N-糖基化对乙型脑炎病毒感染与增殖的影响

N-糖基化对于病毒的感染与增殖中均具有重要作用,切除病毒表面糖链或抑制病毒糖基化修饰的方法已成为登革热病毒等的潜在治疗方法.为阐明日本乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)表面的糖链在其感染和增殖过程中的作用,本研究用肽N-糖苷酶F(peptide N-glycosidase F,PNGase F)和内切糖苷酶H(endoglycosidase H,Endo H)处理乙型脑炎病毒,将酶切后的病毒用Western blot验证糖基化酶切的效果,将酶切的JEV接种BHK-21细胞进行蚀斑试验,观察蚀斑的大小及病毒滴度的变化情况.同时用衣霉素处理BHK-21细胞并同步接种JEV,进行蚀斑试验,观察蚀斑大小的变化与病毒增殖情况.结果显示,用Endo H和PNGase F处理JEV后,病毒形成的蚀斑均显著小于未处理的病毒对照,且病毒增殖滴度显著降低,说明病毒粒子表面的糖基化修饰对于病毒的侵染具有重要作用.衣霉素处理细胞后,病毒产生的蚀斑大小没有明显差异,但增殖滴度却显著降低,说明糖基化在JEV增殖过程中也具有重要的功能.本研究说明JEV的糖基化对于其感染和增殖均具有重要的作用,为开发抑制乙型脑炎病毒药物研究提供一个新的思路.     

Daily variations in oligosaccharides of human milk determined by microfluidic chips and mass spectrometry

Human milk is a complex biological fluid that provides not only primary nourishment for infants but also protection against pathogens and influences their metabolic, immunologic, and even cognitive development. The presence of oligosaccharides in remarkable abundance in human milk has been associated to provide diverse biological functions including directing the development of an infant's intestinal microflora and immune system. Recent advances in analytical tools offer invaluable insights in understanding the specific functions and health benefits these biomolecules impart to infants. Oligosaccharides in human milk samples obtained from five different individual donors over the course of a 3 month lactation period were isolated and analyzed using HPLC-Chip/TOF-MS technology. The levels and compositions of oligosaccharides in human milk were investigated from five individual donors. Comparison of HPLC-Chip/TOF-MS oligosaccharides profiles revealed heterogeneity among multiple individuals with no significant variations at different stages of lactation within individual donors.     

不同品种绿豆的品质及饮料加工特性研究

为研究绿豆品种品质差异并从中筛选适宜饮料加工的优良品种,本研究选取16个国内主栽绿豆品种,研究了品种的营养组成及制成饮料的营养、感官、稳定性等指标,并对原料与产品指标间的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明,国产绿豆品种间的营养与加工品质特性存在不同程度的差异,绿豆原料组成中粗脂肪含量虽然较低,平均仅为1.33%,但变异系数较大,CV达到38.31%;淀粉、蛋白质平均含量分别达50.23%和27.08%,但品种间差异较小,CV仅4.53%和6.86%。不同绿豆品种所制备的饮料中,感官评分最高的为中绿1号(92分)。相关性分析结果显示,饮料中蛋白含量由原料中粗蛋白含量决定,两者呈极显著正相关(r=0.937**)。根据营养成分、稳定性和感官评价等指标,筛选出适合制作饮料的绿豆品种有:中绿1号、冀绿7号和白绿8号。     

Chemometric studies of several minerals in milks

A statistical study of correlation, factorial, and discriminant analysis on the metal composition (Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Mg) of different types of milks (human, cow, goat, pasteurized, and powdered infant formula) was carried out to establish the relationships between the metal concentrations and, therefore, differentiate the samples according to the type of milk. A large number of significant intermetallic correlations were found in all samples, which could be due to biological relationships between the metals studied. After the factorial analysis, the dimension space was reduced from eight variables to two factors, accounting for approximately 71.4% of the total variance. After an orthogonal rotation, the first factor was positively correlated with Ca and the second factor with Fe. The representation of the scores makes it possible to separate not only human milk from powdered infant formula but also to separate both of these from the other milks. In the discriminant analysis, four discriminant functions were obtained, which are linear combinations of the quantitative variables that best explain the differences among the different milks analyzed. These functions make it possible to classify 98% of the samples analyzed within each type of milk correctly. Therefore, discriminant functions obtained here can be used to identify the origin of any milk sample.     

