中草药方剂对施氏鲟血浆和肝脏中一氧化氮、丙二醛含量及一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

实验采用灌服的方法研究了11种中草药复方制剂对1+龄施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)生长及免疫指标的影响.实验包括6个复方和5个单方中草药添加组,每组设对照.各方剂按通常添加剂的用量对实验鱼灌服,日灌服量为每100g鱼体重灌服0.3ml药液,每日按鱼体重的2%投喂鱼类基础饲料.结果显示:贯众、方剂四、鱼腥草能显著性增加施氏鲟血浆中NO的含量,方剂五、当归、黄芪、茯苓能显著性降低施氏鲟血浆中NO的含量,鱼腥草、黄芪、甘草能显著性降低施氏鲟肝脏中NO的含量;方剂二能显著性增加施氏鲟血浆和组织样中NOS的含量;除黄芪、甘草、茯苓外其他其它中草药方剂均有降低施氏鲟血浆和组织样中MDA含量的作用.     

黄芪、甘草和茯苓对施氏鲟热应激状态下生长及血液生化指标的影响

给体质量为0.09~0.10 kg的1~+龄施氏鲟Acipenser schrencki分别按照0.3g/kg、0.24g/kg和0.3g/kg体质量的剂量每日口灌黄芪Astragalus mongholicus、甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis或茯苓Poria cocos水煎剂一次,连续给药21d,对照组鱼口灌蒸馏水。停药24h后每组取15尾施氏鲟放入30℃控温水族箱中热刺激2h,然后与22℃正常水温下饲养的施氏鲟一同尾静脉采血,测定施氏鲟的体质量与血清中碱性磷酸酶等酶的活性及总胆红素、甘油三脂等活性物质的含量,研究单方中草药黄芪、甘草或茯苓对施氏鲟生长性能及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:施氏鲟血清中谷丙转氨酶活性甘草常温组最高[(133.25±64.36)IU/L],对照高温组最低[(68.25±29.33)IU/L];谷草转氨酶活性对照高温组最高[(1 176.67±245.42)IU/L],黄芪常温组与高温组均显著低于对照高温组(P0.05)。这三种中药单方可促进施氏鲟的生长,甘草和茯苓在促进施氏鲟机体代谢方面有一定作用,热应激状态下黄芪保护了鱼体肝肾免受损伤。黄芪催化血清中的尿酸含量显著升高,显示出保护鱼体心血管的作用。     

复方中药对施氏鲟非特异性免疫功能的影响

以施氏鲟（Acipenser schrencki）为实验对象,探讨自组中药方剂（复方A）水煎剂对鲟鱼体内部分非特异性免疫功能指标的影响。将1＋龄施氏鲟随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。每日按1.1g·kg-1体质量口灌给药,连续7d。给药结束后,每组取10尾鱼高温30℃热刺激2h后,与常温22℃实验组共同采样,测定鱼血浆中蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬及6种组织中溶菌酶活性。结果表明：连续7d口灌复方A有效提高了施氏鲟血浆中总蛋白和球蛋白含量及6种组织中溶菌酶活性,促进了白细胞吞噬作用;在高温应激条件下能调节机体做出快速应激反应,但在高温条件下对部分组织中溶菌酶活性有一定的抑制作用。     

三种中药方剂对施氏鲟抗氧化能力的影响

在水温22℃下,将平均体质量为0.08±0.10 kg的施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）在室内水族箱（0.90 m×0.50 m×0.45 m）中预饲两周后,每日口灌给药一次中药贯众、方剂一和方剂二水煎剂,剂量分别为9、175和36g.50kg-1体质量,口灌蒸馏水为对照组,连续给药14d。然后,取部分鱼高温30℃热刺激2h后,与常温22℃给药的实验组共同采样,测定血液和肝脏内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）含量。结果表明,三种中药方剂均能提高施氏鲟抗氧化能力。贯众能有效提高施氏鲟组织中SOD活性,在热刺激情况下,促进鱼体快速应答,降低鱼体内MDA含量,但可能对肝脏造成一定负担,需慎重给药。方剂一能有效降低鱼体内MDA含量,促进机体对热应激做出快速有效应答反应;方剂二抗氧自由基效果较好,受高温热刺激影响不大。     

中草药复方添加剂对施氏鲟生长及血液生化指标的影响

实验研究了7种复方中草药作为饲料添加剂对1+龄施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)生长及血液生化指标的影响.240尾鱼共分为8组.7个复方中草药组和1个对照组,对照组投喂不含中草药添加剂的饲料.结果显示:实验中所采用的几种中药复方均对施氏鲟血浆中的总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量具有升高的作用.血清中AKP酶活性,除方六外其余中草药添加组的均较对照组有所升高,其中方四及方五升高明显.反映肝功能的指标中,方五可以显著降低LHD在血清中的含量,方二对ALT有显著降低的作用,方一、方四、方五可以显著降低AST在血清中的水平.大部分所选中药方剂对血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCR)、钙、磷含量的影响不显著,方二和方四能显著升高血糖含量;方二、方六和方七还能提高鲟鱼血清铁的水平.研究结果表明这几种方剂具有促进机体代谢功能的作用.     

