木薯主要农艺性状的遗传变异、相关性和主成分分析

对广西14个主要木薯品种的9个农艺性状进行了遗传变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,块根长,块根鲜重、块根数的变异系数较大,分别为13.95%、11.33%、10.22%,块根干物质率和茎径的变异系数最小,分别为7.00%和6.57%;在相关性上,产量与块根数呈极显著的正相关,块根干物质率与块根淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关;主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分对变异的贡献率达85.69%。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的。在品种选择时,应注意选择产量和淀粉含量均高的品种。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

Genetic improvement trends in agronomic performances and end-use quality characteristics among hard red winter wheat cultivars in Nebraska

Evaluation of wheat cultivars from different eras allows breeders to determine changes in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics associated with grain yield and end-use quality improvement over time. The objective of this research was to examine the trends in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics of hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in Nebraska. Thirty historically important and popular hard red winter wheat cultivars introduced or released between 1874 and 2000 were evaluated at Lincoln, Mead and North Platte, Nebraska in 2002 and 2003. An alpha lattice design with 15 incomplete blocks of two plots and three replications was used at all locations. Agronomic (days to flowering, plant height, spike length, culm length, grain yield and yield components, and grain volume weight) and end-use quality (flour yield, SDS-sedimentation value, flour protein content, and mixograph time and tolerance) traits were measured in each environment. Highly significant differences were observed among environments, genotypes and their interactions for most agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Unlike modern cultivars, older cultivars were low yielding, and less responsive to favorable environments for grain yield and yield components. Semidwarf cultivars were more stable for plant height than traditional medium to tall cultivars. All cultivars had high grain volume weight since it is part of the grading system and highly selected for in cultivar release. Modern cultivars were less stable than older cultivars for SDS-sedimentation and mixing tolerance. However, the stability of older cultivars was attributed to their having weak mixing tolerance and reduced SDS-sedimentation values. The reduced protein content of modern cultivars was offset by increased functionality, as measured by mixograph and SDS sedimentation. In conclusion, breeders have tailored agronomic and end-use quality traits essential for hard red winter wheat production and marketing in Nebraska.     

中国南瓜F_1砧木对黄瓜嫁接苗生长的影响

用前期试验筛选出的较耐盐的中国南瓜F1360-3×112-2、077-2×112-2、360-3×635-1为黄瓜砧木,用生产上常用的黄瓜砧木黑籽南瓜作对照,以津春2号黄瓜品种为接穗,采用靠接法和插接法在温室营养钵育苗条件下,研究中国南瓜F1作为黄瓜砧木的嫁接亲合性和对嫁接苗生长的影响。结果表明,中国南瓜F1幼苗由于下胚轴较细,嫁接成活率比黑籽南瓜低,采用插接法嫁接成活率优于靠接法。嫁接20 d后360-3×112-2和360-3×635-1作砧木的嫁接苗单株叶片数、最大叶片面积、根系和地上部鲜质量不低于黑籽南瓜嫁接苗,因此具备作为黄瓜砧木的基本条件,其中360-3×112-2嫁接苗根冠比较高,幼苗健壮,适宜作为黄瓜砧木在生产中使用。     

利用分子标记筛查小麦相似品种(系)

在每年的小麦区域试验中均发现一些参试品系高度相像或与审定品种高度相像,为此需建立从大量品种中筛查相似品种的方法。本文比较了547个国家冬小麦区域试验品系及134个国审品种的分子标记遗传相似系数(GS)和主要农艺性状及表型,发现绝大多数相似品种(系)间的GS大于0.90,依此确立了用分子标记筛查相似品种的方法体系,解决了无法从大量品种中查找相似品种(系)的问题。     

Effect of Drought on the Gas Exchange,Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Yield of Six Different‐Era Spring Wheat Cultivars

