弓形弯曲原木优化下锯建模与仿真

面对我国森林资源不足、质量不高的状况,建立和应用原木优化下锯理论,提高木材出材率已成为缓解木材供需矛盾的主要途径.本文通过提出弓形弯曲原木的数学模型,全面描述弯曲原木的解析形状,并对弯曲原木的主产出材率进行优化设计,借助计算机辅助设计实现原木优化下锯的三维再现,这对提高原木出材率和利用率、提高木材加工技术水平与现代化程度有着极为重要的实际意义和广泛的应用前景.     

双锯片径切板制材圆锯机的设计

径切板具有在宽度方向(即原木的径向)干缩率小,尺寸稳定,变形小和不易开裂的优点.故其在乐器、航空、仪器、建筑、家具、地板以及门窗制造等场合得到大量应用.为了提高木材的使用价值,在制材时应尽可能多的制取径切板.比较典型的径切板制材下锯法有:径向下锯法、星型下锯法和梯形下锯法.     

锯剖法对阔叶木锯材变形的影响

为探寻较佳的原木锯解和锯材再剖方法,有效控制锯材变形,提高木材利用率,选用3种下锯方法进行荷木原木的锯解,及欧洲榉木锯材的再剖试验.锯材的变形情况表明,针对中等径级原木,在锯解时采用两面下锯法较优；进 行锯材宽度再剖时,宜先制成斜切板或弦切板再做剖分；进行厚度再剖时,最好先锯解为径切板.     

小径木星形纵向锯解后重组刨切单板的数学理论描述

【目的】提出将小径木纵向锯解为多块扇形木材后重组为近似板材再刨切为弦切单板的工艺,以提高原木出材率。【方法】首先对理想原木进行数学建模,并分别对短径方向、长径方向的弦切单板建立数学模型;然后以建立的原木及弦切单板数学模型为基础,绘制最优星形下锯图及最优弦切单板刨切图;最后分别对星形下锯与直接刨切2种不同工艺进行出材率计算,以比较原木出材率的高低。【结果】通过对模型的比较,短径方向弦切单板宽度大于长径方向弦切单板宽度,要求弦切单板宽度时,应以短径方向弦切单板为模型基础进行最优下刀;要求弦切单板数量时,应以长径方向弦切单板为模型基础进行最优下刀。计算出材率结果显示,相对于直接刨切,采用星形下锯工艺可以提高原木出材率。【结论】采用星形纵向锯解后重组刨切单板的工艺可提高原木出材率,同时可为实际选材提供理论支持,选择原木尺寸规格越大,出材率越高。     

浅谈刨切单板的湿贴工艺

刨切用的木方,为了保持其特有的木材纹理,应选取最好的方法下锯。例如选用三角下锯法:即将原木在直经方向按120°角度分成三份,用专用的园盘锯下料就可以得到非常满意的花纹,但此法木材利用率较低,所以不大采用。常用的下锯法为“平行侧面造材法”(一般在带锯上进行锯剖),这种方法既可以得到较好的花纹,又可以提高木材利用率。     

基于非支配排序与遗传算法的毛边锯材优化下锯算法研究

【目的】为解决我国木材加工企业在毛边锯材锯切过程中存在出材率低和智能化加工能力不足的问题,本研究基于非支配排序与遗传算法提出一种毛边锯材优化下锯智能算法。【方法】通过分析毛边锯材下锯方式,确定了先截断后纵解再截断的加工方法。分析毛边锯材传统纵向等宽锯切方法不足,以出材率为最终求解目标,完成两阶段优化下锯模型构建。将毛边锯材视作无缺陷锯材进行下锯方案求解,同时考虑出材率与坯料价值,基于坯料宽度编码,采用非支配排序与拥挤度排序确定个体优劣,提出多种群寻优策略完成种群迭代,获取多种下锯方案。取出所有下锯方案对原含缺陷锯材模拟锯切,使用遗传算法寻找方案的最优下锯顺序,以得到最终下锯方案。选用C++编程实现算法功能,并通过OpenCV C++编程显示仿真锯切结果。实测毛边锯材分别采用传统等宽锯切方法与本算法对锯材进行模拟锯切,对比锯切结果以验证算法可行性。【结果】本算法在使用不同横向截断长度、不同输入坯料宽度和不同锯材的情形下,仿真锯切结果均优于传统等宽锯切方法,锯材完整坯料出材率与总出材率明显提升。【结论】优化下锯方法相比传统等宽锯切方法可提供更好的下锯方案,能在一定程度上实现毛边锯材优化下锯...     

双联圆锯径切板制材技术的研究

为提高径切板的出材率,研究出双联圆锯制材技术.其原理是通过应用扫描技术获得原木外型轮廓数据,建立与优化下锯模型,原木单次下锯即可产出规格板材.与传统制材普通带锯制材技术相比,可有效提高制材的生产效率和锯材中径切板的比例.     

