马立克氏病疫苗保护与免疫增强复合剂的安全性、攻毒保护率及现场应用试验

对自行研制的马立克氏病疫苗保护与免疫增强复合剂进行了安全性、攻毒保护率及现场应用试验。结果表明，该复合剂应用于1日龄SPF雏鸡安全可靠;与鸡马立克氏病火鸡郊疹病毒（HVT）疫苗联合应用，免疫1日龄SPF雏鸡可使其有效抵抗马立克氏病病毒强毒攻击；该复合剂在2℃－8℃下保存4年后仍然有效;其现场应用效果明显，可确实提高HVT疫苗的免疫效果。     

MD疫苗免疫增强剂对MDV感染雏鸡免疫保护力的影响

本试验对鸡疱疹病毒苗(HVT)免疫的1日龄雏鸡和1日龄HVT+马立克氏病(MD)疫苗免疫增强剂免疫雏鸡分别在5日龄和10日龄攻击MD强毒后的免疫保护情况进行了对比观察,结果表明,MD疫苗免疫增强剂可明显提高HVT的免疫效果,使雏鸡提前获得免疫保护,从而降低MD的死亡率和病变阳性率。     

鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫增强剂对机体T淋巴细胞免疫功能影响的研究

辽宁省益康生物制品厂研制的鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫增强剂(MMZ)与鸡马立克氏病火鸡疱疹病毒活疫苗(HVT)同时免疫1日龄雏鸡后 ,可显著地提高机体T淋巴细胞免疫功能 ,增强疫苗的免疫效果 ,应用MMZ HVT免疫组与疫苗免疫组 ,对照组的T淋巴细胞阳性率( %)有显著差异(p<0.05)。     

鸡马立克氏CV1988疫苗应用效果观察

针对鸡马立克氏病免疫失败的问题，采用了HVT、HVT ACM1、CV1988三种疫苗大面积免疫1日龄雏鸡的观察试验。结盟果表明，CV1988疫苗免疫效果最好(发病率为0．22％)，HVT ACM1次之(发病率为2．48％)。HVT疫苗居第三(发病率为6．5％)。为临床上正确选择和应用疫苗预防鸡马立克氏病提供了可靠的依据。     

马立克氏病疫苗保护与免疫增强复合剂的研究

本项研究通过科学组方 ,成功地研制出了鸡马立克氏病疫苗保护与免疫增强复合剂。用该复合剂稀释鸡马立克氏病火鸡疱疹病毒活疫苗 (HVT)较原稀释液 (SPG)能提高活疫苗效价 3 0 %以上 ;与马立克氏病火鸡疱疹病毒活疫苗同时免疫 1日龄雏鸡能显著提高免疫鸡的细胞免疫水平 (T淋巴细胞数 ,P <0 0 1 )和体液免疫水平 (B淋巴细胞数、血清中和抗体水平 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,提高免疫接种鸡的攻毒保护率 (P <0 0 5 )。     

表达MDV—gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒免疫效果观察

将马立克氏病病毒（MDV）gB基因插入鸡痘病毒中，构建了含有MDV－gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV)，用rFPV、火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）冻干疫苗、rFPV HVT二联疫苗分别免疫1日龄AA肉用雏鸡，8日龄攻毒后观察免疫保护效果。结果表明，3种疫苗均诱导了免疫应答，免疫保护率分别为69％、69％和85％。该重组病毒疫苗的免疫效果与HVT疫苗的免疫效果相当，二者联用具有免疫协同作用。     

鸡马立克氏CVI988疫苗应用效果观察

针对鸡马立克氏病免疫失败的问题 ,采用了HVT、HVT +ACM 1、CVI988三种疫苗大面积免疫 1日龄雏鸡的观察试验。结果表明 ,CVI988疫苗免疫效果最好 (发病率为 0 2 2 % ) ,HVT +ACM1次之 (发病率为 2 4 8% ) ,HVT疫苗居第三 (发病率为 6 5 % )。为临床上正确选择和应用疫苗预防鸡马立克氏病提供了可靠的依据     

新流法三联疫苗对马立克氏病活疫苗的干扰研究

为了研究1日龄雏鸡同时免疫新流法三联疫苗与马立克氏病活疫苗对马立克氏病活疫苗免疫效果是否有干扰,试验将1日龄雏鸡分为5组,第1组商品蛋鸡不免疫,第2组SPF鸡不免疫,第3组商品蛋鸡仅免疫马立克氏病活疫苗,第4组商品蛋鸡同时接种新流法三联疫苗与马立克氏病活疫苗,第5组空白对照鸡不免疫,于雏鸡8日龄时对第1～4组用马立克氏病超强毒Md5株进行攻毒,攻毒后90 d内连续观察临床症状、剖检变化及病理组织学变化。结果表明:第1,2组鸡出现精神沉郁、肢体麻痹等临床症状并有部分鸡死亡,对死亡鸡只剖检可见,肝脏、脾脏肿大,全身器官出现肿瘤;对剖检鸡只进行组织病理学观察,可见典型的马立克肿瘤病变。而第3～5组鸡则无任何临床病症出现。说明无论是单独免疫马立克氏病活疫苗或是与新流法三联疫苗同时免疫,均能对鸡只提供良好保护,同时免疫新流法三联疫苗与马立克氏病活疫苗不会影响马立克氏病活疫苗的免疫效果。     

马立克氏病免疫失败的原因及防制对策

一马立克氏病免疫失败的原因（一）疫苗的因素1个别厂家生产的马立克疫苗,质量低劣,蚀斑量（PFU）达不到国家规定的标准,如使用不合格的产品,即使进行免疫,免疫保护率也很低。2火鸡疤疹病毒（HVT）疫苗未进行低温保存和运输,贮存细胞结合苗的液氮挥发,都会降低Pgu,影响疫苗免疫效果。3不合理的疫苗稀释、接种技术和接种剂量,也会造成马立克氏病的免疫失败。（二）野毒的早期感染雏鸡在1日龄接种疫苗后,一般10—14天才能产生免疫力,如果管理不善,一已发生早期感染外界野毒,就会造成马立克氏病的大量发生。这是免疫失败最常见…     

家畜冻伤的简易疗法

亚低温鸡马立克氏病 火鸡疱疹病毒活疫苗 疫苗性状:该疫苗为白色疏松团块,加入专用稀释液后即迅速溶解。 疫苗用途:用于预防鸡马立克氏病,注射各品种1日龄雏鸡最佳,2～3日龄雏鸡效果较次,免疫期为1年。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.