In semi‐arid areas of north‐west China, grain yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are higher in recently bred cultivars than those released six decades earlier. The gas exchange, chloroplast activity and yield of six spring wheat cultivars grown in the 1950s, Hst and Gs96 (early), in the 1970s, Gy602 and Dx24 (intermediate), and in the 1990s, Gc20 and Lc8275 (modern) were compared with adequate water (WET) and drought stress (DRY) to determine the effects of drought stress among the cultivars. The results showed that in the WET treatment, the modern cultivars had significantly higher rates of leaf gas exchange, photosystem 2 (PS2) maximal photochemical efficiency, actual quantum yield of PS2 (ФPS2), photochemical quenching of chlorophyll (_qp) and lower non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) than early cultivars, but had significantly lower gas exchange rates, intercellular CO₂ concentration, ФPS2, _qp and NPQ in the DRY treatment. In the WET treatment, the grain yield of early cultivars was significantly lower (10 %) than intermediate cultivars, but was significantly higher (17 %) than intermediate cultivars in the DRY treatment. The modern and intermediate cultivars had more sensitive stomata to water shortage, but the decreased activity of the PS2 reaction centre helped avoid damage from photoinhibition in these cultivars.     

丝瓜砧木对夏秋连作苦瓜产量及品质影响

为了解苦瓜嫁接对果实品质的影响和筛选优质苦瓜嫁接砧木,以‘翠绿’苦瓜为接穗,以5个自育及3个省内外常用丝瓜为砧木,开展不同砧木嫁接对苦瓜农艺性状、产量和果实品质的评比试验。结果表明：不同丝瓜砧木对接穗苦瓜成活率、主蔓第一雌花节位、枯萎病发病率等的影响均有一定差异,对接穗苦瓜产量影响差异显著。参评的8个砧木的接穗苦瓜在水分、Vc、蛋白质、钙、纤维素等含量上与实生苗无显著差异,以‘砧-6’与‘砧-14’为砧木嫁接的苦瓜中,不同氨基酸的含量均基本上高于实生苗。综合分析表明：‘砧-6’（银砧1号）和‘砧-14’（银砧2号）适合作为‘翠绿’苦瓜的嫁接砧木,可作为夏秋苦瓜嫁接砧木的新品种使用。     

不同产区来源柴胡的农艺性状及品质比较

研究旨在比较不同产区来源柴胡的农艺性状和品质,为优良品种选育提供参考。试验共收集种质32份,分别来源于甘肃、陕西、山西、北京、河北、黑龙江6个不同地区。将从产区收集到的柴胡种子统一播种于北京试验地,统一收获后调查测定柴胡根粗、根长、单根重、侧根数以及皂苷含量,分析比较不同种质的长势、产量潜力和皂苷含量。结果表明,BC-SX-HY（来源于山西）农艺性状及含量均表现优良, BC-SX-PS-1、BC-SX-PS-2（来源于山西）含量及单根重等表现突出,产量潜力较大但侧根数较多。BC-SX-WR、BC-SX-YC-2（来源于山西）和BS-HB-AG（来源于河北）长势较强但柴胡皂苷含量偏低。BC-SX-CZI-1（来源于山西）种质柴胡皂苷含量最高,但根型和产量潜力数据较差。同一种植条件下,不同来源的柴胡种质性状差异较大,进一步选育优良品种品系有利于提高生产上的柴胡种性。     

Long-term trends and genetic architecture of seed characteristics,grain yield and correlated agronomic traits in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term genetic trends and the genetic architecture of grain yield, seed characteristics and correlated agronomic traits in triticale. Therefore, a panel of 846 diverse triticale genotypes was assessed for three agronomic and three seed shape- and size-related traits. We observed a high genotypic variation and a high heritability for all traits. Analysing the development of these traits during the last decades revealed a continuous increase for grain yield and thousand-kernel weight, and a slight increase in seed width. The seed characteristics and thousand-kernel weight formed a complex of highly positive correlated traits. Genome-wide association mapping revealed many small-effect QTL and a few moderate-effect QTL. The allele frequencies of the moderate-effect QTL followed the same temporal trends as observed for the phenotype. In line with the phenotypic correlations, we identified several pleiotropic QTL for grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, seed width and seed area. Our results illustrate the continuous progress achieved in triticale breeding and suggest that triticale seeds have been selected to be more spherical in modern cultivars.     

