精恶唑禾草灵防除小麦田杂草看麦娘田间药效试验

精恶唑禾草灵属选择性、内吸传导型苗后茎叶处理剂,可用于阔叶作物如大豆、棉花、花生、油菜、蔬菜等防治一年生禾本科杂草,精恶唑禾草灵加入安全剂解草唑后,可增强小麦对精恶唑禾草灵的耐药性,用于小麦田防除一年及多年生禾本科杂草。为明确精恶唑禾草灵对麦田常见恶性杂草看麦娘的具体防效,笔者于2011年初,进行了精恶唑禾草灵防除冬小...     

抗性和敏感生物型菵草代谢精唑禾草灵的速度差异

为了测定菵草抗性生物型SD-04-SS和敏感生物型SD-12对精唑禾草灵代谢速度的差异,建立了精唑禾草灵及其主要代谢产物精唑禾草酸、6-氯苯并唑酮的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法.结果表明,在0.123~30.000 μg/mL范围内、0.977~1 000.000 μg/mL范围内、0.469~30.000 μg/mL范围内6-氯苯并唑酮、精唑禾草酸、精唑禾草灵浓度与响应值线性关系良好,相关系数(r)分别为0.991 2、0.972 2、0.996 3.应用上述方法分析发现,精唑禾草灵处理后2 h在菵草体内即可检测到精唑禾草酸和6-氯苯并唑酮,药后2~96 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精唑禾草灵的含量始终略高于敏感生物型SD-12,药后24~72 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精唑禾草酸的含量显著低于敏感生物型SD-12,说明抗性生物型降解精唑禾草酸的速度比敏感生物型更快.     

抗性和敏感生物型菵草代谢精噁唑禾草灵的速度差异

为了测定菵草抗性生物型SD-04-SS和敏感生物型SD-12对精噁唑禾草灵代谢速度的差异,建立了精噁唑禾草灵及其主要代谢产物精噁唑禾草酸、6-氯苯并噁唑酮的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。结果表明,在0.123~30.000μg/m L范围内、0.977~1 000.000μg/m L范围内、0.469~30.000μg/m L范围内6-氯苯并噁唑酮、精噁唑禾草酸、精噁唑禾草灵浓度与响应值线性关系良好,相关系数(r)分别为0.991 2、0.972 2、0.996 3。应用上述方法分析发现,精噁唑禾草灵处理后2 h在菵草体内即可检测到精噁唑禾草酸和6-氯苯并噁唑酮,药后2~96 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精噁唑禾草灵的含量始终略高于敏感生物型SD-12,药后24~72 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精噁唑禾草酸的含量显著低于敏感生物型SD-12,说明抗性生物型降解精噁唑禾草酸的速度比敏感生物型更快。     

小麦田精噁唑禾草灵抗性杂草的田间监测与防控

田间监测试验表明,69g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW在小麦田疑似抗性杂草种群试验区对看麦娘、野燕麦、菵草等一年生禾本科杂草防效较差,综合株防效只有58.21%,综合鲜重防效也只有67.67%;69g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW在小麦田敏感杂草种群试验区对看麦娘、野燕麦、菵草等一年生禾本科杂草防效较好,综合株防效87.61%,综合鲜重防效88.48%。表明多年使用精噁唑禾草灵的小麦田看麦娘、野燕麦、菵草等种群均已对精噁唑禾草灵产生了抗药性。     

野燕麦对精噁唑禾草灵、炔草酯敏感性差异测定

为明确不同野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酯的敏感性水平,采用整株生物测定与种子生物测定分别检测了河南、湖北、江苏三省共11个野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酯的敏感性。结果表明,2种测定方法获得的野燕麦种群对2种除草剂的敏感性基本一致。整株生物测定结果显示,不同野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酸的敏感性存在显著差异,其中,金水闸野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酯敏感性最高,其GR50值（有效成分）分别为2.46、3.65 g/hm2,而辉县野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酯敏感性最低,GR50值（有效成分）分别为15.00、23.12 g/hm2,其余野燕麦种群对精噁唑禾草灵和炔草酯的敏感性介于金水闸种群与辉县种群之间。种子生物测定结果与整株生物测定结果趋势一致,但表现出的敏感性略高。     

稻麦连作田菵草化学防除技术研究

为延缓麦田菵草对精噁唑禾草灵抗性的形成,延长精噁唑禾草灵防除菵草的使用寿命,生产上可选择异丙隆、丁草胺、乙草胺进行土壤处理,或用甲基二磺隆取代精噁唑禾草灵进行茎叶处理,以控制麦田茼草危害.     

小麦田看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平

为了掌握小麦田看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性情况,采用种子生物测定和整株生物测定的方法检测江苏、上海地区看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的敏感性,明确其抗药性水平。结果表明,在2013年检测的23个看麦娘种群中,有12个种群对精噁唑禾草灵表现出抗药性,抗性比例达52. 17%。抗药性水平最高的是采自江苏扬州的13JYGY-4种群,抑制中剂量为1 835. 21 g a. i./hm~2,相对抗性倍数达125. 53倍。2014、2015年定点检测结果表明,抗精噁唑禾草灵看麦娘的整体抗性水平仍然较高。     

小麦田大穗看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性

为明确小麦田大穗看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平及产生抗性的机理,采用整株法测定了河南省小麦田大穗看麦娘种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平,以及细胞色素P450s抑制剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)对精噁唑禾草灵的增效作用,并通过基因测序技术研究了其靶标ACCase基因的突变位点。结果显示:与敏感种群HN-06相比,抗性种群HN-05对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性倍数为52.2,其ACCase基因存在Ile-2041-Asn和Gly-2096-Ala位点突变;喷施PBO后,精噁唑禾草灵对大穗看麦娘的GR50值(有效成分)为5.4 g/hm^2,表现出明显的增效作用,与未喷施PBO处理的差异倍数为161.3。研究表明,抗性种群HN-05对精噁唑禾草灵已产生高水平抗性,该抗性的产生可能是由于其靶标基因突变和P450s介导的代谢增强同时导致的,即表现出了靶标抗性和非靶标抗性共存的现象。     

防治直播稻田禾本科杂草药剂的筛选及其制剂研究

筛选了五氟磺草胺和精噁唑禾草灵的最佳配比,研究了复配剂的油悬浮剂配方,并明确了该复配制剂的田间药效。结果表明,五氟磺草胺和精噁唑禾草灵的最适配比是2∶1;该油悬浮剂的最适配方是:五氟磺草胺的质量分数是4%,精噁唑禾草灵是2%,MOA-9P是15%,L-62是5%,有机膨润土是1%,气相法白炭黑是1%,油酸甲酯补足至100%;田间药效表明,6%五氟磺草胺·精噁唑禾草灵油悬浮剂18~36 g a.i./hm~2可有效防除直播稻田一年生杂草,并对水稻产量无影响。     

精噁唑禾草灵69克/升水乳剂防除冬小麦田禾本科杂草田间试验

精噁唑禾草灵主要用于冬小麦田茎叶处理,防除一年生禾本科杂草。因在精噁唑禾草灵中加入安全剂,故对小麦起到较好的保护作用,对小麦具有较高的安全性。为了探讨精噁唑禾草灵69克/升水乳剂对冬小麦田一年生禾本科杂草的防除效果及对冬小麦安全性,确定其较为经济的、有效的用药量,笔者进行了田间小区试验,现将试验结果小结如下。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.