A strategy for annotating the human milk glycome

Oligosaccharides in human milk represent a group of bioactive molecules that have evolved to be an abundant and diverse component of human milk, even though they have no direct nutritive value to the infant. A recent hypothesis proposes that they could be substrates for the development of the intestinal microflora and the mucosal immune system. The inability to determine the exact composition of these oligosaccharides limits research and the ability to understand their biological functions. Oligosaccharides isolated from the lipids and proteins of individual human milk samples were analyzed by a combination of techniques including microchip liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-Chip/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT ICR MS). Accurate mass measurements obtained using an orthogonal time-of-flight (o-TOF) mass spectrometry provided oligosaccharide composition for approximately 200 individual molecular species. Comparison of HPLC-Chip/MS profiles from five different women revealed variations in milk oligosaccharide compositions. HPLC-Chip/MS profiling provides a method for routinely identifying milk oligosaccharides. Tandem MS in combination with exoglycosidase digestion provides unambiguous differentiation of structural isomers.     

Physicochemical properties of native and recombinant mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) 8S globulins and the effects of the N-linked glycans

We have previously cloned and characterized the cDNAs of three isoforms of the 8S globulin of mungbean, expressed the major 8Salpha isoform in Escherichia coli, and purified and successfully crystallized it (Bernardo, A. E. N.; Garcia, R. N.; Adachi, M.; Angeles, J. G. C.; Kaga, A; Ishimoto, M.; Utsumi, S.; Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 2552-2560). Herein, we report the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of the native 8S and recombinant 8Salpha globulin or vicilin. The circular dichroism spectra analysis of the native 8S and recombinant 8Salpha globulins revealed that the recombinant 8Salpha formed a secondary structure close to that of the native 8S. Further, gel filtration analysis showed that 8Salpha was able to assemble into trimers. The native 8S and recombinant 8Salpha globulins were soluble at pH 3.4 and at pH 7.4-9.0 at low ionic strength, mu = 0.08. Interestingly, the native 8S was more soluble at pH 7.0 and pH 7.4 than the recombinant 8Salpha at mu = 0.08. Both forms were very soluble at pH 3.4-9.0 at high ionic strength, mu = 0.50. The native form exhibited a higher T(m) (69.2, 79.5, and 83.8 degrees C) than the recombinant form (65.6, 71.6, 77.5 degrees C) at mu = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5, respectively. The recombinant form was found to have greater surface hydrophobicity than the native form. There was little difference in the emulsifying ability between the native 8S and 8Salpha at pH 3.4 and pH 7.6. The results indicate that the presence of N-linked glycans is not essential in the assembly and stable conformation of the mungbean vicilin. However, the N-linked glycans might have contributed to the higher solubility at low ionic strength, greater thermal stability, and decreased surface hydrophobicity of the native vicilin as compared to the recombinant 8Salpha. On the other hand, the N-linked glycans showed little effect on the emulsifying ability of the protein.     

