Effects of artificial acidification and liming on biomass and on the activity of digestive enzymes in Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): Results of an ongoing study

Summary The effects of simulated acid rain and acidification combined with liming on enzymatic activities in the gut of the enchytraied Fridericia sp. were studied under laboratory conditions. Simulated mild (pH 4.4) and strong (pH 3.1) acid rain was applied throughout a 52-day experiment. Liming, at rates of 1500 and 4000 kg CaCO₃ powder ha^-1, was applied once on the 27th day of acid rain. After 52 days, the treatment effects were determined by analysing changes in the fresh body weight of enchytraeids and the activities of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and C₁-cellulase (EC 3.2.1.91) in the gut. The effects were significant in only a few instances. After acidification, xylanase and trehalase activities decreased. The changes in fresh body biomass were not significant. Amylase and cellulase activities increased slightly, possibly because the acidification had a stimulatory effect on soil amylolytic and cellulolytic microorganisms. After liming, both xylanase activity and the enchytraeid body biomass decreased. This was the only marked evidence of a negative effect on the enchytraeids. The high amylase, trehalase and cellulase activities that were observed might have been caused by intensive digestion of dead acidophilous microflora.     

Seasonality of soil biological properties in a poplar plantation growing under elevated atmospheric CO2

Microorganisms are the regulators of decomposition processes occurring in soil, they also constitute a labile fraction of potentially available N. Microbial mineralization and nutrient cycling could be affected through altered plant inputs at elevated CO_2. An understanding of microbial biomass and microbial activity in response to belowground processes induced by elevated CO₂ is thus crucial in order to predict the long-term response of ecosystems to climatic changes. Microbial biomass, microbial respiration, inorganic N, extractable P and six enzymatic activities related to C, N, P and S cycling (β-glucosidase, cellulase, chitinase, protease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase) were investigated in soils of a poplar plantation exposed to elevated CO_2. Clones of Populus alba, Populus nigra and Populus x euramericana were grown in six 314 m² plots treated either with atmospheric (control) or enriched (550 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂) CO₂ concentration with FACE technology (free-air CO₂ enrichment). Chemical and biochemical parameters were monitored throughout a year in soil samples collected at five sampling dates starting from Autumn 2000 to Autumn 2001.

The aim of the present work was: (1) to determine if CO₂ enrichment induces modifications to soil microbial pool size and metabolism, (2) to test how the seasonal fluctuations of soil biochemical properties and CO₂ level interact, (3) to evaluate if microbial nutrient acquisition activity is changed under elevated CO₂.

CO₂ enrichment significantly affected soil nutrient content and three enzyme activities: acid phosphatase, chitinase and arylsulphatase, indicators of nutrient acquisition activity. Microbial biomass increased by a 16% under elevated CO₂. All soil biochemical properties were significantly affected by the temporal variability and the interaction between time and CO₂ level significantly influenced β-glucosidase activity and microbial respiration. Data on arylsulphatase and chitinase activity suggest a possible shift of microbial population in favour of fungi induced by the FACE treatment.     

CO2浓度和温度升高对谷子各生育期土壤氧化还原酶活性的影响

研究CO₂浓度和温度升高对作物各生育期土壤氧化还原酶活性的影响,有助于分析气候变化对土壤养分循环过程的影响。本研究结合人工气候室和盆栽控制实验,模拟3种气候情景（当前环境CO₂浓度和温度、仅CO₂浓度升高、CO₂浓度和温度均升高）和2种水分条件（充分供水和轻度干旱）,研究了谷子（Setaria italica）开花期、开花后10 d、灌浆期和收获期4个生育期土壤氧化还原酶活性对CO₂浓度升高和增温的响应。结果表明,CO₂浓度由400 μmol mol?1升至700 μmol mol?1显著抑制了土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,二者降幅分别为2.86% ~ 7.99%和8.63% ~ 27.00%;而温度由22 ℃增加到26 ℃显著增加了土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,二者增幅分别为2.10% ~ 9.83%和10.03% ~ 24.96%;CO₂浓度升高和增温的交互作用对两种土壤酶活性的影响在谷子4个生育期均无显著影响。谷子生育期对土壤氧化还原酶活性有显著影响,CO₂浓度升高与生育期的交互作用对两种土壤氧化还原酶活性均有显著影响,但增温与生育期交互作用仅对土壤多酚氧化酶活性有显著影响。冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,土壤NH₄+和MBN对土壤多酚氧化酶活性的变化有较高的解释度。CO₂浓度升高抑制土壤氧化还原酶活性,增温提高土壤氧化还原酶活性,两者在多数谷子生育期表现为拮抗作用;谷子生育期影响土壤氧化还原酶活性对气候变化的响应;土壤有效N含量是影响土壤多酚氧化酶活性的重要因素。     