长江中下游小麦品种根系改良特征及其与产量的关系

为探明小麦品种更替过程中根系改良特征对氮肥的响应及其与产量形成的关系,从而为高产品种选育及根冠构型建成提供理论依据。本研究以长江中下游不同年代大面积推广的代表性小麦品种南大2419、扬麦1号、扬麦158和扬麦16为材料,采用大田和盆栽试验,研究了3个施氮水平(纯氮0、225和300 kg hm–2)下小麦根系形态与生理特性的差异及其与产量的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量随品种育成年代推进逐步增加,现代品种对施氮的响应较早期品种大。现代小麦品种拔节至开花阶段根系干物质积累量和生长速率显著高于早期品种,而播种至拔节期早期品种的根系生长在无氮条件下具有较强的生长优势。小麦根系总根长、表面积、根体积、0~60 cm土层根重密度、根系活力和SOD活性随品种育成年代逐步提高,而MDA含量显著降低。增施氮肥促进了不同年代品种根系生长,但现代品种增幅较早期品种大,说明品种改良提高了小麦根系对氮肥的响应。籽粒产量与开花期根系总根长、表面积、根系生物量和0~60 cm根重密度呈显著正相关。因此,增加根系与土壤接触面积和高氮适应性、提高根系生理活性、延缓根系衰老是长江中下游小麦品种演变的重要特征也是高产高效栽培调控的重要目标。     

Traits in Spring Wheat Cultivars Associated with Yield Loss Caused by a Heat Stress Episode after Anthesis

Heat stress resulting from climate change and more frequent weather extremes is expected to negatively affect wheat yield. We evaluated the response of different spring wheat cultivars to a post‐anthesis high temperature episode and studied the relationship between different traits associated with heat tolerance. Fifteen spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown in pots under semifield conditions, and heat stress (35/26 °C) and control treatments (20/12 °C) were applied in growth chambers for 5 days starting 14 days after flowering. The heat stress treatment reduced final yield in all cultivars. Significant variation was observed among cultivars in the reduction in average grain weight and grain dry matter yield under heat stress (up to 36 % and 45 %, respectively). The duration of the grain‐filling period was reduced by 3–12 days by the heat treatment. The reduction in the grain‐filling period was negatively correlated with grain nitrogen yield (r = ?0.60). A positive correlation (r = 0.73) was found between the treatment effect on green leaf area (GLA) and the reduction in yield resulting from heat stress. The amount of stem water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was not related to treatment effects on grain yield or grain weight. However, the treatment effect on stem WSC remobilization was negatively correlated with reduction in grain‐filling duration due to heat stress (r = ?0.74) and positively with treatment effect on grain N yield (r = 0.52). The results suggest that the effect of the heat treatment on GLA was the trait most associated with yield reduction in all cultivars. These findings suggest the importance of ‘stay green’‐associated traits in plant breeding as well as the need for better modelling of GLA in crop models, especially with respect to brief heat episodes during grain filling. There is in particular a need to model how heat and other stresses, including interacting effects of heat and drought, affect duration of GLA after flowering and how this affects source–sink relations during grain filling.     

施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响

为探明施氮量对不同水稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适合江苏省种植的12个中粳稻（含籼/粳杂交稻）品种为材料,大田种植,设置0N（全生育期不施氮）、200N（全生育期施纯氮200kg/hm ²）和360N（全生育期施纯氮360kg/hm²）3个施氮量处理,研究各品种产量、氮肥利用率和一些农艺性状的差异。结果表明：甬优2640在3个施氮水平产量均最高,库容量大是其高产的主要原因。其他品种产量对氮肥响应的表现不一。在较低氮（0N、200N）条件下,淮稻13号和武运粳30的产量较高,宁粳1号和扬粳4038的产量较低。在高氮（360N）条件下,宁粳1号和扬粳4038产量较高。在较低施氮量条件下,产量和氮肥利用率较高的品种具有较高的干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比及群体生长速率,这些指标可作为筛选氮高效品种的农艺性状指标。     

Genotype by environment interaction for disease resistance and other important agronomic traits supporting the indication of common bean cultivars

