中国烟粉虱寄生蜂资源及其区系分布

对中国寄生烟粉虱的寄生蜂种类、寄主类别和分布地区进行了系统论述。根据采集调查和文献记录,目前中国烟粉虱寄生蜂约有27种,占世界记录总数的54%,主要隶属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蚜小蜂科(Aphelin-idae),其中,恩蚜小蜂属(Encarsia)的21种,桨角蚜小蜂属(Eretmocerus)的6种。主要分布于长江流域以南的福建、广东、广西、台湾和香港等地,台湾种类分布最多。同时,对中国烟粉虱寄生蜂的地理区系分布进行了分析和讨论。     

西双版纳橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂的调查及常见种类鉴别

2007～2009年,在中国西双版纳各农场、民营胶园及云南省热带作物科学研究所周边等地,对橡胶树上的橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂的种类和分布进行了调查.共鉴定橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂245 8头,隶属4科11属12种,其中优雅岐脉跳小蜂和蜡蚧褐腰啮小蜂为橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂优势种,红黄花翅跳小蜂、斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂、黑盔蚧长盾金小蜂、异角蚜小蜂和花翅蚜小蜂为常见种.记述了优势种和常见种的鉴别特征,同时提供了鉴别特征网和西双版纳地区橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂种类检索表.     

海南省美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂种类及其控制作用评价

调查发现,海南省豆类、瓜类和茄类蔬菜上的美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂常见种类有：姬小蜂科Eulophidae的底比斯釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis penthus（Walker）、异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis（Girault）、点腹青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia punctiventris（Crawford）、美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia formosa（Westwood）和黄潜蝇釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead,以及茧蜂科Braconidae的甘蓝斑潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus（Ashmead）.其中,底比斯釉姬小蜂是优势种.这些寄生蜂对豆类、瓜类和茄类蔬菜上的美洲斑潜蝇的寄生率分别为29.1%,33.0%和18.0%,平均寄生率为27.1%.应用生命表排除作用控制指数（EIPC）分析法进行寄生蜂对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群控制作用研究,结果表明：美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂的EIPC值为3.1817,寄生蜂的作用是抑制美洲斑潜蝇种群数量发展的重要因子.     

三亚市椰心叶甲寄生蜂的防效调查

先后2次对海南三亚市椰心叶甲放蜂点进行寄生蜂防治效果调查,从放蜂点分布、椰树危害程度、虫口密度和寄生蜂寄生率等4个方面评价椰心叶甲啮小蜂和椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲的防控效果。结果表明：三亚的椰树危害程度在逐渐减轻,轻度危害的椰树已占调查点的60％,虫口密度已明显下降。从两种寄生蜂的分布情况来看,椰心叶甲啮小蜂在三亚的分布范围在扩大,已经分布在每个调查点,椰甲截脉姬小蜂的分布范围则略有缩小。两种寄生蜂的寄生率比较来看,椰心叶甲啮小蜂较2007年高,而椰甲截脉姬小蜂在三亚的寄生率较2007年差。说明了两种寄生蜂均可以在三亚寄生生存,椰心叶甲啮小蜂在三亚的生存能力更强,对椰心叶甲的防控效果比椰甲截脉姬小蜂好。本研究对如何利用寄生蜂来控制椰心叶甲,具有重要的参考意义。     

中国胯姬小蜂属(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)——新记录种

海南桉树林地受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa FisherLa Salle)为害较重,为了有效防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂,于2014年12月~2015年7月在海南三亚、东方、儋州、临高等地开展了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂寄生性天敌资源的调查。在为期8个月的调查期间,收集到了大量桉树枝瘿姬小蜂及其寄生蜂,并对其生物学进行了观察。其中一种寄生蜂,孟氏胯姬小蜂(Quadrastichus mendeli KimLa Salle),为国内首次报道,确定为中国新纪录种。本研究对孟氏胯姬小蜂进行了描述,同时对其生物学进行了补充。     