Soil enzyme activities in dependence on tree litter and season of a social forest,Burdwan, India

The study was done to evaluate enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase and invertase) from the soils of different vegetation sites, with seasonal variation, of social forest, Burdwan, India. Study results showed significant lower enzymatic activities in the subsoil compared to those of the topsoil. The seasonal variations indicated that amylase, cellulase and invertase enzyme activities had reached peaks during the rainy seasons in different soil depths. Amylase activity was highest in Tectona litter containing soil in all seasons in both the soil layers. All the three enzyme activities have shown significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (p < 0.05) and available phosphorous (p < 0.05) during rainy season in both the soil depths. Correlation study revealed that soil organic carbon was positively correlated with cellulase and invertase activities except in the Anacardium vegetation site in the topsoil during rainy season. Irrespective of the seasons and the depths of soil, control site without vegetation showed much lower levels of organic carbon and enzyme activity compared to those of the experimental sites. Therefore, it is concluded that carbon transformation will be higher during rainy season in the vegetation sites of forest soil under such agroclimatic conditions.     

Carbon dioxide evolution from top- and subsoil as affected by moisture and constant and fluctuating temperature

Topsoil (0–25 cm) and subsoil (30–55 cm) samples were taken from clay soil which had been cropped with reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). After crumbling the soil into fragments <10 mm and removing visible organic debris, CO₂ evolution was measured in the laboratory at four moisture contents (17, 26, 36 and 50% H₂O for the topsoil and 16, 23, 31 and 41% for the subsoil) and at constant temperatures of −4, 0.3, 5, 15, 25, and temperatures fluctuating (weekly) between −4 and +5°C. Evolution of CO₂ after the addition of roots or stubble of P. arundinacea to the topsoil (25°C, 36% H₂O) was also studied. The CO₂ evolution increased significantly with temperature and moisture. The CO₂ evolution rate per unit of soil carbon was about two times higher for topsoil than for subsoil. Temperature fluctuation between −4 and +5°C did not enhance CO₂ evolution significantly compared with incubation at a constant 5°C and was even lower than or not significantly different from samples at 0.3°C.     

Local response of bacterial densities and enzyme activities to elevated atmospheric CO2 and different N supply in the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Altered flux of labile C from plant roots into soil is thought to influence growth and maintenance of microbial communities under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. We studied the abundance and function of the soil microbial community at two levels of spatial resolution to assess the response of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of the whole root system and of apical root zones of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to elevated CO₂ and high or low N supply.

At the coarser resolution, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns in the rhizosphere remained unaffected by elevated CO₂, because the C flux from the whole root system into soil did not change [as shown by Haase, S., Neumann, G., Kania, A., Kuzyakov, Y., Römheld, V., Kandeler, E., 2007. Elevation of atmospheric CO₂ and N-nutritional status modify nodulation, nodule carbon supply, and root exudation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 2208–2221]. At a higher spatial resolution, more low-molecular-weight compounds were released from apical root zones under elevated CO₂. Thus, at an early stage of plant growth (12 days after sowing), elevated CO₂ induced an increase of enzyme activities (xylosidase, cellobiosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase) in the rhizosphere soil of apical root zones. At later stages of plant growth (21 days after sowing), however, enzyme activities (those above as well as N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and phosphatase) decreased under elevated CO₂. The abundance of total and denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of apical root zones was unaffected by CO₂ elevation or N supply. Plant age seemed to be the main factor influencing the density of the bacterial community. In conclusion, the soil microbial community in the apical root zone responded to elevated CO₂ by altered enzyme regulation (production and/or activity) and not by greater bacterial abundance.     

