柑橘果实有机酸代谢研究进展

柑橘果实中有机酸含量是决定果实品质好坏的重要指标之一,降低果实中有机酸含量提高果实品质一直是人们研究的一个热点及难点。综述了柑橘果实中柠檬酸的合成与降解、柑橘果实中有机酸代谢相关酶、柑橘果实柠檬酸的跨膜运输及柑橘果实有机酸的调控等方面内容。尤其是柠檬酸新的降解途径、柠檬酸跨膜运输时液泡内外柠檬酸盐的动静态平衡和分子方面给出了国内外最新研究进展,推测柑橘果实发育后期柠檬酸的急剧下降可能是由于其参与了GABA途径并最终代谢成氨基酸而导致的;详细介绍了柠檬酸离子与氢离子在液泡内外转运的模型。最后总结讨论了柑橘果实有机酸调控的思路,提出了今后的研究方向、思路和需要解决的问题。     

脐橙果实发育过程中有机酸合成代谢酶活性的变化

 以红桔砧10 年生罗伯逊脐橙为试材, 研究了果实发育过程中有机酸代谢相关酶活性的变化及其与有机酸积累的关系。结果表明: 在整个果实发育过程中, 柠檬酸合成酶(CS) 和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC) 活性与有机酸含量呈极显著正相关。这不仅证明脐橙果实中存在通过CO₂ 固定合成有机酸的途径, 还说明CS、PEPC 是有机酸合成的关键酶, 抑制CS 的活性能降低果实中有机酸的生成量。     

梨果实有机酸代谢研究进展

在全面收集了国内外相关研究文献的基础上,综述了梨果实中有机酸的组分,有机酸对果实品质的影响,果实中有机酸的含量,果实中有机酸的来源和遗传,果实发育过程中有机酸变化,有机酸代谢酶与果实有机酸含量的关系,有机酸与果实的抗性和影响果实有机酸含量的主要环境因素,并提出了今后梨有机酸代谢研究的方向.     

果实有机酸代谢研究进展

果实中有机酸组成与含量是影响果实品质的重要因素,合理调控果实有机酸含量一直是人们关注的研究热点。综述了近年来国内外果实有机酸代谢研究进展,主要包括果实内有机酸的组成,有机酸含量在果实发育过程中的变化,有机酸代谢及相关酶活性变化,有机酸代谢分子生物学研究,内外条件和栽培措施对果实有机酸的影响,果实有机酸含量的调控措施等内容;提出了今后研究中需要解决的问题。     

罗伯逊脐橙在不同生境下果实有机酸代谢相关酶的研究

以罗伯逊脐橙为试材,研究了四川3个生态型区5个代表性园片中的果实有机酸代谢相关酶的活性,以及它们的变化动态与果实有机酸积累关系,旨在探讨引起不同生境下果实有机酸含量差异的主要酶。结果表明,PEPC和CS是影响果实有机酸合成的重要酶,而影响有机酸分解的重要酶则是IDH;在不同生境下,果实整个生长发育过程中CS、MDH和线粒体ACO活性差异不明显,而IDH活性的差异则达到极显著水平,然而花后120d后,果实内PEPC和细胞质ACO活性差异极显著,说明IDH才是引起不同生境下脐橙果实有机酸含量差异的主要酶,而PEPC和细胞质ACO则起一定作用。     

红宝石苹果果实有机酸组分及苹果酸代谢酶活性分析

【目的】测定红宝石苹果果实有机酸组成及其含量，分析苹果酸含量变化与其代谢相关酶的关系，探究红宝石果实低酸特性的生理基础。【方法】以不同生长发育期红宝石和富士2001苹果果实为试验材料，采用蒽酮比色法测定果实总糖含量，高效液相色谱法测定有机酸组分及含量，测定分析果实苹果酸相关代谢酶活性及与苹果酸含量的相关性。【结果】红宝石苹果果实中有机酸成分主要为苹果酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和琥珀酸5种，与富士2001苹果果实中有机酸组分一致，其皆以苹果酸为主。不同发育期2个苹果品种果实中总糖含量相近，但总酸含量差异显著。对果实有机酸不同组分定量分析，发现果实总酸含量差异主要是由苹果酸含量差异所致。进一步分析苹果酸含量与其相关代谢酶活性之间的相关性，发现在发育前期红宝石苹果果实中苹果酸含量大量积累，主要是该时期NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶（NAD-MDH）活性增强促进了苹果酸的大量合成，以及NADP-苹果酸酶（NADP-ME）活性降低减少了苹果酸的分解，富士2001苹果与之类似。【结论】红宝石苹果是苹果酸为主的低酸型苹果品种，NADP-ME和NAD-MDH在其果实苹果酸积累中起主要协同调控作用。     

