Glacial surface temperatures of the southeast Atlantic Ocean

A detailed record of sea surface temperature from sediments of the Cape Basin in the subtropical South Atlantic indicates a previously undocumented progression of marine climate change between 41 and 18 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), during the last glacial period. Whereas marine records typically indicate a long-term cooling into the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ky B.P.) consistent with gradually increasing global ice volume, the Cape Basin record documents an interval of substantial temperate ocean warming from 41 to 25 ky B.P. The pattern is similar to that expected in response to changes in insolation owing to variations in Earth's tilt.     

Uranium-series dating of sediments from searles lake: differences between continental and marine climate records

One of the major unresolved questions in Pleistocene paleoclimatology has been whether continental climatic transitions are consistent with the glacial delta(18)O marine record. Searles Lake in California, now a dry salt pan, is underlain by sediment layers deposited in a succession of lakes whose levels and salinities have fluctuated in response to changes in climate over the last 3 x 10(6) years. Uraniumseries dates on the salt beds range from 35 x 10(3) to 231x 10(3) years. This range of dates allows identification of lake-sediment horizons that are time correlatives of the boundaries of marine isotope stages from the recent 3/4 boundary back to the 8/9 boundary. The 5/6 boundary coincided with a deepening of the lake, but the analogous 1/2 boundary coincided with desiccation. The 3/4, 4/5, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9 boundaries correspond in age to horizons that record little or no change in sedimentation or climate. These hydrologic results demonstrate that the continental paleoclimate record at this mid-latitude site does not mimic the marine record.     

基于低碳经济视角的广东省海洋经济发展模式研究

低碳经济以低能耗、低排放、低污染为特征,其发展目标是减缓气候变化,促进经济和社会的可持续发展,对于着力建设海洋经济强省的广东省来说,它是发展海洋经济的必由之路。论述了低碳经济的内涵,发展海洋低碳经济的意义,以及当前广东省海洋经济发展的现状,进而提出了基于低碳经济视角的广东省海洋经济发展模式、措施及建议,旨在转变广东省海洋经济的增长方式,保护生态环境,促进广东省海洋经济的可持续发展。     

Terminal cretaceous extinction scenario for a catastrophe

All the biotic changes that occurred at the end of Cretaceous time, including the extinction of the dinosaurs, may be the result of a single terrestrial catastrophe. The Arctic spillover model, first proposed to explain the marine extinctions, would have caused a rapid and intense change in the earth's climate including a lowering of temperature and of precipitation. This change in climate may have triggered a series of ecological disasters that included the radical change in the distribution of vegetation on the earth as well as the extinction of the dinosaurs.     

The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems

Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.     

Climate-driven range expansion and morphological evolution in a marine gastropod

Little is known about the phenotypic consequences of global climate change, despite the excellent Pleistocene fossil record of many taxa. We used morphological measurements from extant and Pleistocene populations of a marine gastropod (Acanthinucella spirata) in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA sequence variation from living populations to determine how populations responded phenotypically to Pleistocene climatic changes. Northern populations show little sequence variation as compared to southern populations, a pattern consistent with a recent northward range expansion. These recently recolonized northern populations also contain shell morphologies that are absent in extant southern populations and throughout the Pleistocene fossil record. Thus, contrary to traditional expectations that morphological evolution should occur largely within Pleistocene refugia, our data show that geographical range shifts in response to climatic change can lead to significant morphological evolution.     

青藏高原植被对气候变化响应的研究进展

青藏高原作为全球气候变化的启动器和调节器,在全球气候变化研究中备受关注。研究全球变暖背景下的青藏高原气候变化以及植被的响应特征,对于推进该区域气候变化研究具有重要意义,目前已有不少该方面的研究报道,但大多局限于对个别气候因素或个别植被响应的描述,缺乏对多种气候因素的综合概括和对植被响应区域差异方面的系统概括。该研究首先总结了青藏高原多个气候参数(气温、降水、积雪、日照辐射、水热通量等)的变化特征;然后归纳了在气候变化背景下,高原植被特征参数(绿度、物候、生产力、碳源/汇)对气候变化响应的规律;最后针对4个环境脆弱区,包括藏北、三江源、环青海湖、林芝,进行了植被变化气候响应特征的讨论。基于以上概述,分析了青藏高原植被气候变化响应研究方面存在的问题,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