Application of an insoluble polyacrylate polymer to copper-contaminated soil enhances plant growth and soil quality

Abstract. We investigated whether an insoluble polyacrylate polymer could be used to improve the quality of a copper-contaminated soil. Growth of annual medic ( Medicago polymorpha L.) was stimulated in the polymer-amended soil, such that total biomass produced was three times that of plants from unamended soil. Roots of plants cultivated in the polymer-amended soil had a concentration of copper that was 73% of that in plants from the unamended soil. Biological N₂ fixation was enhanced in the polymer-amended soil. Soil enzymatic activities at the end of the experiment were correlated with plant growth and copper concentration of plants grown in soils with different levels of copper, which were achieved by mixing the contaminated soil with varying proportions of a soil of low copper content. Shoot dry weight was positively correlated with acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and urease, whereas copper concentration in the roots of the annual medic was negatively correlated with acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase, cellulase and urease. The results are consistent with soil remediation by the polyacrylate polymer. Soil quality as inferred from plant growth, biological N₂ fixation and soil enzymatic activities improved as a result of the remediation process.     

Carbon dioxide emissions after application of tillage systems for a dark red latosol in southern Brazil

Soil tillage may influence CO₂ emissions in agricultural systems. Agricultural soils are managed in several ways in Brazil, ranging from no tillage to intensive land preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common soil tillage treatments (disk harrow, reversible disk plow, rotary tiller and chisel plow tillage systems) on the intermediate CO₂ emissions of a dark red latosol, located in southern Brazil. Different tillage systems produced significant differences in the CO₂ emissions, and the results indicate that the chisel plow produced the highest soil carbon loss during the 15 days period after tillage treatments were performed. Emissions to the atmosphere increased as much as 74 g CO₂ m⁻², at the end of a 2-week period, in the plot where the chisel plow treatment was applied, in comparison to the non-disturbed plot. The results indicate that the total increase on the intermediate term soil CO₂ emissions due to tillage treatments in southern Brazil is comparable to that reported for the more humid and cooler regions.     

温室番茄对增施不同浓度CO2的光合响应

【目的】 日光温室冬春季栽培中CO₂严重匮乏,探明增施不同浓度CO₂对温室番茄光合特性的影响,明确北方地区日光温室番茄各生育期适宜生长的CO₂浓度,可为其生产实践提供理论依据。 【方法】 用塑料膜将试验温室隔出四个52m2独立面积的隔间,于定植一周后到试验结束 (2016年11月—2017年4月) 采用CO₂自动释放控制系统,通过调整CO₂钢瓶上的流量计控制气体流速和循流风机将CO₂均匀施入试验区,增施时间为晴天9:00—11:00,14:00—16:00。设增施3个CO₂浓度水平:(600 ± 20)、(800 ± 25)、(1000 ± 30) μmol/mol,以大气CO₂浓度 (400 ± 15) μmol/mol为对照,‘兴海12号’番茄为试验材料,在温室内进行小区试验。分别于番茄苗期、开花期、幼果期及成熟期,选取生长势一致的植株生长点以下第3或4片功能叶片,采用80%丙酮浸提法测定其光合色素含量,采用美国LI-COR公司的LI-6400便携式光合仪测定其光合特性参数,计算光合色素含量、光合作用、光响应曲线特征参数以及番茄产量对不同CO₂浓度变化的响应。 【结果】 增施CO₂显著增加了番茄各生育期光合色素含量,增幅在开花期和幼果期较大。叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol处理的增幅最大;类胡萝卜素含量在开花期以CO₂ (800 ± 25) μmol/mol处理增幅最大,其他生育期均以 (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol浓度的增幅最大。番茄叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度及水分利用效率于各生育时期均显著增加,以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol的增幅最大,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol次之;气孔导度与蒸腾速率则随着增施的CO₂浓度的升高而显著降低。增施CO₂能不同程度提高番茄各生育期叶片光饱和点、最大净光合速率及表观量子效率,降低番茄叶片光补偿点,且均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol效果最佳,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol效果次之。 【结论】 供试条件下,增施CO₂后显著增加了番茄在开花结果期的光合能力,提高了番茄叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率,提高胞间CO₂利用能力和水分利用效率,降低了非气孔限制及其光补偿点,有利于番茄产量的提高;在试验以增施CO₂ 800～1000 μmol/mol的效果较为适宜。      

