Effect of nitrogen application on the bromide content of lettuce grown under glass

Abstract

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) collected from eleven trials with different rates of application of ammonium nitrate limestone was analysed for bromide. Nitrogen application (0–2.6 kg N/100 m²) decreased the bromide content of the lettuce in most trials. This decrease varied from 0 to 50%, with 27% as the average. A correlation was found between the bromide content of the crop and that of the soil extract at the conclusion of the trials. The correlation could be improved by calculating a multiple regression equation which included the nitrate content of the soil extract.     

Effects of various cover crops after peas on nitrate leaching and nitrogen supply to succeeding winter wheat or potato crops

In organic farming systems, it has been demonstrated that grain pulses such as peas often do not enhance soil N supply to the following crops. This may be due to large N removals via harvested grains as well as N‐leaching losses during winter. In two field‐trial series, the effects of legume (common vetch, hairy vetch, peas) and nonlegume (oil radish) cover crops (CC), and mixtures of both, sown after peas, on soil nitrate content, N uptake, and yield of following potatoes or winter wheat were studied. The overall objective of these experiments was to obtain detailed information on how to influence N availability after main‐crop peas by adapting cover‐cropping strategies. Cover crops accumulated 56 to 108 kg N ha^–1 in aboveground biomass, and legume CC fixed 30–70 kg N ha^–1 by N₂ fixation, depending on the soil N supply and the length of the growing period of the CC. Nitrogen concentration in the aboveground biomass of legume CC was much higher and the C : N ratio much lower than in the nonlegume oil radish CC. At the time of CC incorporation (wheat series) as well as at the end of the growing season (potato series), soil nitrate content did not differ between the nonlegume CC species and mixtures, whereas pure stands of legume CC showed slightly increased soil nitrate content. When the CC were incorporated in autumn (beginning of October) nitrate leaching increased, especially from leguminous CC. However, most of the N leached only into soil layers down to 1.50 m and was recovered more or less by the following winter wheat. When CC were incorporated in late winter (February) no increase in nitrate leaching was observed. In spring, N availability for winter wheat or potatoes was much greater after legumes and, after mixtures containing legumes, resulting in significantly higher N uptake and yields in both crops. In conclusion, autumn‐incorporated CC mixtures of legumes and nonlegumes accomplished both: reduced nitrate leaching and larger N availability to the succeeding crop. When the CC were incorporated in winter and a spring‐sown main crop followed even pure stands of legume CC were able to achieve both goals.     

CRITICAL DOSE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ENHANCED GROWTH,YIELD AND ALKALOID CONTENT IN WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L.

The optimum dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for Withania somnifera was determined by utilizing graded levels of 0, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^?1 N and 0, 13, 26 and 40 kg ha^?1 P in two separate simple randomized pot experiments. Soil-application of 45 kg N ha^?1 and 26 kg P ha^?1 proved the best dose for increasing shoot and root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, total chlorophyll and leaf-N, P, and potassium (K) content, nitrate reductase, and carbonic anhydrase activity, total alkaloid content, seed-yield per plant, root- yield per plant and berries per plant. While 30 kg N ha^?1 proved best for root length, fresh and dry weights, as well as root-yield per plant. However, the effect of N and P fertilizers on carotenoid content, seeds per berry and 100-seed weight were insipid. Leaf- P remained unaffected by nitrogen application.     

