甜菜育种动向与展望

回顾和综述了甜菜育种的主要动向:群体选择(类型选种)、品质育种、远缘杂交育种、抗病育种、多系品种的培育及形态特征的遗传规律研究。讨论了甜菜育种技术上的主要变异特点:积极创新和寻找新的遗传变异,突出杂交和选择是甜菜育种的基本手段,选种过程中注意个体间在群体的表现,加速世代繁殖、缩短育种年限,组织培养技术的发展是提高育种的新途径。并根据多年育种实践提出宝贵经验和策略:确定甜菜育种目标要有的放矢,从育种目标需要出发、有针对性地研究;探索育种目标简便有效的测定技术;发挥多学科联合攻关及协作、选育新品种。     

新疆棉花超高产育种技术初探

要较大幅度提高新疆棉花品种的产量,进行棉花超高产育种是唯一的出路。本文从新疆棉花超高产育种现状分析,提出了新疆棉花超高产育种指标,建议应加强超高产育种的应用基础研究,同时提出了关键措施及实践的主要技术途径。     

农业部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室2016年开放课题指南

<正>农业部油料作物生物学与遗传育种(综合性)重点实验室依托中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,牵头建设农业部油料作物生物学与遗传育种学科群,其主要研究方向为油料作物种质资源及基因挖掘、油料作物品质及特殊代谢物的合成调控与测试技术、油料作物基因组学、油料作物分子设计育种理论与技术、油料高产     

寒地水稻花培技术研究及其在育种中的应用

水稻花培技术即水稻的花药离体培养技术,该技术主要步骤包括,接种材料的确定及低温处理;花药接种及去分化培养;再分化培养及壮苗培养。应用寒地粳稻花培育种先后育成了16个品种,其中龙粳31为全国单年种植面积最大的粳稻品种,并获得黑龙江省农业科技进步一等奖。因此,在今后的寒地水稻育种工作中仍需将花培育种及常规育种相结合。     

玉米转基因育种技术概述

随着生物技术的迅猛发展,农作物育种科学也有了新的突破.目前以转基因技术为手段和方法的高新技术育种正在成为国际作物育种的新途径.同样,转基因育种技术也是未来玉米育种的主要发展趋势和方向.转基因玉米是仅次于大豆的第二大转基因作物.转基因玉米育种研究中所使用的外源DNA导入方法主要有:农杆菌介导法,基因枪法,花粉管通道技术,子房注入法,聚乙二醇介导法等.     

波兰甜菜育种经验对我们的启示

1988年7～10月,笔者到波兰学习了甜菜育种技术。3个月内,访问了波兰甜菜各育种机构,比较详细地了解了波兰的甜菜育种方法。本文着重就有关波兰现代育种的主要方法、工作重点、发展趋势及如何发展我国的甜菜育种事业等问题谈谈看法,供商榷。单粒型育种的主要方法目前,波兰的甜菜品种构成方式基本上是单粒二倍体雄性不孕系与二倍体或四倍体多粒授粉者杂交,利用用杂种一代优势。单粒二倍体不育系主要是通过国际合作途径或私人     

河南花生品种演变及育种策略

分析了河南省花生育种工作取得的主要成就,品种演变过程及育种工作现状,提出了河南省花生育种工作持续快速发展策略,即在高产、优质、多抗综合性育种基础上,突出产量,重视品质,强调抗性,向多样化、专用型方向发展。同时将远缘杂交、辐射诱变、细胞工程、基因工程等高新育种技术同常规育种方法相结合,建立高效育种体系,多出、快出品种,增加科技贮备。     

茶树遗传育种研究进展

本文重点介绍了80年代至90年代初国内外茶树遗传育种研究进展,内容包括:(1)主要产茶国中国、印度、日本、斯里兰卡育成的一批性状独特的茶树良种;(2)种间杂种的利用;(3)育种技术的研究,主要综述早期鉴定技术与育种新技术;(4)茶树遗传习性研究,着重阐述各种研究方法及其研究结果。参考国内外文献共65篇。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养技术及其单倍体应用研究进展

油菜小孢子培养已经成为油菜育种和生物技术的一项重要内容。由于影响小孢子成胚和成苗的因素较多,低诱导频率及成苗率严重限制了该技术在育种中的应用。为了全面了解小孢子胚状体发生能力及影响再生体系的各项因素,掌握该技术的研究动态和发展方向,总结了近20年来国内外影响小孢子培养的主要因素：供体植株基因型、供体植株生长条件及生理状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基组成、培养条件,及其在双单倍体育种、诱变育种、转基因育种等领域中的应用。     