低O2高CO2贮藏环境对马铃薯块茎淀粉-糖代谢的影响

为明确低O₂高CO₂贮藏环境对马铃薯块茎淀粉-糖代谢的影响,本试验以大西洋马铃薯为试验材料,研究体积分数为5%O₂+2%CO₂(CA1)、5%O₂+4%CO₂(CA2)、5%O₂+6%CO₂(CA3)、5%O₂+8%CO₂(CA4)及5%O₂+10%CO₂(CA5)的气体环境对马铃薯在4℃贮藏期间块茎中糖类、淀粉及淀粉-糖代谢相关酶[腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)及转化酶(INV)]活性的影响,并对块茎中还原糖含量的变化与淀粉-糖代谢相关因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,适宜的低O₂高CO₂贮藏环境可有效抑制淀粉含量、AGPase活性、UGPase活性的下降,并且能够抑制还原糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量及SP、INV活性的上升,CA1环境贮藏的马铃薯块茎在整个贮藏期间淀粉含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),还原糖、蔗糖、果糖及葡萄糖含量显著低于CK(P<0.05),AGPase、UGPase活性显著高于CK(P<0.05),而SP、INV活性均显著低于CK(P<0.05);相关性分析结果表明,还原糖含量与淀粉含量、AGPase活性、UGPase活性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、SP活性及INV活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,马铃薯在CA1(5%O₂+2%CO₂)环境下贮藏可有效延缓块茎低温贮藏期间“糖化”现象的出现,AGPase、UGPase、SP、INV在贮藏过程中起到了一定的调控作用。本研究结果为加工型马铃薯的安全贮藏及明确“低温糖化”机理提供了理论依据。     

水分胁迫对玉米光合作用的影响

本文研究了快速水分胁迫对玉米光合作用的气孔和非气孔抑制的影响.快速水分胁迫下玉米叶片渗透调节能力丧失.光合强度和气孔阻力间为显著负相关、且相同的水势阈值.轻度水分胁迫下,叶片细胞间隙CO₂浓度、气孔导度和光合强度下降,叶圆片放氧能力变化很小,气孔相对限制值增加,光合强度主要受气孔因素的限制.严重水分胁迫下,叶片细胞间隙CO₂浓度增加,气孔导度、气孔相对限制值、光合强度和叶圆片放氧能力下降,光合强度主要受非气孔因素的限制.     

CO2和乙酸钠对雨生红球藻生长及其虾青素积累的影响

雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)是强抗氧化剂虾青素的天然优质来源,碳源是影响雨生红球藻虾青素产量的重要因素之一。为探究CO₂和乙酸钠在雨生红球藻生长和虾青素积累中的作用,本研究通过测定生化指标和荧光定量PCR的方法,比较了这2种碳源对雨生红球藻干重、虾青素含量、生长相关酶及基因转录水平等的影响。结果表明,在绿色营养阶段,高CO₂组培养雨生红球藻干重为对照组的1.81倍(第8天),可溶性蛋白含量和核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)活力升高,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活力及其编码基因转录表达上调;乙酸钠组雨生红球藻干重为对照组的1.56倍(第8天),Rubisco活力及其大亚基转录表达受抑制,PEPC和MDH活力及其转录水平升高。在厚壁孢子阶段,高CO₂组雨生红球藻细胞状态良好,其干重和虾青素产量分别为对照组的1.96和2.40倍(第8天),3个虾青素合成相关酶编码基因的转录水平在第3天高于对照组,Rubisco、PEPC、MDH活力较高;乙酸钠组雨生红球藻干重和虾青素产量分别为对照组的1.54和1.85倍(第8天),高光胁迫1 d后藻细胞部分变红,同时3个虾青素合成相关酶的基因表达量快速升高、Rubisco活力降低,而PEPC和MDH活力升高。综上,补充CO₂或乙酸钠均可显著促进雨生红球藻生长和虾青素积累,而高CO₂浓度培养藻的状态较好,乙酸钠则可促进虾青素的快速积累。本研究结果为今后利用雨生红球藻高效生产虾青素提供了理论参考。     