连年翻压紫云英对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响

【目的】紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）是南方稻区主要的冬种绿肥作物。本研究通过紫云英-化肥配施比例不同对水稻产量、 土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响探讨化肥的合理施用量,以期最大限度地减少化肥投入。【方法】紫云英水稻长期轮作定位试验始于2009年,试验设5个处理,对照（不施紫云英和化肥,CK）,全量化肥（100%F）,紫云英18000 kg/hm2+全量化肥（MV+100%F）,紫云英18000 kg/hm2+60%化肥（MV+60%F）,单施紫云英18000 kg/hm2（MV）。每个处理3次重复,小区面积15 m2。2012年10月份于水稻收获后采集土壤样品, 测定水稻产量、 土壤养分、 微生物量碳氮、 可培养微生物数量和土壤酶活性。【结果】1）与单施化肥相比,在翻压紫云英的条件下,化肥减量40%,对水稻产量没有影响,紫云英可替代部分化肥,达到减少化肥用量,保持产量的目的。2）不同施肥制度对土壤养分含量有一定的影响。与100%F处理相比,化肥结合翻压紫云英和单施紫云英处理能够提高土壤有机质和全氮含量; 施肥模式对土壤全磷和全钾含量无显著影响。与100%F处理相比, MV+100%F处理土壤的有效氮含量显著提高; 与100%F处理相比,MV和MV+60%F处理的速效磷含量显著减少; 100%F处理的土壤速效钾含量最高。不同施肥模式对土壤pH无显著影响。3）100%F、 MV+100%F处理的细菌数量较CK分别增加了102.3% 、 138.8%,而MV+60%F和MV处理与CK无显著差异,说明细菌对土壤养分有很强的依赖性。单施化肥或单施紫云英都不利于真菌和放线菌的生长,而化肥与翻压紫云英配合能显著提高其数量。4）相关性分析可以看出,细菌数量与土壤有效氮、 速效钾、 速效磷含量呈显著或极显著正相关; 真菌和放线菌的数量与铵态氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明氮、磷、钾养分对土壤细菌数量的影响较大,而真菌和放线菌的数量主要受NH+4-N的影响。5) 与100%F处理相比,化肥配施紫云英可以显著提高微生物生物碳量（SMBC）和微生物生物氮量（SMBN）的含量。6) 除了过氧化氢酶,转化酶、 脲酶和酸性磷酸酶总体表现为紫云英与化肥混施大于单施化肥或紫云英。7)土壤酶活性、微生物生物量与土壤氮素的相关性最强。土壤转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶与水稻产量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的大小可作为衡量水稻产量多少的依据之一。【结论】MV+60%F处理在保证水稻产量的同时能够减少40%的化肥用量,是一种高效节能的培肥模式。单施化肥不利于土壤有机质、 全氮和有效氮的积累,同时不利于微生物的生长和酶活的提高。MV+60%F 培肥模式有利于改良土壤的生物学性状,值得推广并有待今后进一步观察验证。     

施肥及秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响

利用Illumina平台Miseq高通量测序技术对小麦分蘖期砂姜黑土耕层土壤细菌进行高通量测序,结合相关生物信息学分析,探讨了不施化肥秸秆不还田(CK)、施化肥秸秆不还田(F)以及不施化肥秸秆还田(W)3种处理土壤细菌群落组成、多样性和结构的变化。结果显示,测序共获得14 873个OTUs,计173 323条读数,平均读长439 bp。砂姜黑土细菌优势门(相对丰度10%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势纲(相对丰度10%)为α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteriia)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria);优势属(相对丰度1%)共47个,3个处理中均有分布的优势属21个,F处理的细菌优势属的种类最多,为39个。相对丰度最大的门、纲和属分别是变形菌门(38.7%~43.1%)、α-变形菌纲(14.5%~18.1%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(4.6%~7.7%)。F处理细菌丰富度指数(Chao1指数和ACE指数)显著低于CK及W处理,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌丰富度指数无显著差异,与CK处理相比,F处理ACE指数降低22.8%。W处理土壤细菌Shannon多样性指数显著大于CK及F处理,W处理Shannon指数较CK处理提高4.1%,而F处理土壤细菌Shannon指数与CK处理无显著差异。F处理Simpson指数显著高于CK及W处理;F处理Simpson指数较CK处理提高38.1%,而W处理细菌Simpson指数最小,显著低于CK处理,较CK降低23.8%。分层聚类图显示在属的水平上,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌群落结构相似性较高,F处理与CK处理及W处理细菌群落结构差异较大。施化肥对土壤细菌优势类群组成、相对丰度及群落结构的影响大于秸秆还田,施化肥显著降低了土壤细菌丰富度,秸秆还田显著提高了土壤细菌的多样性。     

Bioaccessibility of tocopherols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid from milk- and soy-based fruit beverages: influence of food matrix and processing