‘蜂糖李’果实发育过程中有机酸含量变化及其与苹果酸代谢相关酶的关系

【目的】明确‘蜂糖李’果实有机酸组成与含量特点,揭示其发育过程中有机酸含量的变化规律及其与苹果酸代谢相关酶的关系,阐明有机酸积累的关键时期和关键酶。【方法】以‘蜂糖李’及对照‘四月李’为材料,采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatograph,HPLC)分析测试李果实发育过程中有机酸组分及含量,并测定苹果酸代谢相关酶的活性。【结果】利用高效液相色谱分析李果实中有机酸组分及含量,发现‘蜂糖李’果实成熟时总酸含量(ω,后同)为5.94 mg·g-1,包括苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸、莽草酸和琥珀酸6种,其中以苹果酸含量最高(占总酸含量的88%),‘四月李’果实中有机酸组分与‘蜂糖李’一致,均属于苹果酸型。2个李品种果实中总酸含量的差异主要是由苹果酸含量的差异所致。通过分析李果实发育过程中有机酸含量的变化,发现‘蜂糖李’果实中苹果酸含量大量积累的关键时期在果实发育前期,整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,草酸、酒石酸含量逐渐降低,而柠檬酸含量逐渐升高。与‘四月李’相比,‘蜂糖李’果实中苹果酸、草酸、酒石酸及总酸含量的变化趋势与之一致,且苹果酸及总酸含量在整个过程中均显著低于‘四月李’,而柠檬酸含量的变化趋势与之相反。最后通过分析苹果酸含量与相关代谢酶活性之间的相关性,表明‘蜂糖李’果实中苹果酸在果实发育前期大量积累主要是该时期磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性增强促进了苹果酸的大量合成以及NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)活性降低减少苹果酸的分解,与NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶(NAD-MDH)关系不大,而‘四月李’苹果酸积累的关键酶是NAD-MDH。在果实发育后期,‘蜂糖李’及‘四月李’NADP-ME活性迅速升高,前者PEPC活性减弱,后者NAD-MDH活性下降,使得2者果实中苹果酸的降解大于合成而呈降低趋势。【结论】‘蜂糖李’是以苹果酸为主要有机酸的低酸型李品种,其果实中苹果酸积累的关键时期为果实发育前期,苹果酸含量的变化由PEPC和NADP-ME协同调控,而对照‘四月李’由NAD-MDH和NADP-ME起主要的调控作用。     

砧木对“丰水”梨果实有机酸组分和含量变化的影响

以川梨Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.、豆梨P.calleryana Decne.和杜梨P.betulaefolia Bunge果实以及嫁接在这3种砧木上的沙梨品种"丰水"果实为试材,采用高效液相色谱,比较了3种砧木果实与接穗品种果实中有机酸组分和含量变化特点,探讨了砧木对接穗品种果实中有机酸代谢的影响。结果表明,供试砧木和接穗品种果实中有机酸种类上并无显著性差异,均含有草酸、奎宁酸、苹果酸、莽草酸和柠檬酸等5种有机酸,不同砧木对接穗品种丰水梨果实中有机酸代谢具有调控作用,杜梨可以降低丰水梨果实中柠檬酸的含量,导致苹果酸含量与柠檬酸含量的比值升高,从而提高果实品质,梨果实中苹果酸和柠檬酸的含量变化与砧木种类有关,特别是当果实中苹果酸和柠檬酸的含量无显著性差异时,将梨果实有机酸代谢类型分为苹果酸优势型和柠檬酸优势型的分类方法难以应用。     

柑桔果实有机酸代谢研究进展

综述了柑桔果实有机酸代谢,包括柠檬酸的合成、跨膜运输以及分解等方面的 研究成果,重点介绍了其分子生物学方面的研究进展,并指出存在的问题和研究方向。     

柑橘果实柠檬酸积累调控基因研究进展

有机酸是果实主要的品质组分物质之一,直接影响柑橘果实的口感和风味。多数柑橘果实的柠檬酸占总酸含量的70%以上,是主要的有机酸类型。介绍了柑橘果实柠檬酸的代谢途径和国内外柑橘果实柠檬酸研究涉及的果实类型及有机酸特点,综述了参与调控柑橘果实柠檬酸积累的相关基因,指出了柠檬酸合成相关基因CS在不同报道中的功能差异,整理了目前报道的柠檬酸降解相关的Aco、IDH、ACL、GAD、GS基因以及贮藏相关的PH、AHA基因在影响柑橘果实柠檬酸含量中的作用;特别指出了近年来报道的调控柑橘果实柠檬酸积累的相关转录因子研究。柑橘果实柠檬酸积累是一个复杂的过程,受多种因素影响,与其他果实性状研究相比其研究还处于起步阶段。为此,笔者对调控柑橘果实柠檬酸积累的重要基因研究进行了综述,分析了研究现状和存在的不足并展望了今后的研究方向,旨在为柑橘果实柠檬酸代谢研究提供参考。     