Modelling the effects of temperature and moisture on CO2 evolution from top- and subsoil using a multi-compartment approach

A novel approach, at least for laboratory conditions, for analysis of the dependence of soil C evolution on temperature is presented. A two-component (labile and refractory organic C) parallel first-order model was fitted to CO₂ evolution rates from top- and subsoil, incubated at different combinations of temperature (constant −4, 0.3, 5, 15, 25, weekly fluctuating between −4 and +5°C) and moisture (17, 26, 36 and 50% H₂O for the topsoil and 16, 23, 31 and 41% for the subsoil) and to the evolution of CO₂ after the addition of roots or stubble of Phalaris arundinacea in the topsoil, measured at 25°C and 36% H₂O (Lomander et al., 1998). The size of the pools and their respective first-order rate constants were optimized simultaneously by a least-squares method. The optimization was carried out separately for top- and subsoil. Quadratic functions were fitted to the temperature and moisture responses. For topsoil samples in which roots or stubble were added, a three-component model (labile, refractory and stubble or roots) was used. The initial partitioning of the soil C, the decomposition rate constants for each partition and the temperature and moisture responses were all assumed to be identical to those of pure topsoil, while the initial pool sizes of added roots and straw were measured. The calculated temperature at which CO₂ evolution ceased (T_min) was −0.83°C, and a recalculation to Q₁₀-values resulted in increasing temperature response with decreasing temperature (Q₁₀=2.2 at 25°C and 12.7 at 0.3°C). Simulated CO₂ evolution rates agreed well with the measurements (R_adj²=0.96 and 0.81) for top- and subsoil, respectively. The multi-compartment approach was superior to the single-compartment approach, which gave R_adj²=0.88 and 0.76 for top- and subsoil, respectively. In general, CO₂ evolution rates obtained from the laboratory experiment were higher than those measured in the field, even after differences in temperature and moisture were taken into account. After 300 d in the laboratory at 25°C and 36% H₂O, 99% and 86% of the added straw and roots, respectively, had disappeared according to the described model. The CO₂-evolution rate per unit of soil carbon was about two times higher for topsoil than for subsoil.     

Crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization effect on soil CO2 emissions in central Iowa

Depending upon how soil is managed, it can serve as a source or sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). As the atmospheric CO₂ concentration continues to increase, more attention is being focused on the soil as a possible sink for atmospheric CO₂. This study was conducted to examine the short-term effects of crop rotation and N fertilization on soil CO₂ emissions in Central Iowa. Soil CO₂ emissions were measured during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 from plots fertilized with three N rates (0, 135, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹) in continuous corn and a corn–soybean rotation in a split-plot design. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 2004 from the 0–15 cm soil depth to determine soil organic C content. Crop residue input was estimated using a harvest index based on the measured crop yield. The results show that increasing N fertilization generally decreased soil CO₂ emissions and the continuous corn cropping system had higher soil CO₂ emissions than the corn–soybean rotation. Soil CO₂ emission rate at the peak time during the growing season and cumulative CO₂ under continuous corn increased by 24 and 18%, respectively compared to that from corn–soybean rotation. During this period, the soil fertilized with 270 kg N ha⁻¹ emitted, on average, 23% less CO₂ than the soil fertilized with the other two N rates. The greatest difference in CO₂ emission rate was observed in 2004; where plots that received 0 N rate had 31% greater CO₂ emission rate than plots fertilized with 270 kg N ha⁻¹. The findings of this research indicate that changes in cropping systems can have immediate impact on both rate and cumulative soil CO₂ emissions, where continuous corn caused greater soil CO₂ emissions than corn soybean rotation.     

