贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

以贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区-玉泉营区为研究对象,利用宁夏土壤元素背景值诊断该区土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr6种重金属污染现状,采用单因子污染指数法和潜在生态危险指数法评价重金属污染程度和潜在生态危险程度,旨在为贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤污染防治和葡萄安全生产提供理论依据。结果表明:贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cr的平均含量分别为:37.95、32.50、39.58、14.46、0.08和63.93mg·kg~(-1),与宁夏土壤元素背景值相比,Cu、Cr的平均含量均超过背景值;Ni、Cu和Cr达到轻度污染水平,Cd属于尚清洁水平,Zn和Pb属于清洁水平;Cd是最主要的潜在生态危险因子。相关性分析发现Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb之间具有相似的迁移规律及来源。研究区域土壤存在一定程度重金属积累现象。在今后的生产耕作中,应追根溯源,加强控制超标重金属来源,确保贺兰山东麓葡萄产区土壤环境的可持续利用。     

基于GIS的陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划

利用陕西省96个县（区、市）气象站及周边省份临近气象站近30 a（1981—2010年）气象观测资料,辅以经订正后的各县气象哨和水文站观测数据,在对国内外葡萄区划指标分析基础上,确定以≥10℃活动积温为一级指标,酿酒葡萄成熟期8—9月水热系数为二级指标,冬季埋土防寒线、9月降水为辅助指标作为陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划指标。基于GIS技术,利用小网格推算模型对区划指标空间化后,采用主从叠代方法,制作陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划图。结果表明,陕西省酿酒葡萄种植可分为4个气候区和12个气候亚区,自兴平以东的关中东部海拔900 m以下地区是陕西省种植酿酒葡萄的最优区;对各区酿酒葡萄生产的气候因子进行了评价,提出了相应的生产建议。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄霜霉病流行规律及测报技术

通过2001-2003年对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄霜霉病的系统调查,初步明确葡萄霜霉病在当地的消长规律。对影响该病流行的相关气象因子进行逐步回归分析,组建了贺兰山东麓葡萄霜零病流行的预测模型,并用历史数据对该模型进行检验,其预测7 d病情指数的准确度为79.46％;用该模型预测2003年的病情指数,其预测7 d病情指数的准确度为87.73％。     

甘肃省玉米气候生态适应性研究

选取代表甘肃省不同气候生态区的成县(温热湿润区)、礼县(温暖半湿润区)、平凉(温和半湿润区)、武威(温和干旱区)4个点资料,运用积分回归方法分析了玉米生育期光、热、水气候生态因子对玉米气候产量的影响,并建立了不同气候生态区气候产量静态模型;以筛选后的关键气象因子为主要区划指标,对甘肃省玉米进行气候生态适生区划,并对玉米高产优质气候生态资源合理开发利用的途径进行了探讨。     

贺兰山东麓不同种植年限葡萄地土壤生态化学计量特征

以宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产区不同种植年限（1 a、7 a、20 a）葡萄地土壤为研究对象，未开垦的荒漠草原为对照（CK），采集0~100 cm土层土壤，分析不同种植年限、不同土层深度土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）该地区土壤贫瘠，土壤C、N、P含量均值分别为4.88 、0.56 g·kg^-1和0.24 g·kg^-1，均低于全国平均水平（11.12、1.06 g·kg^-1和0.65 g·kg^-1），土壤K含量均值为28.88 g·kg^-1，高于全国水平（16.6 g·kg^-1）。各年限土壤SOC均值变化范围为3.93~5.36 g·kg^-1，TN均值变化范围为0.39~0.73 g·kg^-1，TP均值变化范围为0.21~0.37 g·kg^-1，TK均值变化范围为27.88~30.16 g·kg^-1。随荒漠草原的开垦及种植年限的增加，土壤C、N含量呈现先降低后增加的趋势，土壤P含量逐渐增加，土壤K含量虽表现为逐渐减少但各年限之间并无显著性差异。（2）土地利用方式及植被覆盖的转变对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响程度各有不同。研究区土壤C∶N均值变化范围为8.70~10.60，C∶P均值变化范围为16.78~33.29，C∶K均值变化范围为0.14~0.22。随种植年限的增加，土壤C∶P、C∶K、N∶P都呈现先降低后增加的趋势，土壤C∶N虽趋于降低，但不同种植年限之间差异未达显著水平。不同种植年限葡萄地土壤N∶P在1.66~3.61之间，低于我国土壤N∶P的平均值（5.2），表明贺兰山东麓葡萄生长主要受N的限制。在宁夏贺兰山东麓地区酿酒葡萄的种植过程中，应考虑合理匹配不同营养元素和适当增施有机肥，防止土壤肥力的下降。     