中国陆地植被对气候变化的适应性分析

[目的]分析我国不同区域气候变化类型对当地生态系统植被长势的长期影响。[方法]利用1981—2010年中国陆地生态系统植被指数NDVI与气温及降水之间的响应关系,定量识别植被与气候的相互作用机制,结合中国气候变化区划,完成气候变化背景下的中国陆地植被覆盖度预测。[结果]我国东北大小兴安岭、长白山、云贵高原等地区植被更适应当地气候暖干化趋势,西北地区大部、东南地区(长江下游除外)植被更适应当地气候暖湿化趋势,为气候变化利于植被生长区;我国内蒙古东部及北部沙漠化严重地区植被不适应当地气候暖干化趋势,为气候变化不利于植被生长区。我国其他大部分区域植被长势与气候变化无显著响应关系。[结果]该研究成果可为我国不同区域生态系统的差异化管理提供参考。     

全球变化背景下中国应对气候变化的主要进展和展望

首先,从全球气候治理的重大国际会议和协定着手,分析了近年来《巴黎协定》、马拉喀什气候大会和中美气候合作的主要进展及中国贡献。其次,从中国适应气候变化和应对气候变化的角度,多层面综述了中国在治理气候变化中的主要进展。再次,追踪了中国应对气候变化的主要科技进展和成就。最后,从气候变化等环境风险领域,从6个方面就未来气候变化风险进行了展望,以期为气候变化治理贡献相应的科技支撑方案。     

艾比湖流域生态系统NPP 对气候 变化及景观动态的响应

分析气候变化与人为扰动对生态系统NPP 的影响、以及未来情景模式下NPP 的响应机制。在景观动态 模拟模型CA-Markov 模型耦合未来A1B 情景模式下的区域气候模式数据的基础上、建立生态系统NPP 对气候变化 和景观动态响应模型、实现了人类活动与气候变化对生态系统NPP 的影响定量分析。艾比湖流域2005要2020 年生 态系统NPP 增长了223.27 GgC、其中由人类活动直接导致的NPP 增加为141.01 GgC、气候变化的贡献为82.26 GgC。 近期内人类活动的直接影响仍是生态系统NPP 变化的主要因素、气候变化的影响虽然较小、但呈现逐年增长的趋 势。     

全球气候变化多样性及应对措施

从气候多样性、气候变化风险多样性和应对气候变化多样性着手,系统分析了气候变化对全球可持续发展影响的多样性和严峻性;结合人类社会活动与气候系统的相互作用与关系,提出了人类社会与气候变化共生存的范式,并依据此范式,对应对气候风险的全球机制提出建议。     

我国植物物候变化及对气候变化的响应综述

物候是指示气候变化的主要指标之一,开展物候对全球变化的响应研究是现代物候学研究的一个热点领域。综合论述了现有国内外已有的文献,阐述了研究物候的意义,对比我国北方地区与南方地区的物候变化及其对气候变化的响应,揭示各个区域物候变化趋势及各自特征。     

Emergent biogeography of microbial communities in a model ocean

A marine ecosystem model seeded with many phytoplankton types, whose physiological traits were randomly assigned from ranges defined by field and laboratory data, generated an emergent community structure and biogeography consistent with observed global phytoplankton distributions. The modeled organisms included types analogous to the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Their emergent global distributions and physiological properties simultaneously correspond to observations. This flexible representation of community structure can be used to explore relations between ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and climate change.     

北方森林生态系统对全球气候变化的响应研究进展

北方森林是地球上第2大生物群区,约占陆地森林面积的30%,提供了从局地到全球的生态系统服务功能。1850年以来,全球性持续升温不断显现,2000—2050年全球至少升高2 ℃,甚至更高。预计到2100年,北方森林区冬季平均温度将升高1.3~6.3 ℃。与此同时,几乎所有的北方森林生态系统功能都将会受到影响,尤其是近几十年来,该区域发生了很多与温度升高相关的潜在生态响应。本文从碳循环、生物多样性、干旱化和林火发生频率以及冻土变化等方面具体综述了北方森林生态系统对于全球气候变化的响应。响应结果如下:1)气候变化对于北方森林碳循环动态的影响是极其复杂的,迄今为止并没有达成共识, 分解对于温度的反应敏感程度至今仍存在很多不确定性。2)动物、植物和微生物(真菌)均对气候变化产生了一定的响应,表现为动物和植物的分布区进一步北移,但真菌的多样性和生产力响应机制尚无法确定。3)北方森林区随气候变化表现为进一步的干旱化和林火发生明显增加。4)北方森林区与冻土伴生,冻土随气候变暖表现出了面积缩小和活动层扩大的趋势。可见,北方森林对气候变化响应明显,尽管到目前为止有些响应机制尚不清楚,但变化趋势十分明显。本文旨在为北方森林的经营和管理提供基础数据和技术支持,实现北方森林的可持续经营。      