A study was made of the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) and thermal treatment (TT) on plant bioactive compounds (tocopherols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid) in 12 fruit juice-milk beverages and of how the food matrix [whole milk (JW), skimmed milk (JS), and soy milk (JSy)] modulates their bioaccessibility (%). HPP (400 MPa/40 °C/5 min) produced a significant decrease in carotenoid and ascorbic acid bioaccessibility in all three beverages and maintained the bioaccessibility of tocopherols in JW and JS while decreasing it in JSy. TT (90 °C/30 s) produced a significant decrease in tocopherol and carotenoid bioaccessibility in all three beverages and increased the bioaccessibility of ascorbic acid. With regard to the food matrix, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid bioaccessibility was greatest in JW beverages and lowest in JSy beverages, whereas no significant differences were found among the three beverages in terms of carotenoid bioaccessibility. HPP-treated samples showed higher tocopherol and carotenoid bioaccessibility than TT-treated samples, thus indicating that HPP combined with a milk matrix positively modulates the bioaccessibility of certain types of bioactive components of food, mainly those of a lipophilic nature.     

Analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics in incurred raw milk by rapid test methods and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A recently developed confirmatory LC-MS method has been applied to the quantification of five major beta-lactam antibiotics in suspect raw bovine milk samples that gave a positive response with receptor-based (BetaStar) and rapid microbial inhibitory screen tests (Delvotest SP). In total, 18 presumptive positive raw milk samples were reanalyzed; 16 samples showed traces of antibiotic residues that could be identified and quantified by the LC-MS method, ranging from the limits of confirmation up to 38 microg/kg. Of the positive samples, only five (approximately 30%) were found to be violative of EU maximum residue limits. The most frequently detected antibiotic residues were cloxacillin and penicillin G, the former often in combination with amoxicillin or ampicillin. This study compares the results obtained by the three methods on identical samples and addresses how these relate to certain criteria such as sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the limitations of the LC-MS method and the potential impact of the presence of frequently more than one residue in the same milk sample on the response of the rapid test methods are discussed.     

Dynamics and stratification of functional groups of nematodes in the organic layer of a Scots pine forest in relation to temperature and moisture

Nematode trophic groups were studied in litterbags in a Pinus silvestris forest using sampling periods of 8 weeks during 2.5 years. Temperature, moisture relationships and annual periodicity of nematodes were analyzed in the litter (L), fragmentation (F) and humus (H) horizons. Litterbags containing L, F and H material were placed in stacks and buried in the organic layer. Undisturbed core samples were used to compare the nematode abundance under normal field conditions with that in the litterbags. Time dependence of population growth and colonization was also studied in separate litterbags that were replaced every 8 weeks. During the first 4 to 6 months of the experiment, nematodes in the litterbag stacks grew rapidly to circa 5×10⁶m^–2. After that period, abundance gradually decreased to about 2.5×10⁶m^–2. These abundances were similar to those found in undisturbed cores. Nematode abundance during the first year was most pronounced in the top (L) litterbags; subsequently densities were more or less the same in the three organic horizons, reflecting the gradual change of L to F material. On average, during 2.5 years, bacterial feeding nematodes were the dominant group in the organic horizons (73%), with 17% hyphal feeders and 9% plant feeders. There were dissimilarities between layers and in the course of time. The number of hyphal feeding nematodes differed significantly between layers. In the first 2 to 4 months, hyphal feeding nematodes equalled the bacterial feeders in the L layer. Later bacterial feeders became dominant. The highest number of plant feeding nematodes was found in the F litterbags. Significant effects of temperature and moisture were mainly found on bacterial feeding nematodes. Regression coefficients for trophic group abundances and moisture were generally positive. Temperature was negatively correlated with the three functional groups in the L horizon only. Bacterial and hyphal feeding nematodes showed a significant decrease with time in the L layer, reflecting diminishing substrate quality (and food availability) during decomposition. A significant annual periodicity could be demonstrated for bacterial feeders in L litterbags and plant feeding nematodes in the H material. Received: 26 June 1997     

Determination of taurine in infant formulas using ultrafiltration and cation-exchange chromatography