CO2浓度增高对水稻籽粒淀粉代谢相关酶活性的影响

以高产优质粳稻松粳9号和稻花香2号为材料,利用开放式空气CO₂浓度富集系统（FACE）实验平台,研究CO₂浓度增高对水稻籽粒淀粉代谢相关酶活性的影响。试验设正常大气CO₂浓度（400±40μmol·mol-1）和高CO₂浓度（600±60μmol·mol-1）,测定开花后两个水稻品种籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶活性的变化。结果表明,CO₂浓度增高对不同灌浆进程中酶活性的影响程度有显著差异,对乳熟期之后ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性和颗粒型淀粉合成酶活性的表达均有较明显的促进作用,仅阻碍了乳熟期籽粒中淀粉分支酶活性的表达;淀粉代谢相关酶活性对CO₂浓度增高的响应因品种而异,松粳9号籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性受CO₂浓度增高的影响较大,而稻花香2号淀粉合成酶活性受其影响更大。说明随着灌浆进程的推进,CO₂浓度增高对淀粉生物合成途径中关键酶活性表达的影响程度存在明显的时段特征,且不同品种的响应程度有显著差异,总体来看,CO2浓度增高可在一定程度上促进淀粉代谢相关酶活性的表达。     

有机无机肥配合生化抑制剂抑制土壤有机碳的转化

【目的】有机肥部分替代化肥是确保土壤地力提升、兼顾农田养分高效利用的有效途径。脲酶和硝化抑制剂可有效抑制尿素水解和土壤硝化过程。研究硝化抑制剂[2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(nitrapyrin,CP)]和脲酶抑制剂[正丁基硫代磷酸酰胺(N-butyl thiophosphamide,NB)]对土壤有机碳素转化的影响,为有机无机肥配合施用提供科学依据。【方法】在25℃和35℃条件下进行土壤培养试验。试验共设不施肥对照(CK)、单施尿素(U)、尿素+牛粪(UM)、尿素+牛粪+NB(UMNB)、尿素+牛粪+CP(UMCP)、尿素+牛粪+NB+CP(UMNB+CP)6个处理。除CK外,所有处理氮素用量一致,均为N 0.35 g/kg,除单施尿素处理,其余处理中牛粪氮的比例均为40%。在培养第7、32、81天取样,测定土壤有机碳组分含量,分析土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶4种酶活性。【结果】在25℃和35℃条件下,培养后第7、32、81天UMNB、UMCP和UMNB+CP处理的土壤有机碳量(SOC)与UM间无显著差异,但均显著高于单施尿素处理;与UM相比,UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的土壤易氧化碳(EOOC)平均分别降低了7.6%、5.4%和15.4%;UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的微生物生物量碳(MBC)平均值为190 mg/kg(25℃)和286 mg/kg(35℃),与UM相比分别降低了47%(25℃)和13.9%(35℃)。在25℃条件下,培养第7和81天时,UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的EOOC值与UM差异不显著,而在第32天时,均显著低于UM,3个抑制剂处理间差异不显著;在35℃下3个抑制剂处理与UM处理差异未达显著水平,只在32天时UMNB+CP处理显著低于其他两个抑制剂处理(P<0.05)。微生物生物量碳下降的幅度在3个培养期和两个温度下,均表现为UMNB相似文献   