苏南稻田4种冬绿肥养分特性及对翻压前土壤无机氮的影响

为充分利用苏南冬闲稻田发展适宜绿肥作物种植,在大田试验条件下,研究了毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、 光叶苕子（Vicia villosa var.）、 紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）和肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）4种绿肥作物的生长、 营养特性,比较分析了绿肥作物翻压前不同处理间耕层土壤无机氮含量与构成的差异。结果表明,在绿肥作物翻压期,4种绿肥作物均达到较高生物量和养分累积量,鲜重、 干重分别为24.8 30.7 t/hm2和3.6 4.2 t/hm2,不同绿肥作物间无显著差异。 4种绿肥作物的吸氮量为69.8 136.4 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,肥田萝卜最低。吸磷量为7.1~11.3 kg/hm2,肥田萝卜最高,紫云英最低。吸钾量为117.6~151.3 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,光叶苕子最低。与对照冬闲相比,种植绿肥作物不同程度地降低了耕层土壤无机氮含量（平均降低38.9 kg/hm2）,其中硝态氮含量下降明显,铵态氮含量均较对照土壤有增加趋势（平均提高6.5 kg/hm2）,毛叶苕子和光叶苕子处理铵态氮含量增加显著。4种绿肥作物均适合苏南冬闲稻田种植,能潜在降低无机氮的损失风险和为后季水稻作物生长提供养分。     

Seasonal transfers of assimilated 14C in grassland: Plant production and turnover,soil and plant respiration

Six areas of native grassland were labelled with ¹⁴C during a growing season. Transfers from the foliage to the roots and root respiration were measured. Plant production and turnover rates were determined by sampling the labelled material at different periods following exposure to ¹⁴CO₂.Above to beneath ground plant production ratios ranged between 1.1 and 1.9 with maximal translocation to the roots occurring during the drier summer months. The distribution of the photosynthates in the roots at different depths changed with time and soil moisture content. The upper part of the soil (0–10 cm) contained 49–77% of the labelled C found beneath the soil surface. Measurement of transfers with time of the above ground labelled C from living to dead plant and litter categories gave an insight into foliage dynamics and made it possible to estimate the seasonal shoot production at 130g Cm^?2 (1300kg ha^?1). Root growth represented 100g Cm^?2 (1000 kg ha^?1).Calculations of root and soil respiration were based on the CO₂ profiles in the soil. The fluxes of labelled and unlabelled CO₂ at the soil surface were estimated using the diffusion equation method. Respiration by roots and closely associated soil organisms accounted for 12 per cent of the net assimilation of CO₂ by the plants. This proportion was constant throughout the season and represented 19 per cent of the total CO₂ evolved at the soil surface.     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉冬小麦对下季作物产量和周年土壤盐分平衡的影响

冬小麦夏玉米一年两熟是环渤海低平原主要粮食作物种植模式,该区淡水资源匮乏,但浅层微咸水相对丰富,在降水较少的冬小麦生长季,适当利用微咸水代替淡水灌溉对维持冬小麦稳产高产有重要作用。冬小麦季实施微咸水灌溉后土壤盐分累积如何影响下季作物夏玉米生长以及对土壤周年盐分平衡影响,是微咸水能否长期安全利用的关键。为探究上述问题,于2015—2019年连续4年在环渤海低平原中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行冬小麦季不同矿化度微咸水灌溉定点试验,共设置含盐量为1 g·L~(-1)淡水(F)、3 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S3)、4 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S4)、5 g·L~(-1)微咸水(S5) 4个梯度,在拔节期灌水1次,灌水量均为70 mm;另以生育期不灌水作为对照(旱作, CK)。结果表明,不同矿化度微咸水灌溉处理间冬小麦产量没有显著差异,但平均比CK显著增产31.6%。同时,冬小麦生长季微咸水灌溉均增加了收获时1 m以上土层的含盐量,并随灌溉水含盐量增加而增加;对1 m以下土层含盐量影响不明显。夏玉米播种时灌溉70 mm淡水不仅解决了土壤墒情不足问题,并可使0～20 cm土层盐分控制在1 g·kg~(-1)以下,保证夏玉米出苗和群体建立,对夏玉米产量没有显著影响。经过夏季降雨的淋洗, S3、S4和S5处理0～40cm土层含盐量降低幅度超过30%,深层土壤含盐量变化不明显,1m以上土层可以实现周年盐分平衡。本研究表明冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季种植,冬小麦耐盐能力较强的特征使其生育期可以通过不大于5g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉维持稳产,在保证夏玉米出苗水进行灌溉的条件下,夏玉米季通过雨季降水淋盐维持0～1m主要根层土壤不发生明显积盐过程,可实现长期微咸水灌溉下土壤和作物安全。     