枇杷果实成熟和贮藏过程中有机酸的代谢

以高效液相色谱法测定解放钟和早钟六号枇杷成熟过程中及其在8-10℃低温保鲜与MAP保鲜过程中有机酸成分的变化。结果表明:枇杷鲜果中有机酸有苹果酸、乳酸、草酸、酒石酸、富马酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸等,其中主要有机酸为苹果酸(约占85%),其次为乳酸(约占10%),草酸、酒石酸的含量较低,富马酸微量,不含乙酸和琥珀酸。随着采收成熟度的提高与贮藏时间的延长,有机酸的种类增加,总酸含量下降,有机酸代谢消耗主要是苹果酸的代谢消耗。MAP保鲜主要是通过抑制苹果酸的代谢来减少有机酸在贮藏过程中的消耗。     

柑橘果实柠檬酸代谢研究进展

柑橘果实中柠檬酸含量是决定果实品质好坏的重要因素之一.综述柑橘成熟果实中有机酸的种类、柑橘果实发育过程中柠檬酸的代谢、调控、相关酶及柠檬酸代谢的分子生物学研究等内容;详细介绍柠檬酸的代谢途径及相关酶活性的变化,并提出今后的研究方向、思路和需要解决的问题.     

Changes in organic acids and acid metabolism enzymes in melon fruit during development

A novel melon cultivar (‘Flavor No. 3’) containing high acid concentration as well as high sugar content in the mature fruit was successfully bred out. The aim of this study is to determine the main organic acids present in this novel melon and to clarify the mechanisms of acid accumulation. Fruit development and acid accumulation patterns in ‘Flavor No. 3’ were compared with those of a conventional low-acid melon, ‘Xuelihong’. The titratable acidity (TA) and organic acids in fruits were measured at different developmental stages. There is a positive correlation between TA and citric acid content in ‘Flavor No. 3’, indicating that citric acid is the predominant organic acid present throughout the fruit development. The activities of the enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), citrate synthase (CS), aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and malic enzyme (ME), were determined. Although no single enzyme was responsible for citric acid accumulation throughout the fruit development, the activities of ACO and ME were positively correlated with citric acid concentration in the two cultivars from 5 to 25 days after pollination (DAP). Moreover, ACO and ME activities in ‘Flavor No. 3’ increased over time and were higher than those in ‘Xuelihong’, resulting in citric acid accumulation in the fruits of ‘Flavor No. 3’. Although a sharp decrease in ACO activity took place after 25 DAP in the fruits of ‘Flavor No. 3’, the earlier accumulation of citric acid was sufficient enough to maintain the high acid concentration until the melon fruits became mature.     

Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey

In this study, some selected physico-chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, fruit colour, fruit juice yield, fruit weight, organic acids, pH, total phenolic and total soluble solid contents) of five black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes grown in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey was investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of black mulberry fruits were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu and β-carotene bleaching method assays, respectively. Fatty acids of mulberry fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. Total phenolic content was observed in black mulberry fruits between 1943 and 2237 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh mass. The vitamin C content of genotypes varied between 14.9 and 18.7 mg/100 ml. The major fatty acids in all mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (53.57–64.41%) and palmitic acid (11.36–16.41%). Antioxidant activity of black mulberry genotypes was found between 63% and 76%, which lower than standard BHA and BHT. Regarding organic acid content, malic acid was the most predominant with a range of 123–218 mg/g followed by citric acid (21–41 mg/g). The results of the study are helpful for attempting crop improvement in black mulberry for bringing to cultivation.     

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit quality attributes and phytochemicals under different crop load

Three apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were subjected to different degrees of fruit thinning during pit hardening. At harvest fruit quality characteristics were assessed, along with phytochemicals’ concentration, such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and organic acids. Antioxidant capacity of the pulp was estimated by diphenyl picryl hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Thinning improved fruit weight in two of the three cultivars with a subsequent decrease in fruit firmness, without significant effect on total soluble solid content and titratable acidity. The skin color was not influenced by thinning, but carbohydrate concentration and sweetness index increased. Total phenol concentration increased with thinning, without any similar increase of the major individual phenolic compounds detected (neo-chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid). The antioxidant capacity of the pulp was not influenced by thinning. In overall, thinning enhanced the pomological traits of apricot fruits as well as their phytochemical content.     

