大兴安岭南段次生林叶面积指数季节动态特征

以内蒙古大兴安岭南段次生林区为研究对象,采用LAI-2200冠层分析仪对林分叶面积指数(LAI)进行了监测。结果表明:除林型Ⅰ外LAI的最大值均出现在5月份且在坡顶,最小值出现在8月且在中上坡位;纯林的LAI值均高于相同月份混交林。6—8月的LAI值与胸径和树高均呈负相关,而各月份的林分密度与LAI值均呈正相关。     

不同密度和修枝强度对猴樟人工林冠层特性的影响

2009年采用正交区组设计不同密度、不同修枝强度和不同修枝时间3个试验因素对贵州省修文县2年生猴樟(Cinnamomum bodinieri)人工林冠层特性的影响,2011年调查结果表明:猴樟人工林密度为2 505株/hm~2时,各处理叶面积指数较高,为0.64~1.28,叶平均倾角为13.87~14.51°,透光率较大为0.21~0.49;密度为3 330株/hm2时,叶面积指数为0.76~1.52为最高;密度为1 665株/hm2时,叶面积指数为0.54~0.94,叶平均倾角为10.19~10.84°,透光率最大为0.21~0.58。修枝处理的猴樟林分冠层结构优于不修枝的林分。修枝季节对于猴樟林分冠层的影响不大。猴樟人工林在密度为2 505株/hm~2、修枝强度为1/3、修枝季节为春季的组合为猴樟人工林冠层结构的最佳组合。     

平茬处理对油蒿群落冠层结构的影响

通过对库布齐沙漠的油蒿群落进行平茬处理,研究了平茬后油蒿群落冠层结构的变化。结果表明:在生长旺季7月和8月上旬,平茬油蒿的叶面积指数(LAI)显著高于未平茬油蒿的值(P0.05),反映出平茬处理后油蒿的叶面积指数增大,提高了光能利用能力;平茬油蒿群落的天空开度(DIFN)显著低于未平茬油蒿群落的值(P0.05),说明平茬处理有利于油蒿枝叶更新,使其新生枝叶的生长更为茂密。总的来说,平茬在一定程度上改善了油蒿群落的冠层结构,提高了油蒿群落对光能的利用率,有利于油蒿的生长。     

应用全天空照片估测阔叶红松林叶面积指数

依托小兴安岭地区9 hm2大面积固定样地,利用冠层分析仪器对阔叶红松林的叶面积指数进行了观测,结果表明:生长季之前,阔叶红松林的叶面积指数大约为1.85,在生长季末期大约为3.26,生长季前后LAI值差异极显著;林隙分数和开度的相关性极强,叶面积指数与林隙分数则具有明显的负相关性,随着林隙分数的增大,叶面积指数减少;阔叶树生长季前后LAI值与针叶树的胸高断面积成正相关。     

杨树新无性系冠层特性与生长关系研究

对 5年生黑杨无性系的冠层特性与材积生长之相关性进行了研究。材积生长与全树总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA和冠型率CSR呈极显著正相关而与叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD呈负相关。冠层内上、中层的叶面积对材积生长起了决定性作用 ,下层叶面积与材积生长关系不大。水平方向 ,冠层内、外部叶面积特性对材积生长贡献较大 ,而中部叶面积特性贡献小。阐明了杨树生长的理想冠层特性。     

苏南丘陵区主要林型叶面积指数季节动态

应用LAI-2000冠层分析仪,研究了苏南丘陵区主要林型的叶面积指数(LAI)季节动态。结果表明:4种林型的LAI随季节变化具有明显的规律性,充分反映了4种林型叶片的生长状态,LAI值由大到小依次为毛竹(3.45)>杉木(2.87)>麻栎(2.62)>马尾松(2.00);冠层空隙度总体变化趋势与LAI的总体变化趋势恰好相反,在8月份出现最小值,分别为杉木6.7%、毛竹2.8%、麻栎5.6%、马尾松15.1%;叶倾角的季节变化不大,均在一定范围内波动。对4种林型的冠层均匀性进行比较分析,结果发现,杉木林冠层均匀性最好,麻栎林冠层均匀性最差。对4种林型的叶面积指数与冠层空隙度进行回归分析,发现两者之间呈指数回归关系(R2>0.95),通式为:y=ae-bx。     

