黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌基因组ISSR分子指纹分析

多主棒孢菌(Corynespora cassiicola)是危害黄瓜、番茄、橡胶等作物的重要病原真菌。研究不同地区、相同或不同寄主棒孢菌的遗传多样性,对了解多主棒孢菌的遗传分化和病害防治具有重要意义。本研究从天津、山西、河南、河北、山东、辽宁等黄瓜主产区共采集、分离纯化得到32个黄瓜多主棒孢菌菌株,对其生物学培养特征以及ISSR遗传变异进行了分析。菌株培养特征表明,在供试32个菌株中,Ⅰ型菌株有24个(5-28号),占75%,其菌落黑褐色,边缘浅绿,菌丝生长旺盛,PDA培养基上产孢量较少;Ⅱ型菌株4个(1-4号),占12.5%,菌落黑色,粉末状,PDA培养基上可大量产孢;Ⅲ型菌株4个(29-32号),占12.5%,菌落浅灰色或灰白色,菌丝疏松,基物浅粉色,PDA培养基上产孢量极少。其中Ⅰ型菌株占75%,为病菌优势小种。对该32个菌株和2个番茄寄主分离的多主棒孢菌株多样性进行了ISSR指纹分析,23条ISSR引物共扩增获得204个位点,其中194个为多态位点,占95.10%。32个黄瓜寄主的菌株间遗传变异较大,两两间的遗传相似系数在0.627 5~0.995 1之间。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数为0.65时,将34个菌株分为4个组,每组包含的菌株数分别为26、5、1、2。聚类分析结果显示,来源于黄瓜和番茄寄主上的菌株遗传分化较大,在相似系数为0.31时可以明显分为两簇。从多态性分析及聚类结果看,病菌分化与地理来源无明显的相关性,但与寄主来源可能存在相关性。该研究充分说明黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌基因组在SSR区域具有丰富的遗传多态性,为黄瓜棒孢叶斑病抗病育种以及综合防治提供了重要的理论参考,并可以为多主棒孢菌的分类鉴定及系统发育研究提供依据。     

冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体rDNA ITS区的克隆与序列分析

采用镰刀菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR扩增冬瓜枯萎病菌核糖体基因ITS区,并对产物进行克隆和序列分析;利用Mega 4.1软件对序列及GeneBank中以葫芦科为寄主的镰刀菌不同专化型ITS序列进行聚类。冬瓜枯萎病菌ITS全长1 063 bp,其中包括18S rDNA一部分序列,5.8S rDNA,ITS1和ITS2全部序列及28S rD-NA部分序列。聚类结果将15个菌株ITS序列划分为2个类群,类群I包括4个菌株,分别为2个西瓜枯萎病菌株和2个甜瓜枯萎病菌株;类群II包括11个菌株,其中冬瓜枯萎病菌株就在该类群中,其余为甜瓜枯萎病菌株5个、西瓜枯萎病菌株3个、黄瓜枯萎病菌株、丝瓜枯萎病菌株和葫芦枯萎病菌株各1个。     

大豆霜霉病菌rDNA ITS区的分子探针的设计与应用

大豆霜霉病菌是引起大豆病害的重要病原之一,采用真菌18～28 S间的内转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS)通用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增大豆霜霉病菌和其他外群真菌的基因组DNA,扩增出约500 bp的片段;通过克隆测序大豆霜霉病菌的ITS全序列并与GenBank中霜霉菌属其他种的ITS序列比对,设计出大豆霜霉病菌的特异性引物PM1和PM2。用此特异引物可以从大豆霜霉菌株中扩增出380 bp的特异性片段,而其余9个参试菌株和大豆组织的PCR反应结果为阴性,灵敏度试验证明,可以检测到目标DNA的浓度为0.1 pg。该方法可用于快速、准确和灵敏地检测大豆霜霉病菌,为快速监测组织中霜霉病菌潜伏侵染并及早采取防治措施提供积极的指导作用。     

河北青县黄瓜棒孢叶斑病病原菌种群分化的研究

本研究对15株河北青县黄瓜棒孢叶斑病病原菌多主棒孢菌Corynespora cassiicola的形态学特征、分子类群及在不同寄主上致病力分化的相互关系进行综合研究.由16对ISSR随机引物对15株供试菌株进行ISSR标记分析,得到92个多态性位点,所有菌株划分为2个分子类群,遗传相似性系数为0.82.结合形态特征的比...     

葡萄炭疽病菌鉴定及同源性分析

为揭示葡萄炭疽病菌种类和遗传特征,给深入研究该病提供科学理论依据。本研究对不同地区的26株葡萄炭疽病菌通过形态学和r DNA-ITS序列分析进行鉴定及同源性研究。利用真菌通用引物ITS4、ITS5对病菌基因组进行PCR扩增,将测序结果与NCBI数据库上已知序列进行比对,同时利用Clustalx 1.83和MEGA 5.0软件进行聚类分析。结果表明:病菌菌落为白色或灰白色,菌丝呈绒状或絮状,分生孢子为圆柱形或圆筒状,单孢,无色;测得病菌ITS序列为500 bp左右,鉴定病原均为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。不同地区葡萄炭疽菌的r DNA-ITS序列同源性高,亲缘关系比较近,但是各菌株间存在着遗传差异,并且菌株之间差异与地理来源和品种无明显的相关性。     