Nitrogen Uptake by Radish,Spinach and “Chingensai” from Composted Tea Leaves,Coffee Waste and Kitchen Garbage

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the application of composted tea leaves (TC), coffee waste (CC), and kitchen garbage (KC) on the nitrogen and nitrate accumulated in radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘radicula pers’), Chingensai (Brassica campestris L. cv. ‘Choyo No. 2’), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. ‘Ban chu paruku’) as compared with the effect of inorganic ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer (IN) application. The compost was applied at the rate of 24 g kg^?1 soil, corresponding to about 250 to 300 kg N ha^?1; the A value method was used to estimate nitrogen uptake. Dry matter production was significantly higher in the IN and TC treatments than in the KC and CC treatments for all the species and tissue. Of the composts used, TC was most effective in increasing N uptake and N content in the vegetables. The composts derived N recovery as a percentage of total N uptake varied with plant species, 50.8%-62.9% in radish root, 35.3%-60.4% in radish leaf, 29.9%-48.2% in spinach leaf, and 31.3%-54.8% in Chingensai leaf. The N-use efficiencies of IN, TC, CC, and KC were 6.3%, 6.3%, 5.3%, and 6.6% in radish root; 13.6%, 9.7%, 8.4%, and 6.7% in radish leaf; 22.4%, 14.4%, 3.6%, and 5.8% in spinach leaf; and 61.2%, 39.5%, 25.5%, and 21.5% in Chingensai leaf, respectively. Nitrate accumulation in edible portions was highest in plants provided with IN as compared with those grown with composts, and nitrate content in radish root was markedly higher than that in the leaf. It is observed that the fate of compost derived N differed noticeably with vegetable species, plant part, and compost source.     

Nitrogen uptake,nitrate leaching and root development in winter‐grown wheat and fodder radish

Early seeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been proposed as a means to reduce N leaching as an alternative to growing cover crops like fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of winter wheat, seeded early and normally, and of fodder radish on N dynamics and root growth. Field experiments were carried out on a humid temperate sandy loam soil. Aboveground biomass and soil inorganic N were determined in late autumn; N uptake and grain yield of winter wheat were measured at harvest. Nitrate leaching was estimated from soil water samples taken at 1 m depth. Root growth was measured late autumn using the core break and root washing methods. Winter wheat root growth dynamics were followed during the growing season using the minirhizotron method. The 2013–2014 results showed that early seeding of wheat improved autumn growth and N uptake and reduced N leaching during the winter compared with the normal seeding time. Early‐seeded wheat (WW_early) was, however, not as efficient as fodder radish at reducing N leaching. Proper establishment of WW_early was a prerequisite for benefiting from early seeding, as indicated by the 2012–2013 results. Early seeding improved root growth throughout the 2013–2014 growing season compared with normal seeding time, but had no significant effect on crop grain yield. Our results indicate the potential of using early seeding as a tool to limit drought susceptibility and increase nutrient uptake from the subsoil.     

