过瘤胃烟酸对围产期奶牛生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃烟酸对围产期奶牛生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响。试验选取40头体况、胎次、预产期相近的健康荷斯坦牛,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组20头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在此基础上添加20g/(头·d)过瘤胃烟酸。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加过瘤胃烟酸可以提高奶牛产奶量,对乳蛋白率和乳脂率无显著影响。产后14d时,试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),从全期平均来看,试验组产奶量比对照组高3.64kg/(头·d)。(2)日粮中添加过瘤胃烟酸可以降低奶牛血清非脂化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)的浓度,对甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖(Glu)水平无显著影响。试验组产前10d、产犊当日、产后10d血清NEFA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);产后10d血清BHBA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验结果提示本试验条件下,日粮中添加20g/(头·d)过瘤胃烟酸可以提高奶牛生产性能,缓解能量负平衡,减少脂质动员,降低酮病发病率。     

不同类型过瘤胃脂肪对泌乳前期奶牛体况及生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究添加3种过瘤胃脂肪(脂肪酸钙、氢化脂肪和分馏脂肪)对泌乳前期奶牛体况、生产性能和经济效益的影响。试验选用处于分娩后,年龄、胎次、体重相近且上一胎次平均日泌乳量为33 kg的健康荷斯坦奶牛48头,随机分为4组,每组12头。对照组饲喂基础TMR日粮,3个试验组分别在奶牛分娩后于基础日粮中每头牛每天添加脂肪酸钙、氢化脂肪和分馏脂肪500 g,试验期为90 d。结果表明:泌乳前期各组奶牛干物质采食量差异均不显著(P0.05);产后60 d、90 d各试验组奶牛的体况评分均极显著地高于对照组(P0.01);各试验组奶牛泌乳前期产奶量有提高的趋势(0.05P0.1);各组乳脂率差异均不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,日粮中添加脂肪酸钙和分馏脂肪极显著地降低了泌乳前期的乳蛋白率(P0.01),而氢化脂肪组差异不显著(P0.05);3个试验组泌乳前期的经济效益平均每头牛每天分别增加15.75、15.70和16.62元。因此,3种过瘤胃脂肪产品的添加在一定程度上改善了泌乳前期奶牛体况,提高了产奶量,增加了经济效益。     

提高夏季奶牛生产性能的营养调控研究

为了研究通过营养调控措施提高夏季奶牛的生产性能,选择体况、胎次、产犊时间、产奶量相近的泌乳盛期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每组5头。试验1组添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d,试验2组每日添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,试验3组每日添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,对照组不添加添加剂,试验期30d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸具有提高干物质采食量、产奶量的趋势,显著提高乳蛋白含量(P0.05);添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙具有减少采食量的趋势,对奶牛泌乳性能影响不大;奶牛日粮中同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙可以显著提高产奶量和乳蛋白含量(P0.05),建议夏季奶牛日粮可以同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙。     

产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响

为探讨产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响,选取产前30～40 d的经产干奶牛20头,随机分为对照组和试验组。在产前21 d至分娩阶段,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组基础日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱(30 g/d);分别于预产期前7 d及产后0、7、14 d采血并分离血清,检测血清生化指标和其他代谢物浓度;于产后1～15 d记录产奶量,产后30 d时采集乳汁并分析乳成分。结果表明:产前添加过瘤胃胆碱增加了奶牛产后1～15 d的日均产奶量(P0.05),降低了血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性(P0.05),降低了血清总蛋白、球蛋白和胆固醇水平(P0.05)。上述结果表明,产前21 d至分娩时添加过瘤胃胆碱30 g/d能显著提高奶牛泌乳早期的产奶量,改善肝脏功能。     

日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响

根据胎次、产奶量、泌乳时间相近的原则选择泌乳奶牛200头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组100头,对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验组饲喂常规日粮+40 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPM,有效成分:HMBi,2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸异丙酯)。探讨日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果:添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸的试验组产奶量较对照组提高了1.3 kg/d(P>0.05);试验组的乳蛋白、乳脂率和体细胞数较对照组均有所提高(P>0.05);经济效益方面,试验组每头牛每天比对照组多盈利2.49元。试验表明:日粮中添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸有助于提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益。     

乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

添加过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产后繁殖性能的影响

为了研究过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产后繁殖性能的影响,试验选择年龄、体重、体况相近的1胎牛32头,随机分为2组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组每天饲喂基础日粮+过瘤胃脂肪200 g/头,试验期为产后第15~70天。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组奶牛产后泌乳量提高,首次配种时间提前,但组间差异均不显著(P0.05);试验组奶牛产后血清中雌激素浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,第35,49天时各出现1个高峰,第56,63天时下降到最低值,之后开始上升;试验组孕酮含量明显高于对照组,且在第20天后呈先下降后上升的趋势,第35天时达到高峰,然后呈下降趋势,第56天开始升高,之后处于平稳状态。说明奶牛产后日粮中每天添加200 g过瘤胃脂肪能提高奶牛泌乳量,缩短配种时间,提高血清孕酮含量。     

日粮添加过瘤胃氨基酸对高产奶牛生产性能、乳成分和经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸和过瘤胃赖氨酸对高产奶牛生产性能、乳成分及经济效益的影响。按照胎次、产奶日期、日产奶量一致的原则,选择处于泌乳高峰期的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛96头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组48头牛,每头牛1个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+过瘤胃氨基酸[过瘤胃蛋氨酸添加量20 g/(头·d);过瘤胃赖氨酸添加量27 g/(头·d)]。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:①日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸和过瘤胃赖氨酸极显著提高奶牛日产奶量3.63%(P0.01),极显著提高饲料转化率4.49%(P0.01)。②日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸和过瘤胃赖氨酸极显著降低尿素氮含量26.92%(P0.01),对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数无显著影响(P0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验组奶牛经济效益增加2.30元/(头·d)。在本试验条件下,日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸和过瘤胃赖氨酸能够提高高产奶牛产奶量,提高饲料转化率,提高经济效益。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

研究过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响.试验选用20头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、体况及产奶量随机分成A、B两组(n=10).A组牛为对照组,饲喂奶牛场　原有基础日粮+2%脂肪粉;B组为试验组,饲喂基础+2%过瘤胃葡萄糖.结果表明,与A对照组相比较,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖后显著增加了奶牛产奶量(P<0.01),平均提高8.71kg/d;过瘤胃葡萄糖对乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中干物质含量均无明显变化,差异不显著(P>0.05).在试验条件下,过瘤胃葡萄糖可显著提高泌乳奶牛产奶量.     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

研究过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。试验选用20头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、体况及产奶量随机分成A、B两组(n=10)。A组牛为对照组,饲喂奶牛场原有基础日粮+2%脂肪粉;B组为试验组,饲喂基础+2%过瘤胃葡萄糖。结果表明,与A对照组相比较,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖后显著增加了奶牛产奶量(P<0.01),平均提高8.71kg/d;过瘤胃葡萄糖对乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中干物质含量均无明显变化,差异不显著(P>0.05)。在试验条件下,过瘤胃葡萄糖可显著提高泌乳奶牛产奶量。     

产犊季节、胎次及牛场对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

[目的]研究产犊季节、胎次及不同牛场对奶牛泌乳性能的影响情况,以期为提高奶牛的泌乳性能及牛奶质量提供可靠的理论依据。[方法]收集3个千头以上奶牛场共8 872次相关信息,用多因素方差分析法分析产犊季节、胎次和牛场对泌乳天数、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量、305d蛋白产量和全泌乳期产奶量5个泌乳性能的影响进行分析。[结果]不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场都极显著影响奶牛的5项泌乳性能(P<0.01)。夏季和秋季产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较为理想。夏季产犊奶牛的泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量最高,其他三个泌乳性能都位居第二;秋季产犊奶牛的305d校正奶量、脂肪产量和蛋白产量都显著高于其他三个季节(P<0.05),泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量也仅次于夏季。头胎牛的各项泌乳性能都显著高于其他胎次的奶牛(P<0.05),其次为2胎产犊奶牛。随着胎次的增加,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。除了泌乳天数之外,A牛场的各项泌乳性能都最佳,且显著高于B、C两个奶牛场(P<0.05)。[结论]在饲养条件良好的情况下,本研究中三个牛场的奶牛适宜在夏、秋两个季节产犊,此时泌乳性能较好;此外,头胎产犊奶牛的泌乳性能在各胎次中最高。     