两种瓜类镰刀菌的多重 PCR 检测

为了更快更准确地在病菌潜伏期或发病初期鉴定出尖孢镰刀菌引起的瓜类枯萎病和茄病镰刀菌引起的瓜类根腐病这2种病害,根据尖孢镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌的翻译延长因子TEF1-α序列设计了3条种特异性引物。引物对FO-F和Fu-R可以从尖孢镰刀菌中扩增到1条228 bp的片段,引物对FS-F和Fu-R可以从茄病镰刀菌中扩增到1条347 bp片段,并且3条引物FO-F、FS-F和Fu-R可以同时在1个PCR反应中扩增到2个片段,而这2对引物都不能从其他病原真菌中扩增到任何条带。结果表明,该多重PCR检测方法可以同时鉴定样品中的2种镰刀菌。     

山东省番茄灰霉病菌种类与遗传多样性研究

利用单孢分离的方法从山东省11个地区的番茄病害标本上分离获得66个灰霉病菌菌株,通过形态学观察和5.8S rDNA-ITS序列分析,该66个菌株均为灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)。通过序列比对,该66个菌株的ITS序列属于两种类型,并且两种ITS序列只有单碱基差异。利用ISSR（inter-simple sequence repeats）标记技术对66个菌株进行遗传多样性分析,结果获得24个ISSR分子标记,其中58.33%的片段具有多态性,该结果表明菌株种群间遗传多样性不丰富。UPGMA聚类分析将66个菌株划分成4个遗传聚类群,遗传聚类群的菌株组成表明遗传群组的划分与菌株的种类和地理来源存在一定的相关性。     

渝产多花黄精根腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了明确重庆地区多花黄精根腐病的病原菌,并进一步为该病害的防治提供理论依据。采集典型根腐病症状的多花黄精样品,通过切片和组织分离法对病原菌进行分离和纯化。按柯赫氏法则对其致病性测定,并对其中毒性最强的菌株L_1和L_6进行形态学、分子生物学鉴定。结果表明:分离的致病菌经形态学初步鉴定分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和腐皮镰刀菌(F. solani);柯赫氏法则表明两种病原菌都能使多花黄精发病,发病症状与田间症状一致,且存在复合侵染现象;PCR技术扩增病菌rDNA-ITS基因,获得长度为600 bp、570 bp的DNA片段,菌株序列与尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰刀菌的序列同源性分别达到99%;ITS系统发育树上,L_1与尖孢镰刀菌和L_6与腐皮镰刀菌聚在同一分支上。结合形态特征、序列分析和系统进化分析,确定尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰刀菌是引起多花黄精根腐病的病原菌。本研究可为根腐病拮抗菌的筛选和多花黄精——根腐病互作机理研究提供帮助。     

大豆炭腐病病原菌鉴定

为有效防冶大豆炭腐病,对最近在北京和天津两块大豆田发生的疑似大豆炭腐病病原菌进行了鉴定.在PDA培养基病原菌上分离物生长较快,菌落灰色,产生大量直径为49.8～111.4 μm的黑色菌核.接种表明,选择的5个分离物对大豆品种合丰25的幼苗致病,且各分离物从病株上重新分离率为100%.用通用引物ITS4/ITS5扩增5个分离物的rDNA-ITS序列区和测序,通过与Genbank数据库比对,5个分离物与菜豆壳球孢菌分离物序列的相似性为97%～99%.用菜豆壳球孢菌的特异性引物MpKF1/MPKR1进行检测,在5个分离物中均扩增出350 bp的特征片段.基于病害症状、病原菌形态、致病性和分子特征,鉴定这5个分离物为菜豆壳球孢菌.该病害在华北地区尚属首次报道.     

谷瘟病菌无毒基因PWL家族检测及变异分析

为了确定不同地区谷瘟病菌群体中无毒基因PWL家族的分布和变异情况,从全国谷子主产区的不同区域采集分离了252株谷瘟病菌单孢菌株,提取基因组DNA,参考目前已知稻瘟病菌中无毒基因PWL家族的核苷酸序列开发合成了5对引物,通过PCR扩增对252株谷瘟病菌进行PWL家族基因检测,并对扩增片段进行测序分析。结果表明,252个谷瘟病菌菌株都不包含PWL1基因,65个菌株包含出PWL2基因,扩增率25.8%,252个菌株都包含PWL3与PWL4基因,扩增率100%。谷瘟病菌PWL3基因与稻瘟病菌中同源基因相比,在基因编码区存在849 bp的碱基插入,插入片段与non-LTR retrotransposon:MGL的相似度为96.7%,利用此差异可通过PCR技术快速区分谷瘟病菌与稻瘟病菌。谷瘟病菌PWL2基因存在多处单核苷酸变异,通过分析将其划分14个单倍型,分别为P1～P14。单倍型P1占绝对优势包含46个菌株,以此为基础衍生出其他主要单倍型,其次为单倍型P12包含7个菌株,并且多地区都存在特异性单倍型,说明我国谷瘟病菌种群具有较高的遗传多样性。谷瘟病菌中不存在PWL1无毒基因,PWL2无毒基因仅存在部分菌株中,PWL3和PWL4无毒基因存在所有谷瘟菌株中,PWL3和PWL4无毒基因对应的抗病基因在谷子上有重要的应用价值。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...