增氧对池塘沉积物酶活性的影响

比较研究了微孔和机械2种增氧养殖模式下4种沉积物酶活性的动态变化,并分析了所测酶活性与养分因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）4种酶活性随水温的季节性变化较为明显,其中蛋白酶活性与脲酶活性变化呈单峰状曲线,蔗糖酶各月波动较大,过氧化氢酶活性整体呈上升趋势。（2）池塘沉积物中酶活性对不同增氧方式有明显的响应,2种增氧均可提高4...     

池塘植藕对沉积物养分和酶活性的影响

为了揭示池塘种植莲藕对沉积物养分吸收及其养分转化相关酶的作用效果,将基本情况完全相同的黄颡鱼养殖池塘分为植藕组（Tf）和非植藕组（CK）,观察两组池塘在黄颡鱼苗种培育过程沉积物中养分和4种酶（脲酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶）活性的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,Tf沉积物中的TN、NH4+—N和NO3-—N在莲藕苗期后均显著降低,在莲藕休眠期分别降低了8.5%、54.1%和52.7%,其中NH4+—N减少是沉积物中TN降低的主要原因;从莲藕苗期至花果期TP明显下降,最大降幅达22.6%;苗期后有机质开始显著降低,休眠期相较未植藕池塘降低8.4%。对两组池塘而言,沉积物的酶活性均呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,Tf沉积物中4种酶的平均活性均高于CK,酶活性的差异在莲藕苗期和休眠期达显著水平（P < 0.5）。分析表明,4种酶之间存在着显著正相关关系（P< 0.5）,脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性与沉积物中NH4+—N的含量呈显著负相关,蛋白酶活性与沉积物中NO3-—N的含量呈显著正相关。     

双台河口潮滩湿地不同植被沉积物脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性及其与氮、磷含量关系

土壤中生物胞外酶参与土壤中有机物周转和营养物质循环,其活性是土壤中生物群落代谢需求和有效营养物质的直接表现。以2012年7月、9月和11月对双台河口滨海湿地野外调查获取的数据为基础,研究了生长不同植被的沉积物(土壤)脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性及其与氮、磷含量的相关关系。翅碱蓬或芦苇单独生长区脲酶活性7月9月11月;翅碱蓬和芦苇混合生长区脲酶活性9月7月11月;芦苇、苣荬菜、艾蒿混合生长区脲酶活性9月11月7月。翅碱蓬单独生长区、翅碱蓬和芦苇混合生长区以及芦苇、苣荬菜、艾蒿混合生长区蛋白酶活性9月7月11月;芦苇单独生长区蛋白酶活性9月11月7月。翅碱蓬单独生长区、芦苇单独生长区磷酸酶活性7月9月11月;翅碱蓬和芦苇混合生长区磷酸酶活性9月11月7月;芦苇、苣荬菜、艾蒿混合生长区磷酸酶活性9月7月11月。除少数样点外,不同土层的脲酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性0~10 cm土层10~20 cm土层20~30 cm土层。脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量正相关,蛋白酶活性与氨氮含量正相关,磷酸酶活性与速效磷含量正相关。河口滨海潮滩湿地生长不同植被的沉积物(土壤)脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性不同,存在季节差异,且与沉积物中不同形态的氮、磷含量存在正相关关系。     

汉阳湖群表层沉积物磷含量分布特征

2011年7月和10月对汉阳“六湖连通”工程的5个湖泊(后官湖、三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖)沉积物磷含量进行调查,研究其表层沉积物磷含量的空间分布和季节差异,以了解汉阳湖群的沉积物污染特征,为湖泊污染控制和生态修复提供依据.结果表明,后官湖沉积物磷含量最低,为(0.20±0.03) g/kg,龙阳湖最高,为(0.64±0.11) g/kg,二者差异显著(P＜0.05),三角湖、南太子湖和墨水湖沉积物磷含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).除后官湖外,汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量季节差异不显著(P＞0.05).汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量具明显的空间分布特征,这种分布格局主要受外源污染输入的影响.相关分析表明,沉积物全磷与水体总氮、总磷和电导率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与水体透明度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).     