A fast and simple method for determination of taurine in infant formulas has been developed. The sample preparation uses disposable ultrafiltration cartridges to remove protein and clarify the sample. Hydrolysis is avoided, simplifying the procedure and increasing efficiency. One mL sample is centrifuged in a cartridge for 45 min. The filtrate is diluted with pH 2.2 citrate buffer and injected into a high performance amino acid analyzer. A cation-exchange column (sodium phase) is used with a single buffer eluant and an isocratic chromatographic program. Colorimetric detection is performed following post-column ninhydrin reaction. Chromatographic resolution from other ninhydrin-positive compounds is excellent. Average recoveries for 3 levels of spike for various products were 100-102%. Precision is 1-3% RSD, depending on product. Linearity, specificity, and ruggedness are excellent. The method is applicable to quality control testing of milk-based, soy-based, and prehydrolyzed protein-based infant formulas in the ready-to-use, concentrate, and powder forms. A variety of commercially available infant formulas from different manufacturers were analyzed and all were found to contain taurine levels comparable to human milk. Some human milk and cow's milk samples were also analyzed and results compare well with literature values.     

鼎湖山不同植被类型下土壤肉足虫群落结构的比较研究

为了解不同植被类型下土壤原生动物群落的特征,采用定性和定量培养法,对采自鼎湖山国家级自然保护区内沟谷常绿阔叶林(A点)、河岸常绿阔叶林(B点)、温带季风常绿阔叶林(C点)、针阔叶混交林(D点)、针叶林-马尾松林(E点)、山地常绿阔叶林(F点)和山顶灌草丛(G点)7种植被下土壤样品中肉足虫的群落组成和数量进行了观察和统计;并借助"普遍分布模型(ubiquity model)"和"生物地理模型(biogeography model)"理论,探讨了土壤原生动物在较小范围内的分布模式。结果显示:在所有土壤样品中,共检出20属31种土壤肉足虫,其中Centropyxis和Nebela属出现的物种数最多(各有3种);在全部肉足虫种类中,有8种出现在4个土壤样点中,它们分别是Amoeba sp.、Centropyxis compressa、Difflugia globulosa、D.gramen、Lamtopyxis sp.、Nebela dentistoma、Trinema enchelys和T.lineare。对比分析显示:不同植被下的土壤肉足虫群落组成呈一定差异,F点土壤中肉足虫最多(15种),G点土壤中最少(9种);不同植被类型下土壤肉足虫群落的丰度差别很大,最高出现在F点中(29 200 ind./g),最低出现在G点中(3 510 ind./g)。群落相似性比较显示:各样点的土壤肉足虫群落处于中等不相似(0.25~0.5)到中等相似(0.5~0.75)的水平。聚类分析表明,A点与F点的土壤肉足虫群落相似性最高;B点与G点的土壤肉足虫群落相似性也较高;D点与其他5个样点的相似性相对较低。单因子相关性分析显示土壤含水量与肉足虫丰度间有极显著的相关性(P0.01),而土壤中NO_3~–-N与肉足虫丰度间有显著的相关性(P0.05);多元相关分析表明,鼎湖山土壤肉足虫丰度变化与多个土壤理化因子组合间存在相关性,以(pH+含水量)组合与土壤肉足虫丰度的相关性最大。CCA分析显示不同的土壤理化因子对肉足虫某具体种的作用存有差异。因此,鼎湖山自然保护区土壤肉足虫的分布更符合"生物地理模型"。     

Toxic potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples from Catalonia (Spain)

A surveillance program on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 29 foodstuff samples produced all over the four provinces in Catalonia (Spain) is presented. The study included the analyses of milk, egg, meat (beef, chicken, and pork), mussel, and olive oil samples. A previously developed method for the simultaneous analysis of the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs and the dioxin-like PCBs, as well as the indicator PCBs, was employed. Total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were calculated using the toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for dioxin-like PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. The TEQ(PCDD/F) levels were below the limits proposed in the draft of the EC regulation for food commercialization in the European countries. These limits are the following: 2 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for pork, 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for milk and chicken, 5 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for egg and beef, and 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g whole product for fish. The contributions of PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the total toxicity of the samples were calculated for each matrix. The results showed that the TEQ(PCB) contribution varied from 27% in olive oil samples to 81% in mussel samples. These findings suggest that the regulation of TEQ contents in food should include not only the TEQ(PCDD/F), but also the TEQ(PCB).     