产犊季节、胎次及牛场对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

本研究收集了3个千头以上奶牛场共8872条相关信息,采用多因素方差分析法分析了不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场对泌乳天数、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量、305d蛋白产量和全泌乳期产奶量5个泌乳性能指标的影响。结果表明,不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场都极显著影响奶牛的该5项泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。夏季和秋季产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较为理想。夏季产犊奶牛的泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量最高,其他三个泌乳性能指标都位居第二;秋季产犊奶牛的305d校正奶量、脂肪产量和蛋白产量都显著高于其他三个季节（P〈0．05）,泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量也仅次于夏季。头胎牛的各项泌乳性能都显著高于其他胎次的奶牛（P〈0．05）,其次为2胎产犊奶牛。随着胎次的增加,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。不同的牛场极显著地影响奶牛的泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。     

The impact of installation of automatic milking system on production and reproduction traits of dairy cows

The objective of the research was the evaluation of change in the traditional milking system using automatic milking system in the scope of the selected reproduction features of dairy cows of the Polish Holstein–Friesian breed. Animal material consisted of 2,818 cows used on nine farms equipped with the automatic milking system Astronaut A4 made by Lely. The cows were controlled in the scope of services per conception, service period, length of pregnancy, calving interval and calving to conception period, milk yield, protein and fat content obtained in lactations of 305 days. The selected traits were observed between 2005 and 2015. In this period, the milking system was changed from the conventional to automated one. The collected data material was statistically processed, using the multifactorial analysis of variance. The period between the first calving and the second effective insemination was reduced by 11.8 days, and the period between the second calving and the third effective insemination was shortened by 4 days after the installation of the automatic milking system. The increase in milk yield by 466 kg during 305‐day lactation was observed among primiparous cows. The percentage of protein and fat content in the researched groups decreased; moreover, the fall of intergroup variability was noticeable, which may be a sign of the levelling of the yield within the herd.     

产犊季节对荷斯坦牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响

[目的]为了研究不同产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响,以便为长江中下游地区荷斯坦奶牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据。[方法]利用海丰奶牛场有限公司2009年引进2480头澳系进口荷斯坦牛产犊季节及其第一胎泌乳性能的数据,分析不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量和305d蛋白产量的影响。[结果]表明:不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),显著影响305天脂肪产量(0.01P0.05),春季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最长(358±10d),而冬季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最短(299±18d),春季与夏季产犊奶牛的全泌乳期产奶量显著高于秋季、冬季产犊奶牛(P0.05),夏季产犊奶牛305d脂肪产量最高。[结论]综合各产犊季节样本量及相应泌乳性能,认为该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛最适宜产犊季节为夏末秋初,此时泌乳性能最好。该结果对同类地区引进澳系进口荷斯坦牛繁殖与生产管理有借鉴作用。     

Effects of pre‐partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving

This experiment studied the effect of pre‐partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1–7 days pre‐partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post‐partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre‐partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C‐terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1‐collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre‐partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre‐partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre‐partum milking activated the calcium‐restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.     

产犊季节和胎次对测定奶牛日泌乳性能的影响

[目的]通过研究产犊季节、胎次对奶牛测定日泌乳性能的影响,以期为指导日粮配方调整、增加牛奶产量和提升原料奶质量提供科学依据。[方法]采集江苏某奶牛场2012年度408头奶牛共3012条生产性能测定记录,用线性模型分析产犊季节和胎次对测定日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比、305d产奶量及体细胞评分的影响进行分析。[结果]表明：不同产犊季节对测定日产奶量和305d产奶量的影响极显著（P〈0．01）,对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比无显著影响;不同胎次除对乳脂率影响显著外（P〈0．05）,对其它奶牛泌乳性能及体细胞评分均影响极显著（P〈0．01）。[结论]夏、秋两季产犊奶牛的305d产奶量高;2～3胎产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较佳,随着胎次的增加,特别是5胎及以后,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。     

Milk production,plasma metabolite profiles and mammary arterial‐venous differences of milk precursors in early lactation cows milked at different frequencies by an automatic milking system

