滇型籼粳杂交水稻育种实践与策略

水稻籼、粳亚种杂交,杂种优势强。为了选育出竞争优势很强的籼粳杂交稻,首先应用籼、粳亚种的品种或材料进行杂交,以选育出籼粳交的保持系、恢复系或材料;其次用籼粳交的保持系或材料转育成不育系或材料;第三用籼、粳稻不育系或材料与籼粳交的恢复系或材料测交;第四用籼粳交的不育系或材料与籼、粳稻品种或材料测交;第五用籼粳交的不育系或材料与籼粳交的恢复系或材料进行广泛测交,再从中选出竞争优势强的籼粳杂交组合;第六,经过试种、鉴定,选出竞争优势极强的籼粳杂交稻。     

籼粳交恢复系D091的选育及应用

D0 91是四川省原子核应用技术研究所用广亲和中粳株系 0 2 42 8作母本 ,含育性恢复基因的籼型中间材料作父本杂交而成的籼粳交恢复系。该恢复系株型好 ,穗大 ,杂种优势强 ,米质优 ,花粉量足 ,与不育系N2 A配组育成的糯优 2号于 1999年通过四川省品种审定     

晚粳不育系甬粳2号A及其籼粳杂交晚稻组合的选育及应用

采用粳不/籼恢三系法途径,以优良晚粳型核质互作雄性不育系选育和对粳型不育系强恢的中籼型恢复系选育为突破口,育成综合性状优、易被籼稻恢复系恢复的晚粳型不育系甬粳2号A和多个强恢中籼恢复系,并以甬粳2号A为母本、中籼恢复系为父本育成了4个籼粳杂交晚稻组合通过国家和多省审定或认定,在浙江、福建、广西、江西等省大面积推广应用。甬粳2号A及其籼粳杂交晚稻组合的选育及大面积推广应用,表明三系法粳不/籼恢是籼粳杂种优势利用的重要途径。     

籼型细胞质雄性不育系介导籼粳交的籼稻育种

为提高籼粳交育种效率,提出了籼型细胞质雄性不育系介导籼粳交的籼稻育种方法,其杂交模式为(IA/JB)F1/IR,即(籼型细胞质雄性不育系/对细胞质雄性不育具有保持能力的粳稻品种)F1/具有恢复能力的籼稻品种或恢复系,全面探讨了该方法的技术细节,介绍了利用该方法选育籼型三系恢复系的育种实践。     

杂交中籼组合协优9019的高产及稳产性研究

安徽省农科院水稻所用籼稻恢复系与广亲和粳稻品种杂交,利用广亲和基因克服籼粳交不亲和的技术障碍,育成强优恢复系9019,拓宽了我国恢复系的遗传背景,继而配组育成杂交中籼组合协优9019,2005年通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定,现已大面积应用,取得了较好的社会、经济效益。多年区试及旱作、耐低氮等试验结果表明,协优9019具有高产稳产、适应性强等特点,深受农民欢迎。     

高产杂交籼稻新组合协优4090

协优4090系浙江省台州市农科院、勿忘农集团有限公司用协青早A与自育籼粳交新恢复系t4090配组育成的杂交籼稻新组合。经2002—2005年4 a各级各类试验和多点示范试种,表现出高产稳产、米质较优、生育期适中、适应性广等特点,适宜长江中下游稻区作中晚稻种植。2006年5月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

籼粳交恢复系对杂交稻米垩白的影响

本文探讨了不同不育系对杂交稻米垩白的影响和籼粳交恢复系对杂交稻米垩白的影响。得出杂交稻组合的Ｆ２垩白受母体影响较大，而部分籼粳交米质较好的偏粳恢复系可以改善杂交稻Ｆ２的垩白率和垩白度，从而选到透明度好的杂交稻组合。     

4份籼粳中间型广亲和恢复系的生物学特性及其杂种优势利用

 通过籼粳杂交、广亲和特性鉴定以及育性恢复能力测定等手段,选育出CH58、CH59、C18和C84四个籼粳中间型广亲和恢复系。生物学特性研究结果表明,CH58、CH59、C18和C84的程氏指数分别为11、13、13和15,其中CH58、CH59和C18的籼粳属性为偏籼,C84为偏粳。广亲和特性鉴定和育性恢复能力测定结果表明,四个恢复系具有良好的广亲和性,且都能恢复滇型、BT型、矮败型等粳稻不育系以及野败型、印水型等籼稻不育系的育性,恢复谱广。花时特性研究表明,籼粳中间型广亲和恢复系的开花高峰要明显早于粳稻不育系春江16A。粳不籼恢亚种间杂交稻在单株产量、每穗粒数、二次枝梗数、株高、一次枝梗数和剑叶宽等性状上表现出明显的中亲优势和竞争优势。利用CH58等四个籼粳中间型广亲和恢复系与粳稻不育系配组,已选育出春优58、春优658、春优59、春优618等粳不籼恢亚种间杂交稻,已通过国家、浙江省等品种审定。CH58等四个籼粳中间型广亲和恢复系广亲和性好,恢复谱广,在三系法籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用中具有良好的应用前景。     

六优3—2

六优３—２系江苏省农科院粮作所于１９８２年用粳稻不育系六千辛Ａ与恢复系宁恢３—２配组育成。其母本六千辛Ａ是以ＢＴ型矮秆黄Ａ为母本，中粳品系６９１／千重浪／Ｚｅｎｉｔｈ（简称六千辛）为父本，回交转育成的中粳不育系，１９８１年定型，不育性稳定，可恢复性好。恢复系宁恢３—２为几内亚的模型陆稻粘利作母本，选用籼粳交后代偏粳型恢复系粳７６２３为父本，杂交培育而成的中便恢复系。该组合１９８９年４月经江苏省第九次农作物品种审定小组审定通过。１产量表现该组合１９８７年参加江苏省杂交粳稻（中熟组）区试，７个点平均…     

协优7954在金华的试种表现及其高产栽培技术

协优7954系浙江省农科院作物所以籼粳交恢复系浙恢7954与协青早A配组而成的籼型杂交稻新组合,于2001年4月通过浙江省品种审定.该组合在浙江金华种植,具有丰产性好、耐肥抗倒、生育期适中、后期转色好、中抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病、米质较好等特点,可作单季或连作晚稻种植.总结了其高产栽培技术.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.