不同土壤湿度下平菇菌渣施用对土壤酶活性和温室气体排放的影响

【目的】菌渣被广泛认为是一种优良的植物生长基质和土壤改良剂,向土壤中施用菌渣可以提高土壤微生物活性与温室气体的排放,且土壤水分含量也可以调控菌渣对土壤酶活性与温室气体的排放。通过探究不同土壤湿度条件下平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)菌渣对土壤酶活性的影响,以阐明不同土壤田间持水量下菌渣施用剂量-土壤温室气体排放-土壤酶活性之间的综合关系。【方法】本研究将平菇菌渣施入土壤并对土壤含水量进行调节,分析了在60%、75%、90%田间持水量条件下和菌渣添加量0.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%时,菌渣添加量对土壤酶活性和温室气体排放的影响。【结果】脲酶、几丁质酶、β-葡糖苷酶与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时活性最强,且在不同含水量下并无显著性差异。CO₂排放量与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时排放量最高,不同土壤含水量下并为CO₂排放量其产生显著影响。N₂O排放量在菌渣添加量2.5%和无菌渣添加时与含水量呈正相关,N₂O排放量在菌渣添加量5.0%与10.0%时...     

全球环境变化对土壤N2O排放影响的研究进展

全球环境变化一直是人们广泛关注的热点问题,由人类活动和化石燃料燃烧引起的温度持续升高、温室气体排放增加、极端天气频繁发生等现象对土壤理化性质及微生物活动产生深刻影响。N₂O作为一种具有强增温潜势的温室气体,对生态环境造成极大威胁。因此,全面深入地探究全球变化下不同环境因子对土壤N₂O排放的影响有重要意义。论文综述了模拟全球变暖、CO₂浓度倍增、降水格局改变以及氮沉降对土壤N₂O排放的影响及微生物作用机制,阐述不同变化因子对N₂O排放的交互效应。温度升高、CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降均能促进N₂O排放,但不同变化因子交互作用对N₂O排放的影响存在差异。未来应加强对多个变化因子交互作用的研究,不仅有助于进一步了解N₂O产生的影响因素,而且能为将来土壤生态系统对全球环境变化的响应研究和预测模型的建立提供理论基础。     

Effects of disturbance and glucose addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from a paddy soil

The effects of disturbance and glucose addition on N₂O and CO₂ emissions from a paddy soil at 45% WFPS (water-filled pore space) and at 25 °C were determined. During a 45-day incubation, disturbances with and without glucose addition were imposed 0, 1, 3, and 5 times. The total amount of glucose added to soil with 1, 3, and 5 disturbances was equal (0.6% of oven-dry soil basis). Strong nitrification occurred in the paddy soil during the incubation. Disturbance alone did not influence N₂O and CO₂ emissions significantly, but disturbance with glucose addition did (P < 0.01). A flush of N₂O as well as CO₂ was always observed following disturbance with glucose addition. The discrepancy in N₂O emission between disturbance alone and disturbance with glucose addition was ascribed to the different magnitude of denitrification and/or heterotrophic nitrification. Greater cumulative emission of N₂O was observed in the treatment of three disturbance times with glucose addition (4.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), compared with five disturbances with glucose addition (2.5 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and one disturbance with glucose addition (2.5 mg N kg⁻¹ soil). Cumulative CO₂ emission was significant larger in one and three disturbances with glucose addition than that five disturbance with glucose addition. Supplies of available organic C appear to be a critical factor controlling denitrification and/or heterotrophic nitrification processes and N₂O emission under relatively low moisture conditions, i.e. 45% WFPS.     

Soil CO2 efflux following rotary tillage of a tropical soil

Stopping the increase of atmospheric CO₂ level is an important task and information on how to implement adjustments on tillage practices could help lower soil CO₂ emissions would be helpful. We describe how rotary tiller use on a red latosol affected soil CO₂ efflux. The impact of changing blade rotation speed and rear shield position on soil CO₂ efflux was investigated. Significant differences among treatments were observed up to 10 days after tillage. Cumulative CO₂ efflux was as much as 40% greater when blade rotation of 216 rpm and a lowered rear shield was compared to blade rotation of 122 rpm and raised shield. This preliminary work suggests that adjusting rotary tiller settings could help reduce CO₂ efflux close to that of undisturbed soil, thereby helping to conserve soil carbon in tropical environments.