The present work aimed to study the genotype by environment interaction for nine important agronomic traits as a support for the indication of common bean cultivars for the Southern region of Brazil, identifying cultivars that possess high adaptability/stability. We carried out 25 field trials, in the rainy and dry sowing seasons, at different locals in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, from 2008 to 2010. The trials included 17 cultivars. Data were obtained for agronomic traits and subjected to variance analyses, and to adaptability and stability analyses according to the Nunes method. The genotype by environment interaction is important for different agronomic traits. There is genetic variation among cultivars and it was identified a different number of superior cultivars for each trait. Considering the means and adaptability and stability scores, 88% of the cultivars were superior for rust, 53% for anthracnose, 41% for grain yield, plant architecture and cycle, 30% for fusarium wilt and lodging, and 18% for angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight. For some of these traits, like angular leaf spot, common bacterial blight, fusarium wilt and lodging, it is necessary to intensify the efforts to provide more cultivars with high resistance or tolerance level, adaptability and stability. BRS Esplendor, a black-seeded cultivar, CNFC 10431 and BRS Sublime, both carioca-seeded cultivars, presented superiority for six of nine traits, being indicated to be used in the Southern region of Brazil. Other cultivars presented advantages for fewer traits and must be used in environments which these traits present greater importance.     

北方区试中甘薯农艺性状与产量的多元回归和通径分析

应用多元统计方法,分析了甘薯北方区试中农艺性状与产量之间的关系。结果表明：农艺性状对鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量的影响各不相同。回归分析发现,单株茎叶重、大中薯率、小薯率和单株结薯数与鲜薯和薯干产量之间存在显著的线性关系,单株茎叶重和干率与淀粉产量之间存在显著的线性关系。相关性分析发现,鲜薯产量与干率、淀粉率和病情指数均呈极显著负相关关系,与大中薯率显著正相关,与小薯率显著负相关。薯干产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率呈显著正相关。淀粉产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率和淀粉率均呈显著正相关。通径分析发现,淀粉率和大中薯率对产量的直接作用较大,而单株茎叶重、蔓长、分枝数和干率对鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量的作用大小和作用方向均存在差异。因此,在高产栽培中,应选择茎基部粗、蔓长较短、分枝数较少、薯块大小较均匀、数量适中和大中薯率较高的品种。若进行高干率和高淀粉品种选育,还需注重干率和淀粉率等指标的选择。     

黄瓜不同嫁接技术的适应性研究

采用靠接法嫁接,以自根苗为对照,比较单砧木嫁接（断根、不断根）和双根嫁接（不同砧木,均断根）对黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明：嫁接处理的黄瓜植株成活率和植株生长势均高于不嫁接处理,单砧木断根处理的产量高于其不断根处理;2个双根嫁接处理中黄瓜产量高于其他处理且2个处理间有差异。该试验认为双断根嫁接是一种可获得高产的嫁接方式,但应先进行不同砧穗配组试验。     

California processing tomatoes: Morphological,physiological and phenological traits associated with crop improvement during the last 80 years

Breeding has greatly increased yields of many crops, but the contributions of particular morphological, phenological and physiological traits to these higher yields are rarely well understood. In the past 50 years, California processing tomato yields per hectare have more than doubled. This study evaluated a group of important processing tomato cultivars released over the past 80 years in California. The objective was to assess how a suite of traits might be associated with genetic improvement for yield gains. A wide array of morphological, physiological and phenological traits and relevant environmental variables was evaluated in the field for a discrete set of eight cultivars originating from a common ancestor. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the set of 95 variables to understand how cultivars became adapted to a more mechanized agronomic management while also producing higher yields. No single trait seems to have driven yield increases. Instead, distinct assemblies of traits characterize the processing tomato cultivars in different eras. For instance, certain phenological traits (early flowering and concentrated fruit set) were associated with a set of morphological traits (smaller canopies and low vegetative biomass), along with gains in physiological traits (biomass N concentration and photosynthetic rates) in modern varieties. These results provide a platform to examine new suites of traits that could be relevant for future breeding and crop improvement.     