Intensifying weathering and land use in Iron Age Central Africa

About 3000 years ago, a major vegetation change occurred in Central Africa, when rainforest trees were abruptly replaced by savannas. Up to this point, the consensus of the scientific community has been that the forest disturbance was caused by climate change. We show here that chemical weathering in Central Africa, reconstructed from geochemical analyses of a marine sediment core, intensified abruptly at the same period, departing substantially from the long-term weathering fluctuations related to the Late Quaternary climate. Evidence that this weathering event was also contemporaneous with the migration of Bantu-speaking farmers across Central Africa suggests that human land-use intensification at that time had already made a major impact on the rainforest.     

The response of two contrasting limestone grasslands to simulated climate change

Two different UK limestone grasslands were exposed to simulated climate change with the use of nonintrusive techniques to manipulate local climate over 5 years. Resistance to climate change, defined as the ability of a community to maintain its composition and biomass in response to environmental stress, could be explained by reference to the functional composition and successional status of the grasslands. The more fertile, early-successional grassland was much more responsive to climate change. Resistance could not be explained by the particular climates experienced by the two grasslands. Productive, disturbed landscapes created by modern human activity may prove more vulnerable to climate change than older, traditional landscapes.     

我国渔业发展战略研究现状分析与初步思考

从我国渔业发展的历程来看,战略决策对渔业产业发展具有重要的导向作用。随着经济社会的不断发展,渔业已经从单一的产品供给功能扩展到五项功能特征;而根据产值统计分析发现,渔业在“大农业”与“海洋经济”中的地位不仅偏低,且呈现逐步下降趋势,但渔业在保障国家粮食安全、争取海洋权益等方面仍具有无可替代的重要地位,因此,唯有发挥战略引导作用才是改变渔业处境的重要途径。在对海洋经济与发展战略研究平台、取得成果分析基础上,类比渔业经济发展战略研究现状,发现目前渔业经济与发展战略研究工作存在资源整合优势不明显、专职研究人员少、研究成果质量偏低以及研究缺乏系统性等问题,为了提升渔业发展战略研究水平,认为应从不同的渔业分类方式入手,结合水产品质量安全管理战略、生态渔业发展战略、低碳渔业与碳汇渔业发展战略、渔业响应气候变化发展战略等四大迫切性战略问题开展相应研究工作,以提高渔业发展战略研究工作的系统性,最终起到为现代渔业发展导航的作用。     

风景园林应对气候变化的实践与气候积极性设计方法

风景园林通过协调人与自然的关系，可以减缓和适应气候变化的负面影响。为构建风景园林应对气候变化的方法体系，提升风景园林应对气候变化能力，进一步发挥风景园林在减少碳排放、提升生物多样性、缓解极端高温天气、培育具有复原力的社区等功能。本文在梳理国内外风景园林应对气候变化的理念和实践基础上，归纳出当前存在的三点不足：对气候变化复杂性认知不足、应对气候变化的理论与实践结合不够、实施保障机制欠缺。研究系统阐述了风景园林气候积极性设计的概念、特点、流程和方法及实施机制等，并构建风景园林气候积极性设计方法和技术体系。结果表明，针对气候变化的复杂影响，风景园林气候积极性设计应采取多策略组合应对和多目标协同的方法，构建相应的价值取向和实施机制，通过多方案比选和优中选优，以取得最为理想的实施效果，更好地发挥风景园林功能，进而促进风景园林学科发展。     

Beryllium-10 dating of the duration and retreat of the last pinedale glacial sequence

Accurate terrestrial glacial chronologies are needed for comparison with the marine record to establish the dynamics of global climate change during transitions from glacial to interglacial regimes. Cosmogenic beryllium-10 measurements in the Wind River Range indicate that the last glacial maximum (marine oxygen isotope stage 2) was achieved there by 21,700 +/- 700 beryllium-10 years and lasted 5900 years. Ages of a sequence of recessional moraines and striated bedrock surfaces show that the initial deglaciation was rapid and that the entire glacial system retreated 33 kilometers to the cirque basin by 12,100 +/- 500 beryllium-10 years.     

人工林樟子松生长轮宽度对气候变化的响应

应用响应函数分析方法研究东北地区人工林樟子松生长轮宽度对气候变化的响应,结果表明：前1年4月至当年9月的气候变化可以解释生长轮宽度径向变异的44．1％。温度是影响樟子松生长轮宽度径向变异最主要的气候因素,其中,当年6月平均气温对其影响最大,回归系数达到-0．350。