黄土高原半干旱区刺槐人工林群落物种多样性研究

对山西省方山县土桥沟流域半干旱区刺槐人工林内植物种类进行野外调查,利用Shannon—wiener指数、Evenness指数和Richness指数,分析不同林分密度级刺槐人工林群落物种多样性。结果表明：（1）刺槐林分密度对丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数的变化有一定影响;（2）当刺槐林分密度为1450株／hm^2和1300株／hm^2时,刺槐林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数相对较大,群落较稳定。结果显示,该研究地刺槐人工林密度选择1300株／hm^2和1450株／hm^2时较为适宜。     

刺槐蒸腾耗水的动态研究(英文)

推算林分的年总耗水量 ,首先要确定林分的年总蒸腾量 .该文以LI 16 0 0稳态气孔仪在 1998～2 0 0 0年生长季各月典型天气的实测数据和常规气象数据为基础 ,应用Penman Monteith方程模拟了刺槐林的日蒸腾过程 ,并以此计算了生长季的连续日蒸腾 .刺槐林林冠层截留净辐射由实测数据 (Rn)与叶面积指数 (LAI)建立的消光系数 (k)数学关系确定 ,冠层整体气孔阻力由实测数据拟合经验式计算 .经与实测结果对比 ,模拟的相对误差平均在 12 %以内 .由全年连续日蒸腾模拟计算 ,1998年至2 0 0 0年 5月～ 10月生长季不同密度刺槐林的平均总蒸腾量分别为 192 4 6 ,187 0 7和 195 5 9mm .     

北京山区典型林分生长季叶面积指数动态变化

叶面积指数为植物冠层表面的物质循环与能量循环提供了结构化的定量信息,是估算植被冠层功能的重要参数,也是生态系统中最重要的结构参数之一。以北京西山实验林场作为研究区域,以研究区域内5种典型林分作为研究对象,对各林分生长季内的叶面积指数进行测量,结果表明:1)不同植物类型叶面积指数表现为乔木林草本层灌木林;4种乔木林分类型生长季平均叶面积指数大小排序为栓皮栎林刺槐林油松林侧柏林。2)在整个生长季,4种乔木林分的叶面积指数表现出了一致的变化趋势,均表现为"增大—平稳—减小"的趋势;3)灌木林叶面积指数的变异系数均高于乔木林与草本层,就整个生长季,5种林分的变异系数为灌木林(荆条)栓皮栎林刺槐林侧柏林油松林。     

基于土壤水分承载力的林分密度计算与调控——以六盘山华北落叶松人工林为例

立地水分条件决定的植被承载力是干旱缺水地区森林合理经营的重要依据。考虑到干旱缺水地区的森林蒸散耗水在水分输出中占据绝对主导地位,其大小直接与叶面积指数(LAI)相关,将林冠LAI在生长季一段时间内的最大值(LAImax)作为植被承载力(LAIc)的量化指标,利用冠层分析仪(LAI-2000),在六盘山香水河小流域和叠叠沟小流域的44个华北落叶松人工林样地,实测了冠层LAI的季节动态变化,研究了生长季内LAImax与林分断面积、郁闭度、平均树高、密度等常用林分结构指标的关系。结果表明:LAImax与林分不同结构指标均呈幂函数关系,其决定系数(R2)依次为0.84、0.82、0.56、0.47,说明能同时反映林分密度和树体大小的林分断面积与林冠LAI相关最紧密。将LAImax与林分断面积的幂函数关系嵌入了林分平均胸径与林分密度和林龄关系的模型,用以描述LAImax与林龄和密度的关系,并利用样地实测数据拟合了模型参数。拟合建立的模型对所有样地的LAImax的计算值与实测值的相对误差平均为8.6%(0%20.4%),能较好地描述LAI与林龄和密度的关系。利用此模型,进一步导出了能依据给定的LAIc,简捷计算出不同林龄时的可承载林分密度的模型,从而为基于立地水分植被承载力的林分密度管理和森林多功能经营等提供技术支持。     