华北潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作包气带氮素淋溶机制

合理水氮管理可以实现作物目标产量和品质、维持土壤肥力和降低环境污染。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农田过量施氮和大水漫灌等问题突出,引起农业面源污染日趋加重,地下水硝酸盐污染成为一个普遍现象。本文以华北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系为研究对象,采用数据整合和文献分析的方法,阐明了典型农田硝态氮淋溶的时空特征及影响因素,研究了地表裂隙和土壤大孔隙对硝态氮淋溶的影响,定量了氮素在地表-根层-深层包气带-地下水的垂直迁移通量及过程。结果表明,农户常规管理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮素盈余较高(299～358kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),导致土壤根区和深层包气带累积了大量的硝态氮。冬小麦季硝态氮的迁移主要受灌溉影响,以非饱和流为主,且迁移距离较短;春季单次灌溉量低于60 mm,可以有效控制水和硝态氮淋溶出根区。冬小麦耕作和灌溉引起的地表裂隙对水氮运移的贡献不大。雨热同期的夏玉米季,土壤水分经常处于饱和状态,再降雨就可以导致硝态氮淋溶出根层进入深层包气带。夏玉米季极易发生硝态氮淋溶事件(占全年总淋溶事件的81%左右),硝态氮淋溶量占全年总淋溶量的80%左右,且单次淋溶事件的淋溶量较高。大孔隙优先流对夏玉米季根区硝态氮淋溶的贡献率在71%左右,这些硝态氮脱离了作物根系吸收范围,反硝化作用对硝态氮去除具有一定作用。在华北气候-土壤条件下,特别应注意冬小麦收获后土壤不应残留过多硝态氮,以避免夏玉米季降雨发生大量淋溶;夏玉米季需要注意施氮与作物需氮的匹配。由于夏玉米追肥困难,生产上提倡一次性施肥措施,控释肥应该能够发挥更大作用。未来气候变化,导致夏季极端高强度降雨事件的频率增加,将会加剧包气带累积硝态氮通过饱和流或优先流向地下水的迁移。合理的水氮管理是从源头上减少硝态氮向深层包气带和地下水迁移的主要措施。     

Enhancing Environmental Performance with Winter Cover Cropping after Potato Harvest in Eastern Canada

ABSTRACT

In humid climates, the risk of nitrate leaching and topsoil loss due to erosion is high on bare soil in the fall after potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvest and in the spring with snowmelt. This 2-year study (2016–2017) compared three winter cover crops. Two of these are used as cash crops (winter rye [Secale cereale L.], winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]), and one is a winter-killed cover crop (spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L.). They were all seeded on two dates after potato harvest (end of September or first week of October) in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The measured parameters included soil nitrate measured at different times in fall and in the following spring and summer, splash detachment, C and N contents in splashed sediments, cereal straw dry matter yield, and cereal grain yield. In both years, all winter cover crops decreased splash detachment compared with the no winter cover control, with winter rye having the greatest reduction. A similar trend was observed for C and N contents in splashed sediments. There was a trend toward lower soil nitrate following winter cover crops in comparison with bare soil, but the trend was not consistent across trials and sampling dates. Winter wheat grain yield ranged from 4.5 to 7.6 Mg ha^?1, while that associated with winter rye ranged from 3.2 to 5.1 Mg ha^?1. Therefore, winter cereal seeded after potato harvest can constitute a good source of revenue while mitigating the risk of soil erosion and reducing nitrate leaching in some cases.     

Biofumigant Biomass,Nutrient Content,and Glucosinolate Response to Phosphorus

Information on biofumigant-green manure vegetative biomass, nutrient, and glucosinolate content sensitivity to phosphorus (P) is lacking for species used in potato and sugarbeet production. Therefore, available P effects on field-grown condiment yellow mustard (Sinapis alba, cv. IdaGold) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativa, cv. Colonel) were evaluated (2001–03). Low soil P was generally more limiting to radish foliage P concentrations or uptake than to the mustard, suggesting inherent differences in their ability to access and accumulate P. While radish P and S concentrations increased with higher P, concentrations in mustard were either unaffected or reduced. Foliage P concentrations were more closely related to biomass of radish (r² = 0.46) than mustard (r² = 0.11). Mustard exceeded radish in biomass and S accumulation. Phosphorus effects on glucosinolates producing ionic or isothiocyanates were relatively insignificant. These biofumigants differ appreciably in their ability to access and accumulate P, but P effects on nutrient content or glucosinolates were minor.     