冀西北高寒环境下结球甘蓝品种农艺性状综合评价及优异品种筛选

为了丰富该地区品种类型,创造更高的经济价值,提高冀西北蔬菜产业整体效益。本研究在冀西北高寒环境条件下,对来自国内外的35个结球甘蓝品种的41个重要农艺性状进行观测鉴定。发现质量性状存在明显变异,数量性状的变异系数分布在8.00%~37.09%之间。主成分分析将19个数量性状归为4个主成分,即单株产量因子、外叶因子、叶柄因子、叶球因子,它们对综合表现的累计贡献率达到84.31%。表型聚类分析将35个品种分为3组,且少数品种相似性极高。通过综合评分,筛选出15个综合性状表现突出、适合当地栽培和不同用途的优良品种。研究结果为冀西北特殊条件下的甘蓝产业发展和育种工作的开展打下了良好的基础。     

MS1与MS1-HS两种选择方法的比较研究Ⅱ.遗传方差、配合力及杂种优势

对ZZ4完成了4轮MS1-HS和MS1选择.结果表明,经4轮选择的群体,两种方法均有效地保留了各主要性状的遗传方差.MS1-HS选择的群体遗传方差下降速率更慢,C4群体的单株籽粒产量的遗传方差仅减少3.7%.穗长、穗粗、粒行数、行粒数、出籽率、百粒重的遗传方差的变化与单株籽粒产量一致,MS1C4的遗传方差减少了8%～15%,MS1-HSC4的遗传方差仅减少了4%～15%.株高、穗位高、抽丝期、植株保绿度、抗倒性等相关选择性状的遗传方差的变化与产量性状基本一致.MS1-HS法对改良玉米群体籽粒产量与测验种间的特殊配合力十分有效,呈逐轮上升的趋势;改良群体与测验种综系140间的杂交后代产量平均每轮提高6%,杂种优势平均每轮提高6.9%.两种方法在改良群体产量性状一般配合力方面,均得到了良好的效果.同时,穗部性状及株高、穗位、抽丝期、散粉期、抗性等田间农艺性状的一般配合力也获得了同步改良.通过ZZ4改良群体与6个测验种间杂交组合产量及杂种优势的比较研究,得出ZZ4与黄早四类种质为杂种优势模式对.     

Selection of wheat genotypes for biomass allocation to improve drought tolerance and carbon sequestration into soils

The biomass allocation pattern of plants to shoots and roots is a key in the cycle of elements such as carbon, water and nutrients with, for instance, the greatest allocations to roots fostering the transfer of atmospheric carbon to soils through photosynthesis. Several studies have investigated the root to shoot ratio (R:S) biomass of existing crops but variation within a crop species constitutes an important information gap for selecting genotypes aiming for increasing soil carbon stocks for climate change mitigation and food security. The objectives of this study were to evaluate agronomic performance and quantify biomass production and allocation between roots and shoots, in response to different soil water levels to select promising genotypes for breeding. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out using 100 genotypes including wheat and Triticale under drought‐stressed and non‐stressed conditions. The experiments were set‐up using a 10 × 10 alpha lattice design with two replications under water stress and non‐stress conditions. The following phenotypic traits were collected: number of days to heading (DTH), number of productive tillers per plant (NPT), plant height (PH), days to maturity (DTM), spike length (SL), kernels per spike (KPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), root biomass (RB), shoot biomass (SB), root to shoot ratio (R:S) and grain yield (GY). There was significant (p < 0.05) variation for grain yield and biomass production because of genotypic variation. The highest grain yield of 247.3 g/m² was recorded in the genotype LM52 and the least was in genotype Sossognon with 30 g/m². Shoot biomass ranged from 830 g/m² (genotype Arenza) to 437 g/m² (LM57), whilst root biomass ranged between 603 g/m² for Triticale and 140 g/m² for LM15 across testing sites and water regimes. Triticale also recorded the highest R:S of 1.2, whilst the least was 0.30 for wheat genotype LM18. Overall, drought stress reduced total biomass production by 35% and R:S by 14%. Genotypic variation existed for all measured traits useful for improving drought tolerance, whilst the calculated R:S values can improve accuracy in estimating C sequestration potential of wheat. Wheat genotypes LM26, LM47, BW140, LM70, LM48, BW152, LM75, BW162, LM71 and BW141 were selected for further development based on their high total biomass production, grain yield potential and genetic diversity under drought stress.