营养条件和寄主密度对椰甲截脉姬小蜂子代的影响

椰甲截脉姬小蜂(Asecodes hispinarum Boucˇek)是椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]害虫的重要内寄生蜂,主要寄生害虫的4龄幼虫。为了更好地为室内繁殖寄生蜂提供理论依据,开展了营养条件和寄主密度的改变对椰甲截脉姬小蜂子代的影响。结果表明:(1)补充10%蜂蜜水作为营养的情况下,椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生能力随寄主密度不同存在差异。每对寄生蜂在寄主数量为5时,被寄生的椰心叶甲数量最多,为2.33头。当寄主密度大于5时,椰心叶甲被寄生的数量有随寄主密度增加而降低的趋势;不补充营养时,寄生蜂的寄生能力差异不显著。(2)补充10%蜂蜜水时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量、椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率和后代性比并无显著影响。(3)不补充营养时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量和椰甲截脉姬小蜂后代性比均有显著影响,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率无影响,每寄主出蜂数量最多为45.67头,后代性比最高为96.66%。     

Effect of Nutrition Condition and Host Density on the Offspring of Asecodes hispinarum Bou(c)ek

椰甲截脉姬小蜂(Asecodes hispinarum Bou(c)ek)是椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima (Gestro)]害虫的重要内寄生蜂,主要寄生害虫的4龄幼虫.为了更好地为室内繁殖寄生蜂提供理论依据,开展了营养条件和寄主密度的改变对椰甲截脉姬小蜂子代的影响.结果表明:(1)补充10％蜂蜜水作为营养的情况下,椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生能力随寄主密度不同存在差异.每对寄生蜂在寄主数量为5时,被寄生的椰心叶甲数量最多,为2.33头.当寄主密度大于5时,椰心叶甲被寄生的数量有随寄主密度增加而降低的趋势;不补充营养时,寄生蜂的寄生能力差异不显著.(2)补充10％蜂蜜水时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量、椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率和后代性比并无显著影响.(3)不补充营养时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量和椰甲截脉姬小蜂后代性比均有显著影响,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率无影响,每寄主出蜂数量最多为45.67头,后代性比最高为96.66％.     

海南岛芒果树害虫天敌昆虫复合体的初步研究

记录了海南岛芒果树害虫的天敌昆虫25种。它们是捕食性天敌广腹螳螂、中华螳螂、叉角厉蝽、锥盾菱猎蝽、黄带犀猎蝽、南盲猎蝽、细缘唇瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫、丽草蛉、中华草蛉、亚非草蛉;寄生性天敌黄足大腿蜂、刺蛾广肩小蜂、粘虫广肩小蜂、黑褐金小蜂、夜蛾啮小蜂、尾夜蛾跳小蜂、叶蝉柄翅小蜂、刺蛾隆缘姬蜂、食蚜蝇姬蜂、刺蛾绒茧蜂、毒蛾绒茧蜂、黑斑茧蜂、善飞狭颊寄蝇及印度栉(虫扇)。对这些天敌的捕食或寄生对象、采集地及3种发生数量较多的寄生性天敌的形态及生物学特性亦作了记述。     

海南草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂调查与基础生物学观察

海南省是我国草地贪夜蛾入侵地之一,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在海南的发生与防控情况,2019年4—7月,中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所专家对海南省18个市县主要玉米种植区的草地贪夜蛾天敌开展了实地调查。本研究将调查区采集到的被寄生卵块、幼虫和蛹置于实验室条件下饲养观察,共发现5种寄生蜂天敌,其中卵寄生蜂为夜蛾黑卵蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂,幼虫寄生蜂为淡足侧沟茧蜂,蛹寄生蜂为霍氏啮小蜂,卵-幼虫寄生蜂为台湾甲腹茧蜂,并报道了这5种寄生蜂的主要鉴别特征和基本生物学特性。掌握海南本地草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂天敌的种类,初步探究了其对这种外来入侵害虫的自然控制作用,为筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的优势天敌提供参考。     