Nitrogen form and the seasonal root and shoot response of creeping bentgrass

Abstract

The form of nitrogen can affect root and shoot growth of plants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on root length and number and shoot color and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross'). The study was conducted in the University of Georgia rhizotron facility. Turf was grown in an 80/20 sand/peat rooting medium and maintained under putting green conditions for 12 months. Two forms of nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate, utilizing the nitrogen sources of urea and calcium nitrate, respectively, were applied in the following ammonium: nitrate ratios: 100: 0, 75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75, and 0: 100. A modified Hoagland's solution provided all other macronutrients and micronutrients. Root length, root number, shoot color, and shoot quality data were collected weekly for 12 months. The 100% nitrate treatment resulted in 30% more roots during the fall compared to the 100% ammonium treatment The 100% ammonium treatment had 26% greater root length in the spring compared to the two highest nitrate treatments. The 50: 50 treatment produced greater root length during the spring and summer compared to the high nitrate treatments (0: 100 and 25: 75) and at least 30% greater root number during the summer compared to all treatments. All treatments resulted in a decrease in root length for the summer compared to the spring. The 50: 50 treatment provided higher ratings for shoot color for each season and higher quality ratings for the winter and spring. A fertilizer program that contains a portion of its nitrogen as nitrate would be more beneficial certain times of the year than one containing ammonium or nitrate alone.     

华北地区采用无机氮测试和植株速测进行夏玉米氮肥推荐

A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out at Dongbeiwang Farm in Beijing Municipality to establish reliable N fertilizer recommendation indices for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in northern China using the soil Nmin(mineral N) test as well as the plant nitrate and SPAD (portable chlorophyll meter readings) tests. The results showed that Nrnin sollwert (NS) 60 kg N ha^-1 at the third leaf stage and N rate of 40 to 120 kg N ha^-1 at the tenth leaf stage could meet the N requirement of summer maize with a target yield of 5.5-6 t ha^-1. Sap nitrate concentrations and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings in the latest expanded maize leaves at the tenth leaf stage were positively correlated with NS levels, indicating that plant nitrate and SPAD tests reflected the N nutritional status of maize well. Considering that winter wheat subsequently utilized N after the summer maize harvest, the 0-90 cm soil Nmin (74 kg N ha^-1) and apparent N loss (12 kg N ha^-1) in the NS60＋40 treatment were controlled at environmentally acceptable levels. Therefore NS60＋40, giving a total N supply of 100 kg N ha^-1, was considered the optimal N fertilizer input for summer maize under these experimental conditions.     

施氮量对白萝卜硝酸盐含量和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响

在保护地栽培条件下,通过6个施氮水平的田间小区试验,结合土层原位渗滤装置,研究了施用氮肥对白萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）产量和硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,施氮处理白萝卜产量比不施氮处理仅增加6.04%～10.92%,当尿素氮施用量大于N 100 kg/hm2时,增产幅度开始下降。不同施氮处理白萝卜产量没有显著差异,说明在土壤基础肥力较高的情况下,增施氮肥不能明显提高白萝卜的产量;单施有机肥白萝卜体内硝酸盐含量为 196.86 mg/kg,比不施氮处理降低 5.08%。在此基础上加施尿素后,硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加显著升高（p0.05）;0—100cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,且与氮肥施用量显著正相关（r=0.993, r0.01=0.917）;白萝卜生长期间收集到的土壤淋溶液中硝态氮浓度较高,平均为32.88 mg/L,硝态氮的淋失量为 4.42～6.14 kg/hm2,不同施氮量处理之间没有显著差异。     

华北山前平原农田土壤硝态氮淋失与调控研究

本文依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米一年两熟长期定位试验, 应用土钻取土和土壤溶液取样器取水的方法, 研究了不同农田管理措施下土壤硝态氮的累积变化, 计算了不同氮肥处理通过根系吸收层的硝态氮淋失通量。结果表明, 小麦-玉米生长季土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量随着施氮量的增加显著增加, 相同氮肥水平下增施磷、钾肥增加了作物的收获氮量, 施磷肥增加的作物收获氮量最高可达123kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 施钾肥增加的作物收获氮量最高为31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同灌溉水平下0~400 cm 土体累积硝态氮随着灌溉量的增加而降低, 控制灌溉(小麦季不灌水, 玉米季灌溉1 水)、非充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉2~3 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)、充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉4~5 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)各处理剖面累积硝态氮量分别为1 698 kg·hm^-2、1148 kg·hm^-2 和961 kg·hm^-2。与非充分灌溉和充分灌溉处理相比, 控制灌溉在100~200 cm 土层硝态氮累积量显著高于其他层次, 2003~2005 年间控制灌溉剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的23%; 非充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的22%; 充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的47%。免耕措施降低了作物产量, 影响土壤水的运移, 增加了硝态氮的淋失风险。根据作物所需降低氮素投入(N 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), 增施磷、钾肥, 控制灌溉量是减少华北山前平原地区硝态氮淋失, 保护地下水的有效措施。     