宁夏葡萄园吸汁类害虫优势种及动态分析

[目的]明确宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄园吸汁类害虫优势种群及其危害时期,制定切实有效的防治方案.[方法]采用悬挂粘虫板的方式诱集吸汁类害虫,统计害虫种类和数量,采用Berger-Parker优势度指数进行分析,确定优势种和发生期.[结果]初步确定宁夏贺兰山东麓地区葡萄园吸汁类害虫共16种,优势种分别为葡萄斑叶蝉Erythron...     

不同灌溉及施肥方式对酿酒葡萄生长发育及产量品质的影响

针对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培中存在的大水大肥等问题,采用田间试验的方法研究不同灌溉和施肥方式下酿酒葡萄长势及产量和品质。结果显示:在常规氮磷钾化肥的基础上增施中微量元素钙镁硫能显著促进新梢生长,增施腐植酸则能显著提高叶绿素含量;灌水方式对葡萄叶片全氮磷钾含量影响不显著,滴灌能显著提升叶柄养分尤其全钾含量;相同施肥条件下沟灌与滴灌产量相当;滴灌条件下进一步增施腐植酸和钙镁硫后产量提高;增施钙镁硫等中量元素可显著增加可溶性糖含量和可溶性固形物,同时明显降低总酸度,改善品质。     

贺兰山东麓4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条抗寒性鉴定

贺兰山东麓地区受季风和大陆性气候影响,冬季寒冷干燥,低温持续时间长,酿酒葡萄越冬冻害频繁发生,严重制约葡萄与葡萄酒产业的可持续发展。文中对贺兰山东麓产区主栽的4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条进行抗寒性鉴定,旨在对酿酒葡萄抗寒育种、优良品种推广提供理论依据。文中以‘北红’‘威代尔’‘西拉’‘赤霞珠’一年生枝条为试验材料,以4℃下保存的样本为对照,模拟自然冷冻降温过程,设置-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃五个低温处理梯度,对各处理中枝条的保护酶活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、枝条萌芽率以及相对电导率、LT50进行测定及计算,运用相关性分析与隶属函数法对不同品种酿酒葡萄抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明:‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’4种酿酒葡萄枝条半致死温度分别为-29.57℃、-27.26℃、-23.99℃、-14.10℃。相关分析结果表明,相对电导率、CAT活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量与抗寒性呈负相关关系,枝条萌芽率、SOD、POD活性与抗寒性呈正相关关系。恢复生长法、LT50可作为判断酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱的单项指标。4种酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱顺序为‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’。     

宁夏草原蝗虫适生区和分布区划分

宁夏回族自治区(简称宁夏)草原类型多样,荒漠草原、干草原、草原化荒漠和山地草甸草原等均有分布,草原面积约212.63万hm²。近年来,随着气候和植被的变化,以及草原的过度开发利用,草原有害生物灾害频繁暴发,草原生态环境持续恶化。据宁夏草原工作站统计,2019年宁夏草原虫害发生面积约14.30万hm²,占草原总面积的6%。为能及时对草原害虫进行早期预防,于关键期精准施药,需要对蝗虫适生区进行判断,而适生区区划成果对开展天敌昆虫保育、生态区划方案制定和蝗区改造等工作有重要意义(王杰臣和倪绍祥,2001)。本研究应用ArcGIS软件通过模型构建对宁夏草原蝗虫适生区和分布区进行划分,以期为宁夏草原蝗虫的监测和防治提供参考依据。     

作物生态气候滑移相似离度分析及其应用--以河西走廊酿酒葡萄生态气候适生种植区划为例

作物生态气候滑移相似离度分析方法综合了生物气候滑移相似分析和相似离度分析的优点,使作物生态气候相似分析更为准确。以河西走廊酿酒葡萄生态气候适生种植区划为例对该方法进行了应用验证,发现它能较准确地反映不同酿酒葡萄适生种植区之间热量条件、灌溉条件等的生态气候差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.