不同增氧方式对盐碱养殖池塘pH的影响

以盐碱池塘水体为研究对象,比较叶轮+底增的复合增氧方式和传统叶轮单一增氧方式下盐碱池塘水体pH的变化趋势,以探讨复合增氧方式对盐碱池塘水体pH的影响。试验包括室内和野外试验两部分,室内试验为通气量和叶绿素a浓度交互作用下对室内普通水体pH的影响,野外试验为复合增氧和传统叶轮单一增氧方式对盐碱池塘水体pH、溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度的影响。室内试验结果显示,通气可以显著降低水体pH值(P<0.05),且降低值(ΔpH)随通气量增大而增大。野外试验结果显示,开机时,不同天气条件下复合增氧池塘pH均显著低于单一叶轮池塘(P<0.05),复合增氧池塘DO和CO2浓度均显著高于单一叶轮池塘(P<0.05);不开机时阴天和雨天条件下两者差异亦显著(P<0.05)。整个养殖期复合增氧池塘DO显著高于单一叶轮池塘(P<0.05),而pH值下降及CO2浓度上升较明显,且均在第45天后低于和高于单一叶轮池塘(P<0.05)。经双变量相关性分析发现,复合增氧与单一叶轮增氧方式下叶绿素a浓度与水体pH均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.913和0.738。以上结果表明,复合增氧方式能够增加水-气接触面积,有效提高盐碱池塘水体DO和CO2浓度,降低池塘水体pH值。     

陶粒浮床系统酶活性变化与水质净化效果相关性分析

研究了陶粒浮床床体和浮床植物根部蛋白酶、脲酶、磷酸酶及脱氢酶活性变化与净化效果之间的关系。结果显示,陶粒浮床对精养池塘水体中TN、NO-2-N、NH+4-N、TP、CODMn、IP均有明显的净化效果;浮床床体和植物根部4种酶活性随着季节的变化均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。相关性分析发现,浮床床体和植物根部酶活性之间存在显著相关性;植物根部磷酸酶活性与池塘水体中TP、IP和CODMn去除率之间均显著正相关,脲酶活性与TN、NO-2-N去除率之间显著正相关,蛋白酶活性与CODMn去除率之间显著正相关,脱氢酶活性与CODMn、TN去除率之间存在显著正相关性。浮床床体磷酸酶活性同样与水体中TP、IP和CODMn去除率之间均显著正相关,脲酶活性与TN、NH+4-N去除率之间显著正相关,蛋白酶活性与CODMn去除率之间显著正相关,而浮床床体脱氢酶活性与CODMn、TN去除率之间相关性不显著。     

3种水质调控方式下参池沉积物酶活性的比较研究

2015年10月至2016年9月对自然纳潮、微孔曝气、养水机3种水质调控方式下海参池塘沉积物中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的活性进行了跟踪比较研究。研究结果显示,3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中的淀粉酶活性年变化为0.126~0.880 mg/g,年均值(0.410±0.180) mg/g,蛋白酶活性年变化为0.024~0.472 mg/g,年均值(0.190±0.103) mg/g,碱性磷酸酶活性年变化为0.068~1.042 mg/g,年均值(0.340±0.196) mg/g,脱氢酶活性年变化为12.092~52.794 mL/g,年均值(26.980±8.295) mL/g。3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶及脱氢酶活性均在自然纳潮池塘中均值最高,变化幅度最大;淀粉酶活性均值则在自然纳潮池塘中最低,养水机池塘最高,这与养水机池塘有机质最低,自然纳潮池塘最高,养水机池塘沉积物的细菌多样性最高,真菌数量最多有关。表明养水机能够快速去除沉积物中氮、磷有机化合物,有利于池塘的正常物质循环。本研究从沉积物酶活性的角度,探讨了养水机的作用效果与其他两种水质调控方式产生差异的机理。     