西芹根物质浸提液处理后黄瓜叶片内几种氮代谢物质含量的变化

以黄瓜品种"津春4号"为材料,在黄瓜植株第1片真叶长至宽5 cm时,使用西芹鲜根及根际区物的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液对黄瓜植株进行化感处理(灌根),测定处理后黄瓜叶片内几种氮代谢物质含量的变化,从氮代谢角度研究西芹鲜根及根际区物浸提液处理后黄瓜植株对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感抑制作用机理。结果表明:处理后黄瓜叶片内可溶性蛋白质、氨、丝氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸与总氨基酸含量均高于对照,含量达到峰值时分别较丙酮对照增加10.58%、18.31%、6.54%、3.10%、9.64%和3.16%,而硝酸盐、甘氨酸和蛋氨酸含量则低于对照,含量达到最低值时分别较丙酮对照降低7.52%、3.41%和15.55%。对于不同西芹根物质浸提液处理,丙酮浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化最显著,乙醇浸提液处理次之,蒸馏水浸提液处理变化最低,西芹鲜根浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化高于西芹根际区物浸提液处理。     

The effect of grassland renovation on soil mineral nitrogen and on nitrate leaching during winter

Renovation of grassland may increase the mineralization of organic material and leads to a high amount of mineral N in soil which can be leached in the winter period. Soil mineral N (SMN) in autumn and calculated nitrate leaching during winter were measured after the renewal of 8 y–old cut grassland on a sandy soil in NW Germany in 1999 to 2002. Several factors, which may influence the intensity of N mineralization, were investigated in the 2 years following renewal: the season of renovation (spring or late summer/early autumn), the technique (rotary cultivator or direct drilling), and the amount of N fertilization (0 or 320 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 in the 7 years before the renovation). Calculated nitrate‐N leaching losses during winter were significantly higher following renewal in early autumn (36–64 kg N ha^–1) compared to renewal in spring (1–7 kg N ha^–1). This effect was only significant in the first, not in the second winter after renovation. The renovation technique had a significant effect on the nitrate‐N leaching losses only in the first year after the renovation. Direct drilling led to higher leaching losses (35 kg N ha^–1) than the use of a rotary cultivator (30 kg N ha^–1) in the same year. Calculated nitrate losses (on average over 60 kg N ha^–1) were highest after renewal of N‐fertilized grassland in late summer/early autumn. To minimize N leaching losses, it would be more effective to plan grassland renewal in spring rather than in late summer/autumn. Another, however, less effective option is to reduce N fertilization before a renovation in autumn.     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量及氮素利用效率的影响