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of different milking frequencies under an automatic milking system (AMS) on milk yield, plasma metabolite profiles and mammary arterial‐venous (A‐V) differences of milk precursors by mammary tissues in early lactation cows. Twelve Holstein cows were divided into two and four times milking frequency treatments by AMS after calving to 50 days postpartum. Cows were given a partial mixed ration ad libitum and a concentrate diet at every milking. Dry matter intake increased similarly in both treatments with advancing postpartum days. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.001) by 25% with four times milking, but milk composition was not affected by milking frequency. Body weight change was also not affected by milking frequency. Arterial concentrations of glucose and glutamate were lower (P < 0.05) for four times milking frequency. However, arterial concentration of nonesterified fatty acids did not differ between treatments. Although mammary A‐V differences of plasma concentration for most milk precursors did not differ between treatments, estimated plasma flow was higher (P < 0.05) for four times milking frequency. These results indicate that higher milking frequency may increase mammary uptake of milk precursors, whereas may not affect the extent of fat mobilization of early lactating cows from day 20 postpartum onward.     

Pre-partum monensin supplementation improves body reserves at calving and milk yield in Holstein cows dried-off with low body condition score

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule administered intraruminally at drying-off on body condition score (BCS) at calving, milk yield, fertility and concentration of energy-related blood metabolites in Holstein cows dried-off with low BCS (< or = 3.0, scale 1 to 5 with a 0.25 point of increment). Between July and August, 2001, 220 cows from parity 2 or more and dried-off 50-70 days before expected parturition, with a BCS < or = 3.0 were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (n=110; oral capsule of monensin releasing 335 mg/day for 95 days) or a control group (no capsule, n=110). At assignment, on day 21 before expected parturition, at calving, and at 7, 14, and 21 days in milk a blood sample was obtained from a random sub sample of 10 cows per group. Effects of monensin on serum NEFA, BHBA and glucose were measured. Milk yield, milk fat and protein content (%) at DHIA test days during the entire lactation, 305 ME milk production and reproductive responses were compared. Monensin significantly improved BCS at calving, increased milk yield at test days 4 and 8, decreased the percentage of milk protein, did not change the percentage of milk fat, and decreased NEFA and BHBA during the post-partum period.     

Use of Oxymycoin and Chronicin foam in the nonselective care of udders of dry dairy cows

The non-selective antibiotic treatment of dairy cows at the last milking in lactation was studied for its influence on the reduction in the occurrence of infectious processes in the udder after calving. The herd of 120 dairy cows, on an average, was housed in the K 98 cow-house and in a calving house equipped with the traditional technology. The non-selective treatment was performed in 125 dairy cows in the form of single administration of Oxymykoin foam (Galena) (70 cows) and Chronicin foam (Galena) (55 cows) after the last milking in lactation. The treatment of 53 bacteriologically positive cows with Oxymykoin foam had 86.8% therapeutic effectiveness; this indicates the excellent effectiveness of the preparation. Five additional new infections arose in this group of cows treated with Oxymykoin. The treatment of 36 bacteriologically positive cows with Chronicin foam had the effectiveness of 63.9%; in almost 2/5 of the treated cows (13 animals) the bacteria causing mastitis persisted in the post-parturient period. Eight new infections occurred in this group of treated cows. The results of the non-selective antibiotic treatment of dairy cows after the last milking in lactation prove the good effectiveness of the method reducing the percentage of infected cows in the period after calving.     

不同挤奶次数对奶牛产奶量的影响分析

[目的]分析增加挤奶次数对不同阶段泌乳奶牛产奶量的提升,找出最佳挤奶管理方案,为有效提升牧场效益提供理论依据。[方法]将泌乳牛只随机分为两组,保证不同胎次、不同产犊阶段平均泌乳量相当,分组后两组分别保持3次挤奶和4次挤奶1个月。对牧场不同挤奶次数奶牛泌乳量进行统计汇总整理分析。[结果]增加挤奶次数能有效提高奶牛泌乳量（P<0.05）;泌乳量高于45 kg奶牛增加挤奶次数对产奶量的提升,显著高于泌乳量低于45 kg的奶量（P<0.05）;增加挤奶次数显著提升头胎牛产量2.33 kg,二胎牛产量2.31 kg,三胎及以上牛奶产量2.78 kg(P<0.05);不同泌乳阶段,增加挤奶次数能有效提高泌乳初期及产奶高峰期的产奶量（P<0.05）。[结论]增加挤奶次数能有效提升奶牛泌乳量,对高产及处于产奶初期及高峰期的奶牛提升效果最佳。