仿刺参夏眠前后池塘沉积物—水界面氮、磷通量研究

在仿刺参夏眠前后(6-10月),原位采集仿刺参养殖池塘的沉积物一水界面样品,检测沉积物上覆水的氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和无机磷酸盐含量及变化,研究沉积物一水界面氮、磷通量变化规律。试验结果显示,亚硝态氮+硝态氮(NO_x~--N)通量呈先降后升的变化规律,8月的NO_x~--N通量达到极低值,为-(66.12±7.66) mg/(m~2·d);氨氮(NH_4~+-N)通量呈先升后降再升高的变化规律,7月的NH_4~+-N通量达到最高值,为(6.21±0.55) mg/(m~2·d),9月达到极低值,为-(14.88±1.44) mg/(m~2·d);可溶性无机磷酸盐通量呈先升后降的变化规律,8月的可溶性无机磷酸盐通量达到最高值,为(4.20±0.56) mg(m~2·d),10月达到极低值,为-(3.48±0.43) mg/(m~2·d)。相关性分析发现,可溶性无机磷酸盐通量与水温呈显著的正相关,与水体中可溶性无机磷酸盐含量呈显著负相关;NO_x~--N通量与水体中亚硝态氮和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关。试验结果表明,仿刺参夏眠期间池塘沉积物是重要的氮汇和磷源,对水体的氮磷含量起着重要的调节作用。     

菲律宾蛤仔对养殖池塘沉积物/水界面反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应速率的影响

养殖尾水氮含量过高等富营养化问题是影响当前我国池塘养殖产业健康可持续发展的重要因素,反硝化和厌氧氨氧化是自然水生态系统中重要的氮循环过程,是沉积物氮素营养迁出的主要途径,埋栖型贝类通过滤水和蠕动等生命活动不仅能净化水质,还可以使沉积物颗粒混合并改变沉积物/水界面的物质交换。本研究于2020年9、10、11、12月采集菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖池塘贝类区域(有贝区)和对照区域(无贝区)的沉积物表层样品,进行泥浆培养实验,利用氮稳定同位素示踪技术检测其反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应速率,并分析了其与间隙水理化参数的相关性。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔养殖池塘有贝区10月和11月样品检测到厌氧氨氧化反应,并有反硝化—厌氧氨氧化耦合反应;有贝区9—12月沉积物反硝化反应速率均高于无贝区,有贝区9月的反硝化反应速率最高(0.005 8 μmol/kg·h);水体温度与沉积物反硝化反应速率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度与厌氧氨氧化反应速率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,海水池塘养殖生态系统中也存在厌氧氨氧化过程,养殖菲律宾蛤仔等埋栖型贝类有利于池塘沉积物/水界面的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应,有效地促进池塘沉积物脱氮过程,研究结果不仅丰富了海水养殖生态系统氮循环理论,也为开展尾水生物净化工作提供了新思路。     

微孔增氧技术对长吻[HT2,4XBS]鱼[KG-3]危生长的效果分析

通过微孔增氧与普通增氧两种不同增氧模式养殖长吻鱼危的对比试验,分析采用微孔增氧技术池塘养殖长吻鱼危的效益。结果表明:体质量约50.0 g的长吻鱼危,在普通增氧模式下养殖2、4、6个月后,体质量分别为147.4、210.2、376.5 g;在池塘微孔增氧模式下养殖2、4、6个月后,体质量分别为212.3、323.4、501.0 g。微孔增氧模式下长吻鱼危的生长率比普通增氧模式高38.7%,且两种不同增氧模式对长吻鱼危生长的影响差异显著(P0.05)。在最终成活率方面,微孔增氧模式下长吻鱼危的成活率比普通增氧模式下提高了27.9%。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).