谈划线下锯制材

划线下锯是制材生产中原木锯解的依据.随着森林资源的逐渐减少,对于如何节约木材,提高木材的利用率,适应锯材原料的变化,许多国家都进行了大量工作,例如美国在七十年代初期提出的Best OpeningFace(简称BOF)下锯法,就是强调在原木锯解时第一个锯口的重要性,以及其他锯口的合理安排。目前,国内制材厂生产中,原木的下锯顺序和锯口的位置的确定,大都是由锯工在原木进锯前临时仓促决定的,这样就不可避免地产生由于判断情况的误差而造成的不合     

珍贵木材的高效综合利用研究

简述了珍贵木材利用概况,提出通过优化锯材下锯工艺、低质材集成利用、低质材贴面包覆利用、低质材原木艺术创作利用与分类分级综合利用等方法提高珍贵木材综合利用率,为珍贵木材加工企业提供参考。     

原木等级及径级对规格材质量及出材率的影响

选用不同径级和质量等级的兴安落叶松原木,采用毛板下锯法和四面下锯法加工规格材,并检测分析了不同等级规格材的出材率。结果表明,原木径级在26～28cm时,规格材出材率较高;原木的等级与径级,及下锯法与原木径级交互因素,对规格材的出材率有显著的影响。要提高规格材出材率,应根据规格材尺寸优化匹配各因素。     

Sawing patterns for large-diameter sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sawlogs: Current status and future outlook

Abstract

A survey was conducted at nine sawmills in Japan to evaluate and compare the sawing of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs of 30 cm and more in diameter. The purpose was fourfold: (1) to document sawing patterns appropriate to the large-diameter logs; (2) to examine the composition of wood components (structural, nonstructural, and fixtures) produced from those patterns; (3) to investigate log and product prices; and (4) to ascertain distances to the log supplier and product markets. Impetus for the study arose from a forecasted shift in the diameter distribution of plantation trees in Japan; from small and medium-sized logs to large-diameter logs. With an overabundance of large-diameter domestic logs forecasted within the next decade, the need to understand how to best utilize and effectively process the large-diameter resource is of utmost importance.     

Log sawing position optimization using computed tomography scanning

When disjoining a log, several factors affect the value of the sawn timber. There are log features, such as outer shape, knots, rot, and so on. There are also sawing parameters, such as sawing pattern, log position, and so on. If full information about log features is available, sawing parameters can be adapted in order to maximize product value in sawmills. This is soon possible, since computed tomography (CT) scanners for the sawmill industry are being realized. This study aimed at investigating how CT data can be used to choose rotational position, parallel displacement, and skew of sawlogs, to maximize the value of the sawn products. The study was made by sawing simulation of 269 CT scanned logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.). The results showed that value recovery could be improved by 13% in average, compared to a sawing position based on log outer shape, and 21% compared to sawing logs centered and horns down. It can be concluded that a CT scanner, used in a sawline to optimize sawing parameters, has a large potential for increasing value recovery and thus profit.     

Combined production of sawn timber and firewood billets at a birch sawmill in Finland: A simulation approach

Abstract

Growing markets for chopped firewood have created alternative uses for the by-products of sawmills. Based on empirical data and simulated results, the potential of birch (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.) from commercial thinnings for combined industrial production of sawn timber and firewood billets was investigated. In the simulations, different sawing patterns were used for logs intended to combine production of sawn timber and billets for chopped firewood (‘sawlogs’), and for logs intended only to firewood production (‘firewood logs’). Finally, economical feasibility analysis was done concerning the differences between the sawmills’ traditional business concept and the novel concept combining sawn wood and firewood production. The bucking results for the volume yield of different timber assortments varied only slightly between the different bucking options, i.e. the combinations of timber assortments. The main differences in the volumes of timber assortments were due to the stand type where the birch trees were sampled (planted, naturally regenerated, mixed birch–spruce). In the sawing procedure, the output of sawn timber varied between 24% and 42% of the log volume in the sawlogs, depending on the log diameter class. As the volume yield of sawn timber and firewood billets was counted together in the case of sawlogs, the log consumption was c. 1.75 m³ of roundwood per 1 m³ of sawn timber and firewood billets. In the case of the firewood logs, the log consumption rate was considerably lower, only c. 1.35. The economic calculations showed that using the firewood approach in sawing may increase the net added value of products by €1.9–5.4 m^?3 of logs, depending on their diameter class. As a conclusion, parallel production of sawn timber and firewood from logs from the first and second commercial thinning of birch-dominated stands is a concept that could work as an alliance between a sawmiller and a firewood entrepreneur. The concept could be competitive compared with both traditional sawmilling and production of chopped firewood.     