不同密度杉木林内辐射与叶面积垂直分布对生长的影响

本文通过对八年生杉木人工林内太阳辐射与叶面积垂直分布的观测与研究，用计算机绘图与计算，得出以下结果：杉木叶面积的垂直分布和叶面积指数与密度有关，冠形因密度增加由圆锥形变为圆柱形，叶面积指数是先上升后下降。杉木林内辐射的消减随密度的增加而加剧，在冠层深3／4处趋于平缓，当郁闭度低于0．85时，林冠下辐射有回升，用累加叶面积指数分层计算林冠消光系数，可减少因叶片分布不均匀而产生的误差，用累计值计算辐射，可简化观测与计算，用辐射吸收率、叶面积指数，杉木个体生物量及年均生物增长量4个指标对杉木林生长作综合评价，八年生杉木林生长的较适宜工是2m×1m。     

Litter decomposition and the degradation of recalcitrant components in Pinus massoniana plantations with various canopy densities

To understand the decomposition characteristics of Pinus massoniana foliar litter and the degradation of its refractory compounds in plantations under five canopy densities,a litter bag experiment over a decomposition time of 392 days was carried out.The results show that canopy density significantly affected decomposition rates of litter and degradation rate of lignin and cellulose.Litter decomposition rates decreased significantly with decreasing canopy density.Both lignin and cellulose degradation rates were lower with canopy densities of 0.62 and 0.74 as compared with the three other densities.Lignin and cellulose losses were more rapid in the first 118 days.Soil fauna had significant impacts on litter decomposition and the degradation of refractory compounds.Canopy density had significant effects on factors such as soil properties and soil fauna community structure,which could be conducive to the decomposition of litter and the degradation of litter recalcitrant components.Canopy density between 0.6 and 0.7 might be a favorable management practice promoting litter decomposition and beneficial for the sustainable development of P.massoniana plantations.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地主要造林树种的动态生长与生态效应

各树种的胸径随着林龄增加而增长,白蜡的树高随林龄延长也呈递增趋势,而其他树种的树高变化则没有明显规律性,在林龄13年内,杨树的胸径和树高生长要明显优于其他4个树种。刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿的长期人工林可以显著降低土壤盐分,增加土壤的养分,从而培肥土壤,但对土壤pH稍有提升作用,碳汇量大小顺序为:白蜡刺槐白榆臭椿;刺槐人工林更新为杨树林后,林地土壤含盐量有所增加,但土壤肥力得到改善,明显提高了人工林的固碳性能。     

华北沙地不同密度小黑杨林生长特征

The growth characteristics and correlation between the canopy index and growth characteristics of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different densities and stand ages were studied by the methods of sampling typical plot and allometric dimension analysis in Xuejiazhuang Forest Farm in Shanxi Province.The results showed that the DBHs of Populus×xiaohei plantations with various tree densities were different.The Logistic growth model could accurately describe the tree height and DBH growth of Populus×xiaohei.The ...     

不同整地方式对刺槐造林成活率及生长量的影响

通过山西吉县黄土残垣沟壑区在 3种不同整地方式的林地上栽植同一规格的刺槐苗木 ,调查其成活率、生长量 ,结果表明 :刺槐在水平阶加坑整地上栽植 ,成活率比其它整地方式略高 ,而生长量则有明显优势 ,并在栽植的第 2年、第 4年生长量优势进一步扩大 ,对幼林的及早郁闭十分有利     

Estimating water use of a black locust plantation by the thermal dissipation probe method in the semiarid region of Loess Plateau, China