Content levels of various fruit metabolites in the ‘Conference’ pear response to branch bending

The response of ‘Conference’ pear subjected to branch bending in the content levels of various metabolites in its fruit was investigated. The fruits in commercial maturity were sampled in 2004 and 2005 from branches bent in the late summer of 2003 (the summer treatment), from branches bent in the late spring of 2004 (the spring treatment) and from control branches. The content levels of carbohydrates, organic acids and phenolic compounds were compared among treatments in two successive years. The fruit revealed various responses in content levels of metabolites. In the first year after bending, no significant differences were found in the content of each carbohydrate, but in 2005 by far the highest content level of glucose and fructose and the lowest content level of sucrose were found in fruits from the control. The control fruit showed significantly higher content levels of malic acid and lower content levels of some phenolics (chlorogenic and vanillic acid) in the first year after bending, but in the next year the opposite reaction occurred—the control fruit had the lowest content level of malic acid and the highest content level of epicatechin, quercetin-3-d-galactoside and quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside. The comparison of the two bending treatments alone in 2004 showed that the summer treatment often produced a slightly higher value of each phenolic in comparison to the spring treatment. However, in 2005 the significantly highest content of chlorogenic acid was in fruit from the spring treatment. Sorbitol, as well as citric acid, catechin and sinapic acid showed no clear tendency among treatments, neither in 2004 nor in 2005. It is suggested that these variations of ‘Conference’ fruit subjected to different bending treatments could not be the result of bending alone, but that they could be indirectly affected by other physiological responses of the fruit tree. However, it seemed that variations are affected by the time of bending and by the year-to-year, and such responses can be attributed to the ‘Conference’ genotype only.     

枣果实糖酸组分特点及不同发育阶段含量的变化

以20个枣品种为试材,采用超高效液相色谱法对枣果实中的主要糖和有机酸组分进行了测定分析,比较了不同品种间的差异并揭示其动态变化规律。结果表明:枣果实中主要的可溶性糖为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖,其中蔗糖含量最高,其次是果糖和葡萄糖,属蔗糖积累型;总糖及各组分糖的含量在不同品种果实间存在显著差异,所测品种中‘新郑灰枣’总糖含量最高;随着果实的发育,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量不断积累,在果实发育前期主要是果糖、葡萄糖的积累,白熟期之后以蔗糖积累为主。枣果实中的有机酸主要是苹果酸、奎宁酸和琥珀酸,其中苹果酸含量最高,属苹果酸优势型;总酸及各组分酸的含量在不同品种间存在极显著差异,‘彬县晋枣’总酸含量最高;随着果实的发育成熟,总酸及苹果酸、奎宁酸和酒石酸含量不断增长,柠檬酸含量在不同发育时期间无显著差异,琥珀酸含量在白熟期低,且与脆熟期和完熟期差异极显著,而脆熟期和完熟期之间无显著差异。糖、酸相关性分析表明,总酸与苹果酸和奎宁酸,总糖与蔗糖,果糖与葡萄糖,苹果酸与总糖和蔗糖之间都呈极显著正相关。柠檬酸与果糖和葡萄糖之间存在显著负相关,总酸与果糖、酒石酸与熊果酸之间存在显著正相关。     

黑穗醋栗果实成熟过程主要营养成分变化规律

黑穗醋栗果实的各种营养物质，在整个发育成熟过程中，各阶段的变化不同。薄皮和厚皮两品种表现出相同的变化规律。果实内总糖含量随果实成熟逐渐增加，果实成熟后略有减少，总糖中以果糖和葡萄糖为主；有机酸含量随果实成熟逐渐减少。接近成熟时增长缓慢；维生素Ｃ、氨基酸的相对含量的幼果中最多，随着果实的成熟逐渐减少。氨基酸在果实成熟时相对含量最低，其后略有增加；而维生素Ｃ则一直下降，果实成熟时下降缓慢。相关分析表明     

不同品种风味甜瓜果实品质比较

以风味4号、风味5号甜瓜为主要试材,雪里红甜瓜为对照,比较不同品种甜瓜果实品质差异.试验结果表明,雪里红单瓜质量达到2 kg以上,属于大果型,风味4号和风味5号属于中小果型.风味5号的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量最高,风味4号的游离氨基酸和可滴定酸含量最高,雪里红的可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量最高;而糖酸比则是风味5号居中,雪里红最高,风味4号最低.风味4号的蔗糖和有机酸含量均高于其他两个品种,风味5号果糖含量最高,雪里红的柠檬酸含量仅为风味4号的1/3、风味5号的1/2.风味4号的17种游离氨基酸和氨基酸总含量普遍高于风味5号和雪里红,而风味5号与雪里红的氨基酸成分与含量相当.综合比较,风味5号甜瓜果实大小、酸甜口感适中,营养品质较好.