褐圆蚧黄金蚜小蜂的初步观察

黄金蚜小蜂[Ahpytis chrysomphali(Mercet)]是茶树褐圆蚊(Chrysomphalusficus Ashmead)的主要天敌之一。据1983年室内外饲养观察结果,该蜂对褐圆蚧的自然寄生率平均达12.7％。虽然寄生褐圆蚧的天敌同时有7～8种,但黄金蚜小蜂的寄生率比其它几种较高。现将观察结果作一报道。     

Functional and numerical responses of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the functional and numerical responses of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet parasitizing cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Parasitoids were isolated singly for 24 h in 5 cm petri dishes with either 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 or 100 second nymphal stages of B. tabaci. Results showed a typical type II functional response, with up to 43.2 hosts attacked when 100 hosts were provided. The rate of attack and handling time were 0.0465 and 0.3341 days, respectively. At above mentioned densities, the parasitoids lived an average of approximately 4 days. At host densities of < or =20 host/day, the total number of eggs laid was limited by the number of hosts available. Total fecundity was highest with an average of 196 eggs/female at density 100.     

Parasitoids of the grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) in northwestern Mexico

Nine species of parasitoids were collected from pupae of the grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) in Caborca, Sonora in northwestern Mexico. The parasitoids detected and the percentage parasitization observed were: Ametadoria misella (Wulp), (Diptera: Tachinidae) 29.3%; Hockeria rubra (Ash.), and a species from the genus Euchalcidia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), plus five suspected species, all from the family Eulophidae, and a species from the genus Arachnophaga (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), 21.6%. Mortality due to unknown causes was 13.7%. In all, 64.6% parasitization and mortality was observed. The most abundant parasitoids were the five unidentified suspected species of Eulophidae, which corresponded to 46% of the total collected; the species from the genus Euchalcidia made up 31% of the total; the tachinid fly, Ametadoria misella comprised 15%; Hockeria rubra comprised 8%, and the species from the genus Arachnophaga comprised < 1%.     

Comparison of Yellow and Blue Sticky Cards for Detection and Monitoring Parasitoid Wasps of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is a significant agricultural and urban nuisance pest in many parts of the world. In North America, biological control of H. halys by parasitoid wasps in the families Scelionidae and Eupelmidae has shown promise. An effective technique for detection and monitoring native and exotic parasitoids is the deployment of yellow sticky cards; however, yellow cards also attract nontarget arthropods, reducing efficiency and accuracy of parasitoid screening. This study sought to identify an alternative yet effective trapping technique by comparing the number of target parasitoid wasps [Anastatus spp. Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Telenomus spp. Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and Trissolcus spp. Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)] and arthropod bycatch on yellow and blue sticky cards deployed in urban, orchard, and vegetable landscapes in northern Utah from late May to early October in 2019 and 2020. Yellow sticky cards captured 54–72% more target parasitoids than blue cards from June through August in all three landscape types in both years; however, a positive correlation in parasitoid capture indicated blue cards detect target parasitoids, just in fewer numbers. Both card colors detected adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in initial findings of 2019, and in expanded locations of 2020. Furthermore, blue cards captured 31–48% less Diptera and nontarget Hymenoptera than yellow cards in both years across all three landscapes, translating to reduced card processing time and impacts to beneficial insect populations. Our results suggest that blue vs yellow sticky cards offer an alternative monitoring technique to survey for H. halys parasitoids.     

