黑熊发情期、围产期及哺乳期的人工饲养管理

黑熊是国家二级保护动物,为了提高黑熊人工饲养管理水平,保护其种群数量,本文介绍了黑熊的生态学特性;从发情期、围产期、哺乳期3个方面简述了黑熊人工饲养管理要点,以供参考。     

熊间质性肺炎6例

在人工饲养黑熊过程中,流行一种疾病,使黑熊死亡,给黑熊饲养事业造成很大的经济损失。我们曾对人工饲养过程中死亡的G例黑熊进行过病理解剖和病理组织检查,其结果分析如下。材料和方法     

黑熊常乳中常量成分的分析

随着黑熊人工养殖业的发展,国内大部分黑熊养殖场已经掌握了人工繁育技术,使黑熊人工饲养的数量逐年增加[1].但是,关于黑熊不同生长发育阶段营养需求的研究较少,而这正是实现熊类科学化、规范化饲养亟需解决的问题,尤其是了解断奶幼熊的营养需求,这是保障其健康生长的关键性问题.     

成年黑熊人工引流取胆汁期营养需要量的研究

选40头体重150～170kg 的成年健康黑熊,人工引流取胆汁,试验期12个月,配制粗蛋白水平分别为17.54%、19.56%、22.41%和24.17%的4种饲粮,以干胆粉量和氮代谢为指标,通过饲养试验和消化代谢试验,对成年黑熊人工引流取胆汁期蛋白质和能量需要量以及其他一些影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在本试验条件下,人工引流取胆汁成年黑熊以采用24%粗蛋白和12.92MJ/kg 消化能水平为宜。     

人工饲养条件下黑熊生长规律初探

为探索科学的饲养管理方法,扩大黑熊的数量,保护野生动物资源,以及生产量多质好的熊胆粉,我们观察记录了黑熊在人工饲养条件下的生长发育情况,并以此为依据,求出其生长模型,并进行数学处理,得出一些规律,为人工养熊提供参考。 1 材料与方法 1.1 材料选取健康的,生长发育良好的不同月龄的黑熊80头。     

熊的饲养

熊的饲养北京动物园张恩权熊科动物下分熊属（又称棕熊属）、亚洲黑熊属等６个属，在我国较多分布的东北棕熊属熊属，黑熊（俗称黑瞎子）属亚洲黑熊属，另外，在我国云南南部的森林中还有极少量的马来熊分布。本文介绍内容，以黑熊、棕熊为主。熊科动物人工饲养已有很长历...     

饲养方式对狼食物结构和繁殖的影响

将26头狼分为两个不同饲养方式的组,对相同日粮结构进行梯度调整,通过个体消化系统、体重等方面的变化,观察两种饲养方式对狼幼体生长发育和成年狼繁殖的影响。     

黑熊睾丸和附睾的组织学观察

黑熊属于食肉目熊科哺乳动物，是我国大型经济动物之一，以被列为国家二类保护动物，具有较高的经济价值和观赏价值。随着黑熊人工饲养数量的逐年增加和一些地区熊类野生资源的迅速减少，熊的繁殖问题日益得到有关方面的重视。但目前黑熊的研究主要集中在饲养管理和人工繁殖技术方面，而对组织学的研究非常少见。此次研究以黑熊为试验动物，采用组织学和组织化学技术，     

用多普勒法和激素对抗法对黑熊进行妊娠诊断

从1988年至1989年我们在延吉市珍贵动物饲养场和我院熊业研究所,用两种诊断法对疑似妊娠而拖延取胆汁手术的3例雌黑熊进行了妊娠诊断,其结果报告如下。1.材料供试熊:黑熊8号5岁,体重130千克,3号4岁,体重125千克,7号4岁,体重135千克,均系铁笼饲养。     

提高黑熊繁殖率的主要措施

在人工饲养条件下,取胆熊常会影响熊的内分泌和繁殖机能,造成繁殖率降低,因此严重制约着养熊业的发展。提高黑熊繁殖率,对于养熊业来说具有重要意义,提高黑熊繁殖率有以下几个关键问题。     

Effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effect of maternal antibodies on immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes. ANIMALS: 250 cubs from 48 vixens. PROCEDURE: Sera were obtained from cubs of 36 vaccinated (maternally vaccinated [MV+]) and 12 nonvaccinated (MV-) vixens between 23 and 71 days of age and tested for neutralizing antibodies. Seventy-one MV+ cubs and 33 MV-cubs were vaccinated orally with modified-live virus vaccine SAD B19. Geometric mean titer (GMT) was determined in these cubs approximately 21, 39, and 57 days after vaccination. In a subsequent experiment, 10 vaccinated MV+ cubs, 6 vaccinated MV- cubs, and 6 control cubs were challenge inoculated with virulent rabies virus approximately 100 days after vaccination. RESULTS: Serum GMT of nonvaccinated MV cubs (0.23 U/ml) was significantly greater than that of non-vaccinated MV- cubs (0.15 U/ml). The GMT of vaccinated MV+ cubs 21, 39, and 57 days after vaccination were 2.85, 2.11, and 0.79 U/ml, respectively, and were significantly less than those of vaccinated MV- cubs (12.19, 6.76, and 4.02 U/ml, respectively). All challenge-inoculated cubs with GMT < 0.5 U/ml succumbed to rabies. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Partially impaired immune response in cubs < 8 weeks old from vaccinated vixens causes insufficient protection against rabies. Inhibition of the immune response persists longer than the period during which maternal antibodies are detectable. Thus, oral vaccination campaigns for young foxes in areas where vaccination has been performed need to be reconsidered.     

Rickets in two hand-reared polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs.

Two polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs born at the Denver Zoological Gardens were abandoned by a primiparous mother. Lethargic and extremely chilled, the cubs were transported to the zoo hospital for intensive care and hand rearing. Both cubs developed rickets. Dietary changes were instituted, and both cubs completely recovered with the exception of a bowed right femur (genu varum) in the female cub.     

幼龄华南虎的人工饲养

华南虎幼崽为晚成哺乳动物,刚出生时双眼未睁、不能独立取食和排便,需要人工辅助其学习和完成。初生仔兽的喂饲以少量多食为佳,前3 d以7～8次较为适宜,喂奶量由少增多。饲喂幼虎时人工奶的初始浓度以1：8较适合。幼兽需要用纱布蘸水轻擦仔兽的肛周,以刺激其排便。在8周龄左右为幼虎添加肉浆,1个月后将肉浆替换为肉条。肉类食物的添加时间为观察到幼虎牙齿长出,此时喂奶量可以随着肉量的增加而逐渐减少,直至完全断奶。饲料转换过程中,动物对人工奶的取食量逐渐下降,并且在1周内会出现身体不适,体重增长减缓,一般持续5～7 d即恢复正常。动物对肉条适应以后,而对人工奶的需求量急剧下降,此时可以增加骨头以锻炼幼兽的啃食能力,此时幼兽的体重迅速上升。     

Growth rates and energy intake of hand-reared cheetah cubs (Acinonyx jubatus) in South Africa

Growth rate is an important factor in neonatal survival. The aim of this study was to determine growth rates in hand-reared cheetah cubs in South Africa fed a prescribed energy intake, calculated for growth in the domestic cat. Growth was then compared with previously published data from hand-reared cubs in North America and the relationship between growth and energy intake explored. Daily body weight (BW) gain, feed and energy intake data was collected from 18 hand-reared cheetah cubs up to 120 days of age. The average pre-weaning growth rate was 32 g/day, which is lower than reported in mother-reared cubs and hand-reared cubs in North American facilities. However, post-weaning growth increased to an average of 55 g/day. Growth was approximately linear prior to weaning, but over the entire age range it exhibited a sigmoidal shape with an asymptotic plateau averaging 57 kg. Energy intake associated with pre-weaning growth was 481 kJ ME/kg BW(0.75). Regression analysis described the relationship between metabolic BW, metabolisable energy (ME) intake, and hence daily weight gain. This relationship may be useful in predicting energy intake required to achieve growth rates in hand-reared cheetah cubs similar to those observed for their mother-reared counterparts.     

Stifle osteochondritis dissecans in snow leopards (Uncia uncia)

Three snow leopard (Uncia uncia) cubs, female and male siblings and an unrelated female, had lameness attributed to osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions noted at 6, 8, and 10 mo of age, respectively. All cubs were diagnosed with OCD via radiographs. The sibling cubs both had lesions of the right lateral femoral condyles, while the unrelated cub had bilateral lesions of the lateral femoral condyles. Subsequently, OCD was confirmed in all three cases during surgical correction of the lateral femoral condyle lesions via lateral stifle arthrotomies, flap removal, and debridement of the defect sites. Histopathology also supported the diagnosis of OCD. Postoperatively, the sibling cubs developed seromas at the incision sites and mild lameness, which resolved within a month. To date, two cubs have been orthopedically sound, while one of the sibling cubs has developed mild osteoarthritis. OCD has rarely been reported in domestic felids, and to the authors' knowledge these are the first reported cases of OCD in nondomestic felids.     