  【目的】  当前华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米生产中,存在氮肥投入量大、氮肥利用效率低等问题,在滴灌水肥一体化条件下研究施氮量对冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量、氮素利用效率和土壤全氮含量、硝态氮残留的影响,以期为该地区小麦–玉米节肥、高产高效的栽培模式提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在青岛农业大学胶州现代农业示范园开展小麦、玉米滴灌施肥田间试验。设冬小麦/夏玉米生长季不施氮(N0)和施氮 150/150 kg/hm2 (N1)、210/225 kg/hm2 (N2) 和270/300 kg/hm2 (N3) 4个水平,以传统施肥方式和常规施氮量240/240 kg/hm2为对照(CK)。分析冬小麦和夏玉米产量、氮素吸收量和土壤氮素残留量。  【结果】  N2处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量最高,与N3处理无显著差异,但显著高于N0、N1和CK处理;N3处理冬小麦、夏玉米的干物质积累量、氮素吸收量最高,与N2处理差异较小,而显著高于N0、N1和CK处理。冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的提高而降低;冬小麦季氮素利用效率随着施氮量的提高而降低;夏玉米季,N2、N1和N0处理的氮素利用效率显著高于N3和CK处理,且N0、N1和N2处理间无显著差异;冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥农学利用率均随着施氮量的提高而降低,N2施氮水平下,氮素利用效率和氮肥农学利用率均表现较优。随着施氮量的增加,0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量和硝态氮含量呈增加的趋势,全氮积累主要集中在0—40 cm土层,N3、N2和CK处理0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量与N0和N1处理之间的差异随着轮作年数的增加而逐渐增大,N2处理较N3和CK处理有效抑制了硝态氮在表层土壤的积累和向深层土壤的迁移,降低了硝态氮淋失风险。  【结论】  冬小麦季施氮210 kg/hm2和夏玉米季施氮225 kg/hm2 (N2)可实现周年作物增产高效,提高氮素利用效率,显著降低硝态氮向深层土壤迁移,降低硝态氮淋失风险,是滴灌水肥一体化下华北平原麦玉周年轮作适宜的施氮量。     

Growth of legume and nonlegume catch crops and residual‐N effects in spring barley on coarse sand

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the growth and residual‐nitrogen (‐N) effects of different catch‐crop species on a low–N fertility coarse sandy soil. Six legumes (white clover [Trifolium repens L.], red clover [Trifolium pratense L.], Persian clover [Trifolium resupinatum L.], black medic [Medicago lupulina L.], kidney vetch [Anthyllis vulneraria L.], and lupin [Lupinus angustifolius L.]), four nonlegumes (ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.], chicory [Cichorium intybus L.], fodder radish [Raphanus sativus L.], and sorrel [Rumex Acetósa L.]), and one mixture (rye/hairy vetch [Secale cereale L./Vicia villosa L.]) were tested in a field experiment with three replicates in a randomized block design. Four reference treatments without catch crops and with N application (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha^–1) to a succeeding spring barley were included in the design. Due to their ability to fix N₂, the legume catch crops had a significantly larger aboveground dry‐matter production and N content in the autumn than the nonlegumes. The autumn N uptake of the nonlegumes was 10–13 kg N ha^–1 in shoots and approx. 9 kg ha^–1 in the roots. The shoot N content of white clover, black medic, red clover, Persian clover, and kidney vetch was 55–67 kg ha^–1, and the root N content in white clover and kidney vetch was approx. 25 kg ha^–1. The legume catch crops, especially white and red clover, seemed to be valuable N sources for grain production on this soil type and their N fertilizer–replacement values in a following unfertilized spring barley corresponded to 120 and 103 kg N ha^–1, respectively. The N fertilizer–replacement values exceeded the N content of shoots and roots.     

Relationships between the damage to radish caused by the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans,its density prior to cultivation and the soil nematode community structure evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Abstract

A preliminary survey using 20 conventionally farmed fields in which fumigants have been applied every year showed that the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was distributed both in the upper (0–30?cm) and lower (30–60?cm) soil layers. In six of the 20 fields, P.?penetrans was detected in the lower layers exclusively, suggesting that the most appropriate depth to sample soil is 0–60?cm to estimate the relationship between the density of P.?penetrans and its damage to radish. There was a highly significant correlation (r?=?0.923) between the density of P.?penetrans in the 0–60?cm depth and the number of spots on a radish. No damage to radish was observed in soils with <2.5 individuals of P.?penetrans per 20?g soil before cultivation. However, in cases in which the density of P.?penetrans was 3.4–6.2 individuals per 20?g soil, the number of spots on a radish showed more variation (0–131.5 per radish) and there was no significant correlation between them. The nematode community structure of soils with 3.4–8 individuals of P.?penetrans per 20?g soil, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, was significantly different (anova, PC2, P?<?0.05) between soils with low (0–42) and high (more than 80) damage levels, suggesting that radish damage might be predicted on the basis of the prevailing soil nematode community structure.