烟粉虱对寄主植物的选择

烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]是小黑瓢虫[Delphastus catalinae(Horn)]的捕食猎物之一。提供6种寄主植物进行烟粉虱的选择试验,发现寄主植物对烟粉虱生长发育和存活的影响不明显,主要影响其成虫生殖力和种群增长。通过比较烟粉虱的种群增长指数(I),发现花椰菜、一品红、豇豆和烟草这4种寄主植物比较适合用于人工大量繁育烟粉虱,其中花椰菜的饲养效果最佳,最有利于烟粉虱种群的快速增长。     

Economic impact of classical biological control of papaya mealybug in India

Farmers in Tamil Nadu, India began to report that a new pest was affecting papaya (Carica papaya L.) in 2006. Numerous applications of insecticide were made, but papaya losses were severe and the pest spread to several other crops. The pest was identified in 2008 as the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and a classical biological control program was initiated. Three parasitoids, Acerophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff, Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes and Schauff, and Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were imported from Puerto Rico in July 2010, and A. papayae was multiplied and released. Excellent control of the papaya mealybug was obtained within five months, pesticide usage was reduced, and production and income were increased. The purpose of this article is to quantify the economic benefits of this classical biological control program. The annual economic benefits for the five most important crops affected by the biocontrol program range from $121 million to $309 million, and the net present value of benefits over five years total $524 million to $1.34 billion. Implications are drawn for biological control programs in other countries.     

The role of parasitic Hymenoptera in integrated pest management in fruit orchards

Parasitic Hymenoptera are some of the most abundant natural enemies of all fruit pests. Their role is rather variable in relation to the type of agroecosystem. Several approaches (introduction of exotic species, inoculative and inundative releases, measures for conservation of the existing species, etc.) can be implemented to increase the role of the parasitoids in controlling pest species. Classical biological, when applicable, as against several citrus pests, is still the most ecologically and economically sound method. The role parasitoids play in the regulation of pest populations remains uncertain, but much evidence for its importance as a regulatory factor comes from biological control programs.     

Bioassay evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassaina Vuellemin against eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

This study was carried out to determine the lethal effect of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassaina Vuell. on eggs, young and old nymphs of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. Mortality percentage was significantly differed based on stage of B. tabaci and conidial concentrations of B. bassina. Average of the infection level to insect was very low particularly in eggs with only 4.49%, even with higher conidial concentrations (6 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1)). Whereas, it was higher with 1st and 2nd instars (42.045%) and 3rd and 4th instars (35.93%). Three parameters was assessed with B. tabaci eggs, namely; egg infection, egg hatchability and crawlers emergence. Egg mortality percentages averaged 1.2, 4.27 and 8.0% with fungal concentration 2 x 10(6), 4 x 10(6) and 6 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1), respectively. Daily infection percentages were varied depend upon the conidial concentration where the highest infection rate of eggs was occurred with 6 x 10(6), followed by 4 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1). Egg hatch was very high, while the mortality among the emerged crawlers was neglectable compared with the check. Efficiency of B. bassaina on whitefly nymphs also was varied based on the insect instar and fungal concentration. Mortality percentages were obviously higher to young nymphs (1st and 2nd instars) than to older ones (3rd and 4th instars). The results indicated that nymphs were highly susceptible to fungal treatment compared with eggs. Additionally, pathogenicity and virulence of B. bassaina against B. tabaci immatures was not indicated by LC50 only, but also, by the time in days (LT50) required to achieve 50% mortality of an insect.     

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂雌性生殖系统、寄生习性及幼期发育的研究

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂（Coccobius azumai Tachikawa）是松突圆蚧（Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi）的主要寄生性天敌之一。解剖花角蚜小蜂的雌性生殖系统,发现其卵巢左右成对,每侧卵巢各由3条卵巢管组成;两侧卵巢管端丝集结在一起形成悬带,左右两侧悬带分离,不形成中悬带。通过电镜扫描观察,发现花角蚜小蜂产卵器上具毛形感觉器、感觉孔、表皮刺和腔形感觉器。花角蚜小蜂的寄生过程分为：搜索、寄主定位、寄主试探、穿刺、产卵和梳理等几个步骤。生殖方式为两性生殖和孤雌生殖,重寄生产雄性个体。个体发育经过卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫等4个虫态。