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a major reforestation species in the semiarid region in the Loess Plateau of China. There has been increasing concern about the sustainability of the plantations because of their possible high water-use. This study was, accordingly, undertaken to quantify the stand-scale water use of a middle-aged black locust plantation in the region. The thermal dissipation probe method was applied to 27 trees to measure sap flux densities in an experimental plot during the growing season of 2008. The monoculture stand has a basal area of 23.3 m² ha^?1 and a maximum plant area index (PAI) of 2.89. Sapwood areas were estimated by use of a regressive relationship with the diameter at breast height (DBH) for scaling up of stand transpiration. The results showed that DBH could be a good predictor of sapwood area of individual trees. The diurnal cycles of average sap flux densities differed among DBH classes. Daily transpiration can be predicted from mean daily daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD_m) using a fitted exponential saturation model. Model variables were different among seasons, probably owing to different soil water conditions and leaf phenology. By using the derived model for each month, stand canopy transpiration over the growing season was estimated to be 73.8 mm, with an average daily value of 0.41 mm day^?1 and a maximum of 0.89 mm day^?1. The relatively small estimates of stand transpiration might be attributed to low PAI and sap wood area of the middle-aged stand.     

Stand Density Control Diagrams for Scots pine and Austrian black pine plantations in Bulgaria

Stand Density Control Diagram (SDCD) is a stand-level mathematical model, which describes the relationships between yield, density and mortality throughout all stages of stand development. The SDCD is primarily used to derive density control schedules by management objectives. The main objectives of the present study are to define a modified model of SDCD for application to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) plantations in Bulgaria, to examine the fitness of the model with representative experimental data sets from plantations of both species and to present a way of direct application of the SDCDs for practical purposes. The constructed SDCDs characterize the spatial-temporal dynamics of the pine plantations in a broad range of densities, forest sites and growth stages from 4 to 26 (28) m of dominant height class. The full density lines were fixed with self-thinning exponents α = 1.69 and α = 1.75 for Scots pine and Austrian black pine, respectively, and the trajectories of natural thinning for 23 initial densities (444-40000/ha) were determined. A direct way for application of the SDCDs to the plantation management was designed to estimate the optimal initial densities for the maximum attainable final yield and large-size wood production by self-thinning stands.     

黑荆树造林密度试验*

对黑荆树１－５年生人工林分在２．０×２．０ｍ（Ａ），２．０ｍ×１．５ｍ（Ｂ），２．０×１．０ｍ（Ｃ），１．５ｍ×２．０ｍ（Ｄ）和１．０ｍ×１．０ｍ（Ｅ）５种密度下的生长．发育规律及其经济效益的研究结果表明：树高、胸径生长及其经济效益，随密度增大递减；单位面积树皮和木材产量随密度增大递增，但增幅随林龄增大减小；林分的数量成熟期随密度增大缩短，间代期也随之提早，Ａ、Ｂ密度为皮材兼用林最佳的造林密度；Ｃ     

Characterization of radiation regimes in nonrandom forest canopies: theory,measurements, and a simplified modeling approach

We used field measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of canopy gap-size distribution and gap fraction to examine how beam radiation interacts with clumped boreal forest canopies of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We demonstrate that the Beer-Lambert law can be modified to accommodate transmission of radiation through a clumped forest canopy as a function of path length or sun zenith angle. Multiband Vegetation Imager (MVI) measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed that values of the zenith element clumping index (Omega(e)(0)) are typically between 0.4 and 0.5 in jack pine and black spruce and 0.65 in aspen. Estimates of LAI obtained from MVI measurements of the canopy gap fraction and adjusted for canopy clumping and branch architecture yielded LAI values of 3.0 in jack pine, 3.3 in aspen, and about 6.0 in black spruce. These LAI estimates were within 10-25% of direct measurements made at the same sites. Data obtained with the MVI, along with numerical simulations, demonstrated that assumptions of random foliage distributions in boreal forests are invalid and could yield erroneous values of LAI measured by indirect techniques and false characterizations of atmosphere-biosphere interactions. Monte Carlo simulations were used to develop a general equation for beam radiation penetration as a function of zenith angle in clumped canopies. The essential measurements included stem spacing, crown diameter, crown depth, and within-crown gap fraction.