间断性投喂三种复方中草药对施氏鲟生长及免疫功能的影响

以刺五加、藿香、党参和五味子组成中草药复方一(添加量0.4g/kg);茵陈、大黄、黄芩等组成复方二(0.75g/kg);贯众、大青叶、板蓝根、紫草根等组成复方三(1.86g/kg),水煎剂拌饲。在水温(15.5±1)℃下,将体质量(115±4)g的施氏鲟Acipenser schrencki Brandt饲养于室内半径为1m的圆形水泥池中2.5个月,饲养试验期间每月前15d投喂上述药饵,后15d投喂基础饲料,对照组全程投喂基础饲料,日投喂量为2%,并于试验第16d、46d和76d测定鱼体质量、血清、肝脏、脾脏及头肾中免疫酶的活性,探讨三个中药复方对施氏鲟生长及免疫功能的影响。结果表明:3组中草药均能促进施氏鲟生长,与对照组相比,复方Ⅱ组促进施氏鲟生长显著(P0.05)。实验第16d,复方Ⅰ和Ⅲ组中草药可显著提高施氏鲟头肾中溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性(P0.05),复方Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组施氏鲟脾脏中AKP及血清中CAT活性显著提高(P0.05);实验第46d,复方Ⅰ和Ⅲ组施氏鲟脾脏和头肾中LZM、AKP和CAT活性、血清中AKP活性及复方Ⅰ组肝脏中AKP活性显著提高(P0.05);实验第76d,复方Ⅰ和Ⅱ组施氏鲟肝脏中AKP活性和脾脏中LZM活性及复方Ⅱ组施氏鲟脾脏中CAT活性显著提高(P0.05)。综合比较,中草药复方Ⅱ在间断性给药方式下提高施氏鲟生长及免疫能力的效果较好。     

饲料中添加姜黄素对杂交鲟幼鱼代谢酶、抗氧化和肠道结构的影响

为评价饲料中添加不同水平的姜黄素对杂交鲟(Acipenserbaeri♂×Acipenserschrenckii♀)幼鱼生长和形体指标、血清生化、代谢酶活性、抗氧化功能和肠道结构的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.025 g/kg、0.05 g/kg、0.1 g/kg和0.2 g/kg的姜黄素配制成5种饲料,投喂初始体重(16.24±0.11) g的杂交鲟幼鱼。实验分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果显示:饲料中添加姜黄素对杂交鲟幼鱼生长没有产生显著影响。血清总胆固醇(TG)含量在姜黄素添加量为0.2 g/kg时显著降低(P<0.05)。肝谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性在0.05 g/kg姜黄素组明显降低,谷草转氨酶(AST)活性在0.05 g/kg、0.1 g/kg、0.2 g/kg添加量时活性显著降低(P<0.05)。十二指肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶分别在0.05g/kg和0.1g/kg姜黄素组活性显著升高(P<0.05)。血清丙二醛(MDA)含量在0.025g/kg时显著降低(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在0.025g/kg时显著高于对照组(P<...     

诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟体内蓄积规律及其对组织的病理损伤

为了确定诺氟沙星在鲟养殖中的科学使用方法,对不同剂量、不同给药次数情况下诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)体内蓄积规律及毒性进行了研究。分别以0、30 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg的剂量对西伯利亚鲟连续口灌诺氟沙星3~5 d,每天1次,并于停药后24 h及240 h采集实验鱼血、肝、肾及软骨组织,对4种组织中药物蓄积量进行测定,并对肝、肾和软骨组织进行切片观察。实验结果表明:随着给药剂量增加、给药次数增多,实验鱼4种组织中诺氟沙星浓度逐渐升高,浓度由高到低依次为为:肾、软骨、肝、血清,且血清中药物浓度远远低于另外3种组织。相同给药剂量、不同给药次数时血清中药物浓度无显著差异;而肝、肾和软骨中均差异显著,停药240 h后,显著性消失。切片结果表明,50 mg/kg剂量连续给药5 d后,实验鲟肝、肾组织开始结构损伤变化,100 mg/kg剂量连续给药3~5 d后,损伤情况持续加重,停药240 h后,肝组织损伤情况有逐渐恢复趋势,而肾组织未见明显恢复趋势;而100 mg/kg连续给药3~5 d后,软骨组织出现软骨膜内层细胞减少;停药240 h后有恢复趋势。研究结果表明,诺氟沙星在鲟中使用剂量应小于50 mg/kg,连续给药次数低于5次,以避免对鲟肝组织造成损伤,引起肾不可逆损伤及影响软骨细胞发育和再生,对软骨组织造成潜在影响。     

盐酸氯苯胍在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。     

饲料中甲基睾酮含量对阿里雌鱼生长及体色的影响

为探明甲基睾酮对阿里雌鱼生长及体色的影响,在水温22～24℃下,将初始体质量(5.78±1.05)g的阿里雌鱼450尾随机分为5组,每组3个平行,每个平行30尾,饲养于75 cm×60 cm×28 cm水族缸中,分别投喂含甲基睾酮0、4、8、12、16 mg/kg 5个梯度的饲料,观察8周增色时间和4周停药期鱼的生长及...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).