Disposable biosensor test for organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in milk

A highly sensitive and rapid biosensor test based on disposable screen-printed thick-film electrodes was developed, which is suitable for monitoring organophosphate and carbamate residues in foods of animal origin with increased fat contents such as milk. The wild-type enzyme was combined with three engineered variants of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis acetylcholinesterase (NbAChE), to obtain enhanced sensitivity. The sample pretreatment could be reduced to a minimum. There was no extraction or fat removal necessary. With the biosensor test paraoxon concentrations down to 1 microg/L could be detected in milk. The detection limit for carbaryl was 20 microg/L. Recovery rates for paraoxon and carbaryl in milk samples lay between 89 and 107%. Ten milk samples from local markets were tested both with the biosensor test and with standard chromatographic multiresidue methods. Two milk samples caused AChE inhibition rates of >50%. Accordingly, 4 microg/L tebufenpyrad, 4 microg/L tetraconazole, and 2 microg/L bifenthrin were detected in one of these milk samples. The other milk sample contained 2 microg/L tebufenpyrad.     

山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中毛孕酮浓度的变化

本试验用放射免疫分析(RIA)药盒测定了沙能,杂交1代(沙能×成都麻羊)和杂交2代〔沙×(沙×成)〕共23头山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中奶孕酮和毛孕酮浓度的变化。试验结果表明,应用RIA药盒可测出毛申孕酮。配种后1—28天,孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量,非孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量均呈极显著相关(分别为r=0.5458,p<0.01和r=0.7832,p<0.01)。配种后22天,以每毫升奶含孕酮3.9ng为判斯孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为82.4％和100％;以每50mg毛含3.7ng孕酮为判断孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为77.8％和100％。妊娠20天起,毛中孕酮含量(5.67±0.98ng/50mg毛)逐渐上升,120天达到高峰(9.85±1.20ng/50mg)。产羔前8天起,毛中孕酮含量(7.73±1.91ng/50mg)下降较快,产羔当天下降到4.93±0.25ng/50mg。     

Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in foods. I. Rapid screening method for chlorinated pesticides in milk.

A rapid analytical method for determining chlorinated pesticide residues in milk was developed. Thirteen pesticides were almost completely extracted. Ten mL samples of fortified milk were extracted 3 times with 20 mL portions of n-hexane as follows: (A) in the absence of water-soluble solvent; in the presence of (B) 1 mL acetonitrile; (C) 3 mL acetonitrile; (D) 5 mL acetonitrile; (E) 5 mL ethanol; (F) 5 mL acetonitrile and 1 mL ethanol. System F produced the highest pesticide recoveries but the lowest fat extraction, thus eliminating the necessity for liquid-liquid partitioning and minimizing Florisil column cleanup. Pesticide recoveries throughout the procedure were 94--103%. It was noticed, however, that the fat in high fat-containing raw milk is more readily extracted than that in commercial milk.     

Aroma compounds of fresh milk from New Zealand cows fed different diets

Volatile compounds were extracted from fresh milk produced by New Zealand cows using the newly developed solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique. The two samples that were used came from cows that had been fed on different diets and represented the considerably different flavors of Northern hemisphere and New Zealand milk. Using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), 71 aroma compounds were found from the milk extracts, 66 of which were identified. Nearly all of the aroma compounds were common to both extracts, despite the two milk samples having quite different flavors. Only one compound, gamma-12:2 lactone, was significantly odor-active for the extract of milk from cows fed a supplement diet, but was not found for the extract of milk from cows fed a pasture diet. Thus, differences in milk flavor are primarily caused by concentration differences of a common set of flavor compounds, rather than by the occurrence of compounds uniquely associated with a particular feed.     

Malondialdehyde contents in infant milk formulas

Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in infant milk formulas have been monitored by using an aqueous acid extraction method combined with the thiobarbituric acid method (TBA-test). Vegetable oils, with a remarkable content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are used to enrich the infant milk formulas. As PUFA are more susceptible to autoxidation, it becomes of great interest to have information about the safety and preservation of these products. We monitored MDA content in twenty of the most popular infant milk formulas and in some commercial cow milk samples and compared the obtained data. Levels of MDA ranged between 200 and 1200 ppb: all values but one were higher, up to five times, than those found in cow milk samples. To evaluate the accuracy of the data obtained from the TBA-test, some samples were also analyzed with an HPLC derivative method: preliminary results show a good agreement between the two analytical techniques.