湖南棉花育种的现状与策略剖析

通过对近几年湖南省棉花育种情况的总结,介绍了湖南棉花生产应用的历史成就和巨大影响,分析了当前棉花育种的现状,指出了存在的主要问题,提出了今后湖南省棉花育种须以种质资源创新与评价、棉花分子育种、常规棉品种选育、适合轻简化品种选育、杂种优势技术,抗病性研究与新材料创制及应用为主的育种策略。     

北方两系杂交粳稻品质相关性状的分析

杂交粳稻尤其是两系杂交粳稻的发展缓慢,两系杂交粳稻品质性状较差严重的影响其发展。为此本研究以辽宁盐碱地利用研究所最新育成的两系杂交粳稻为试验试材,主栽常规稻品种为对照,对北方两系杂交粳稻外观品质,蒸煮品质,食味营养品质等相关稻米品质指标进行了测定。相关结果如下:与常规粳稻相比,两系杂交粳稻存在显著的产量优势,但外观品质、蒸煮品质和食味得分略有不足。研究结果所得提高稻米光泽,适当减少稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量将有助于提高两系杂交粳稻的品质。     

中国水稻品种推广趋向分析

对1986-2003年全国水稻主要推广品种的分析表明,"七五"以来中国水稻品种推广趋向表现为:品种数量明显增加,单个品种年均推广面积显著下降,大面积推广品种逐渐减少,主栽品种跨省推广比例及更新速度基本稳定.对常规稻与杂交稻品种推广情况作了比较,对水稻品种推广与水稻育种、种业发展等问题进行了讨论.     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

湖南省审定的水稻品种白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性分析

以湖南省水稻区试抗性鉴定结果为依据,对1985-2007年通过湖南省审(认)定的282个水稻品种(组合)进行了白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性分析.在审定的205个杂交稻组合中,表现抗或中抗白叶枯病的组合有30个,占14.6％,表现抗或中抗稻瘟病的组合有9个,占4.4％;在审定的77个常规稻品种中,抗或中抗白叶枯病的品种有23个,占29.9％,抗或中抗稻瘟病的品种有19个,占24.7％.说明湖南杂交水稻抗性育种水平急需提升.     

Yield potential and radiation use efficiency of “super” hybrid rice grown under subtropical conditions

China's “super” hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. It is controversial whether these “super” hybrid varieties have increased the yield potential of irrigated rice. This study was conducted to compare grain yield and yield attributes among “super” hybrid, ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties. Field experiments were done in Liuyang (moderate-yielding site) and Guidong (high-yielding site) counties, Hunan Province, China, in 2007 and 2008. Two varieties from each varietal group were grown in each field experiment under moderate and high N rates. Grain yield, yield components, aboveground total dry weight, harvest index, total N uptake, and crop radiation use efficiency (RUE) were measured for each variety. A significant difference in grain yield was observed among the varieties and varietal groups but not between the two N rates. “Super” hybrid varieties have increased rice yield potential by 12% compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties. The higher grain yield of “super” hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in both source and sink. “Super” hybrid varieties produced more biomass than ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties. Long growth duration and high accumulated incident radiation were partially responsible for high biomass production for the “super” hybrid varieties. “Super” hybrid varieties had significantly larger panicle size (spikelets per panicle) than ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties, which resulted in larger sink size (spikelets per m²). Crop RUE did not explain the yield superiority of “super” hybrid rice. Our study suggests that “super” hybrid rice varieties do not necessarily require more N fertilizer to produce high grain yield.     