Patterns and significance of bite wounds in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in southern and south-west England

Postmortem examinations were carried out on 379 otters found dead in southern and south-west England between 1988 and 2003. Most (81 per cent) were road casualties, but many had open bite wounds and in some cases these had proved fatal. Mortality was strongly seasonal and was positively correlated with night length. Although numbers decreased in the summer months, the prevalence of bite wounds in adults was highest in late summer. The number of otters examined annually and the prevalence of bite wounds increased markedly during the study period, and in 2003 more than half the otters of both sexes had recent bite wounds. The majority of the bites were considered to have been caused by other otters, but some were thought to have been inflicted by American mink (Mustela vison). Bites to cubs were mostly caused by domestic dogs. The overall mortality due to bite wounds was approximately 10 per cent.     

Oral rabies vaccination of foxes with one or two delayed distributions of SAG2 baits during the spring

During the spring of 1997, various protocols of rabies vaccine bait (SAG2) distribution for foxes were compared: in the first test zone, a first distribution was organised at the end of April, followed by a second distribution two weeks later; in the second test zone, there was a first distribution at the same period as for the previous zone, followed by a second distribution four weeks later, at the end of May. In two control zones, a classical single bait distribution was organised during the same periods as for the second distribution in the respective test zones. No statistical differences were observed for adult foxes or fox cubs sampled in the test and control zones neither for baits uptake nor for seroconversion rate. However, seroconversion rates observed in fox cubs population were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in areas vaccinated at the end of May (43 and 56%) compared with those vaccinated at mid-May (24 and 20%). The vaccinal efficacy of baits was also significantly (P < 0.05) increased for the fox cubs in the areas vaccinated at the end of May (46 and 57%) compared with those vaccinated at mid-May (24 and 25%). This increase in immunological response by fox cubs when vaccinating in late spring must be related to their development. In the early spring, fox cubs are generally too young to have access to baits or to be vaccinated when eating them. For most of these fox cubs, a second distribution will not constitute a booster. Therefore, in order to increase the efficient access of fox cubs to vaccine baits, Spring distribution of baits should preferably be organised during May or June rather than in April.     

Susceptibility of Foxes to Clostridium Botulinum Type C and E Toxins

Investigations were performed to determine the exact susceptibility of foxes to Clostridium botulinum type C and E toxins.Doses of 5 mill. MLD type C toxin mixed with the feed did not cause symptoms of botulism in either cubs or adult foxes. Subcutaneous injections of 300,100(0 MLD or more were fatal to cubs, while 750,000 MLD caused the death of all adults.Regarding type E toxin, doses of 1 mill. MLD affected neither cubs nor adults on oral administration. Subcutaneously injected doses of 5,000 MLD or more killed all cubs, while 10,000 MLD was required to produce lethal effect on adult animals.The conclusion made is that foxes are highly resistant to both type C and E Clostridium botulinum toxins following oral application. It is further revealed that foxes are 60–70 times more susceptible to type E than to type C toxin when injected subcutaneously.     

The persistence of rabies virus antibodies in the sera of fox cubs

The persistence of maternal antibodies transfer from rabies-immune vixens to their fox cubs was studied. Eight vixens (Vulpes vulpes) were vaccinated 1 month before pregnancy with Lysvulpen vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes. Twenty-one were foxes born at the first half of April. The geometrical mean titre of rabies neutralizing antibodies of fox cubs sampled in May was 1.31 IU/ml and has dropped successively to 0.54 IU/ml in June samples and to 0.18 IU/ml in July samples. It has been proven that the duration of rabies maternal antibodies in fox cubs was limited to 2 months after birth.     

Field anesthesia of wild arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs in the Swedish lapland using medetomidine-ketamine-atipamezole.

A safe and effective anesthetic regime for use in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs was developed. During July 1996, six free-ranging 6-8-wk-old cubs were captured near their den in Vindelfjallen Nature Reserve, Sweden. Medetomidine and ketamine HCI, followed by atipamezole, were selected for the anesthetic trial because of the well-documented safety and efficacy of this drug combination in a broad range of species. The dosage regimen used was 50 microg/kg medetomidine combined with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine followed by reversal with 250 microg/kg atipamezole. Induction was rapid, with a mean induction time of 1 min and 32 sec (range: 58-150 sec). The cubs were anesthetized for a mean time of 18 +/- 5 min (range: 13-25 min). Serially recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and pulse oximetry were stable throughout the anesthetic period for all cubs. Anesthetic depth was suitable for safe handling and minor clinical procedures, including venipuncture. Following atipamezole, all cubs were standing within 12 +/- 7 min (range: 5-24 min) and fully recovered at 27 +/- 5 min (range: 19-36 min). This information will be useful for future captive breeding and management programs involving the endangered arctic fox.