds (with the exception of the ombrotrophic Fink Cove ecosystem), principally at the expense of basic cations being leached from the watersheds. Acidic deposition of Nova Scotian precipitation is predominantly as sulphuric acid, in contrast to ammonium sulphate, characteristic of continental precipitation.     

Organic vs. minerogenic acidity in headwater streams in Finland

This study provides an assessment of the transport of organic carbon and organic acids from typical Finnish forested catchments since the 1960's. The 21 study catchments (0.69–56 km²) are located over Finland excluding the northernmost regions. The mean annual total organic carbon (TOC) load from the catchments ranges from 2 600 to 8 800 kg/km²/a. Using a total acidity of 9.7 eq/mg DOC this would represent organic acid load of about 25–85 keq/km²/a which is higher than the mean annual deposition of strong acids in the highest deposition areas in southern Finland. The study demonstrates that organic acids dominate stream water acidity over large regions in Finland. In southern Finland minerogenic acidity is, however, more important. Organic acids exceeded mineral acids not only in autumn but also during spring snowmelt in 18 catchments. Moreover, the lowest pH values (25th percentile) were dominated by organic acids in 20 catchments. In most catchments TOC better explained pH than non-marine sulphate. In stepwise multiple regression base cations and TOC explained 67–83 % of the variation in pH for catchments divided into six groups according to season, deposition and peatland percentage; non-marine sulphate had minor contribution.     

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER AND NUTRIENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SYSTEM IN ACIDIC SOILS

The grasslands of the Appalachian region spread over undulating terrain with high annual precipitation rate which causes a large variation in soil and nutrient factors like water potential (WP), pH, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels. There is a need to understand these factors and their interactive effects to design precise agronomic practices for acidic grasslands to maximize production. A pot experiment was conducted with an objective to quantify the effects of WP, pH, N and P rates on herbage accumulation and nutrient recovery of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cropping system. Centrally rotatable composite design was applied to study the effects of two levels of WP and five levels each of pH, N, and P fertilizer additions in order to optimize bluegrass herbage mass (yield). WP, pH, and N were significant main effects, as were the interactions WP × pH, WP × N, and pH × N. The yield response function was derived from these four factors. The order of importance for these model parameters based on their effect on herbage accumulation was WP > N > WP × pH > pH >WP × N > pH × N. The optimum levels of WP, soil pH, N, and P rates were predicted for Kentucky bluegrass by using the response surface yield model of this pot study i.e., WP of ?422 kPa to ?166 kPa, 5.5–6.1 soil pH, 50–68 N mg kg^?1, 36–40 P mg kg^?1. Concentration (%) of nutrients like N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined to study the impact of WP, pH, N, and P factors and their interactions on plant nutrient recovery. Main effects like WP, pH, and N levels had significant influence on N and P concentration in plant tissue. K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in plant tissue were significantly affected by WP, pH and their interaction. The results of this greenhouse study imply the necessity to incorporate the information about the variation of soil and nutrient factors in designing precise agronomic practices to low productive acid reclaimed grasslands with undulating topography and high annual precipitation rate.