Feasibility of Improving Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Seeding Efficiency by Using Rice Varieties with Low Seed Weight

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has offered a promising platform for rice direct seeding that can substantially reduce labor input in the crop establishment process. However, the insufficient payload capacity of UAV-based seeders is currently limiting its intensive and large-scale use for rice direct seeding. This study indicated a large variation in seed weight across varieties, ranging from 15.0 to 36.5 mg and 14.0 to 31.3 mg for inbred and hybrid varieties, respectively, with average seed weights of 25.3 mg for inbred and 24.7 mg for hybrid varieties. Seed weights of 160 out of 4 106 inbred varieties and 17 out of 311 hybrid varieties ranged from 15.0 to 20.0 mg. Reducing seed weight from 25.0 to 15.0 mg increased the seeding area per UAV flight by 67% regardless of inbred and hybrid varieties, although the absolute increase in seeding area for hybrid variety was greater than that for inbred variety because of the difference in seeding rate. The grain yield of inbred varieties was reduced when the seed weight was less than 24 mg. Moreover, 87% of inbred varieties with a seed weight ≤ 20 mg were distributed in South China where rice consumers prefer small rice grains. Therefore, the use of low-seed-weight inbred varieties for improving UAV seeding efficiency might be considered in South China. Unlike inbred rice, 64% of hybrid varieties had higher grain weights compared with their seed weights, and reducing seed weights did not necessarily cause yield loss. Therefore, the small-seed-and-large-grain strategy in hybrid rice could be used for improving UAV seeding efficiency without yield loss. This strategy can be considered for improving UAV seeding efficiency in rice production regions other than South China.     

海南岛乐东盆地黑米育种实践与展望

黑米是全谷物食品,营养丰富,具有多种保健功能。在海南岛乐东盆地,笔者利用得天独厚的生态环境开展黑米育种研究。主要采用多重复合杂交,结合群体选择的技术路线,10余年来共审定了2个黑米新品种,并有多个品系参加区试。本文总结了黑米育种技术、品种特性及配套栽培技术,并对未来黑米育种的方向及花青素利用提出了建议。     

我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异分析

 采用40个SSR标记,分析了329份我国近50年来常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异。结果显示,39个SSR标记具有多态性,在多态性位点共检测到223个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均57个;平均Nei基因多样性指数（He）为0632。籼粳亚种间的SSR变异差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 54,He = 0440）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 44,He = 0397）。Nei遗传相似系数表明总体样本具有较小的遗传相似度（I = 0366）,而骨干亲本具有较高的遗传相似度（籼:I = 0590;粳:I = 0590）。这导致了籼粳亚种内较高的遗传一致性（籼:I = 0558;粳:I = 0600）。早、中、晚稻各类型遗传相似度差异明显,晚籼和早粳类型具有较高的遗传变异。籼粳稻品种尤其是粳稻的聚类结果显示出较强的季节型和地域特征。这些均提示育种家应选择更广泛的亲本源以拓宽选育品种的遗传基础。     

广西香稻育种现状及发展策略

对21世纪以来广西香稻品种的审定情况及广西自育香稻品种的产量、品质以及抗性等进行统计分析,探明了广西香稻的育种现状及存在问题,如广西通过审定的香稻品种中自育品种较少,且多为常规稻品种;自育香稻品种的优质达标率较低,主要原因是直链淀粉含量偏低;自育香稻品种株高适中,多为大粒型品种,后期育成品种产量有所提高,主要通过育成大穗型品种来实现;自育香稻品种稻瘟病抗性整体较差,白叶枯病前期抗性表现较好、后期出现退步等。今后应加强香稻品种的选育力度,特别是杂交香稻品种的选育力度;加快香稻品种鉴定技术的研究和利用,为香稻品种的审定提供技术支撑;加强中等偏低直链淀粉含量香稻品种的选育,以市场需求为导向,制定广西优质稻米相关地方标准,特别注重直链淀粉含量标准的调整;把提高稻瘟病抗性作为香稻品种选育过程中的重点工作内容等。     

黑龙江粳稻育种研究进展与展望

黑龙江是我国粳稻生产大省,总产量、商品量、商品率、商品调出量和人均生产稻谷量全国第一,这主要源自水稻新品种的不断更新换代。近年来,黑龙江省粳稻育种取得了长足发展,创建了寒地早粳稻“一早三抗”半直立穗新株型育种理论和技术体系,培育出以龙粳31为代表的一批优质高产多抗水稻新品种,结束了日本品种空育131独霸我国寒地早粳稻生产10多年的历史,2020年以龙粳31为代表的“寒地早粳稻优质高产多抗龙粳新品种”被评为国家“十三五”十大农业科技标志性成果,标志着我国寒地早粳稻育种取得了历史性突破,在产量、抗性、适应性、应用面积等均超过国内外同类稻区的著名品种,达到世界领先水平。本文针对黑龙江粳稻育种存在的问题,提出了相应建议和对策。