Simulation of the yield of knot-free components from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.): A comparative study of star-sawing and square-sawing

The production of knot-free wood is important since the market demands wood without knots for reasons of both appearance and material properties. This work describes a simulation of the removal of knots from star-sawn and square-sawn timber. The efficiency of the two methods is compared in terms of the length of the knot-free components obtained and the volume yield. The simulation was based on data for trees and logs taken from the Swedish Stem Bank. These data were then used to simulate the sawmill process in a computer program called the Virtual Sawmill. Data related to the boards obtained were used in a MATLAB model simulating the cross-cutting of knots. Simulated star-sawing of logs with a top diameter exceeding 230 mm gave a mean knot-free component length of 417±321 mm, while the mean length of knot-free components for simulated square-sawing of the same logs was 298±122 mm. The volume yield of knot-free components from the two sawing patterns was 91% for star-sawing and 87% for square-sawing. For timber with cross-section dimensions of 38×75 mm², the mean length and yield of knot-free components from simulated star-sawing were 451±349 mm and 90%, respectively. In simulated square-sawing, the corresponding values were 263±197 mm and 82%, respectively. This shows that star-sawing has potential for the production of knot-free timber.     

Simulation of the yield of knot-free components from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.): A comparative study of star-sawing and square-sawing

Abstract

The production of knot-free wood is important since the market demands wood without knots for reasons of both appearance and material properties. This work describes a simulation of the removal of knots from star-sawn and square-sawn timber. The efficiency of the two methods is compared in terms of the length of the knot-free components obtained and the volume yield. The simulation was based on data for trees and logs taken from the Swedish Stem Bank. These data were then used to simulate the sawmill process in a computer program called the Virtual Sawmill. Data related to the boards obtained were used in a MATLAB model simulating the cross-cutting of knots. Simulated star-sawing of logs with a top diameter exceeding 230 mm gave a mean knot-free component length of 417±321 mm, while the mean length of knot-free components for simulated square-sawing of the same logs was 298±122 mm. The volume yield of knot-free components from the two sawing patterns was 91% for star-sawing and 87% for square-sawing. For timber with cross-section dimensions of 38×75 mm², the mean length and yield of knot-free components from simulated star-sawing were 451±349 mm and 90%, respectively. In simulated square-sawing, the corresponding values were 263±197 mm and 82%, respectively. This shows that star-sawing has potential for the production of knot-free timber.     

马尾松枕资下锯图的研究

为合理加工原木，提高出枕率和综合出枕率，提高企业经济效益。根据对福建省马尾松原木调查结果和原木出材率理论，建立了一系列枕资下锯的数学模型，编制了ＡＢＳＩＣ程序。此软件可供操作人员按实际生产需要，选择最佳方案。为进一步实现制材工业自动化提供了理论基础。     

Choosing green sawing dimensions for Norway spruce from stochastic simulations

The high accuracy of log positioning and the stability of saw blades in breakdown machinery in modern sawmills have reduced the need to add margins for sawing variations. Oversize green sawing dimensions are still needed, but mainly to allow for drying shrinkage. This has put a new focus on better adapting green sawing dimensions to the shrinkage behavior of wood. In this study, a method for optimization of green sawing dimensions using stochastic simulation is presented. Normal distributions were generated for planed dry dimensions, kerf width, and target moisture content. The minimum share of boards exceeding the specified dry dimensions was decided, and deformations in boards from all positions in the cross section in a number of logs were simulated. The simulated shrinkage allowance from stochastic simulations was compared to experimental results from an industry test and to finite element results based on material data for Norway spruce. The results showed that the green width of the sawn boards should increase when the number of boards in the center yield increases. The green thickness of boards should be thinner for center boards and outer boards than for inner boards.     

下锯法对落叶松规格材出材率及质量的影响

分别采用毛板下锯法(SDR技术)和四面下锯法,进行兴安落叶松规格材锯解加工的试验研究.结果表明,四面下锯法加工规格材的出材率较高,且高等级规格材的得率亦高.通过分析对比两种下锯法加工规格材的优缺点,为规格材的工业化锯解加工提供技术依据.     

不同下锯法锯解的分析评价

本文就制材生产中通常使用的三种下锯法,采用计算机进行模拟锯解,然后进行分析评价,找出三种下锯法对主产锯材宽度、原木出材率和经济效果的影响。为合理利用原木、选择适当的下锯法,提供了理论依据。     

Log sawing positioning optimization and log bucking of tropical hardwood species to increase the volume yield

The sawmill industry is a very important link in the Mozambique forest products value chain, but the industry is characterized by undeveloped processing technology and high-volume export of almost unrefined logs. The low volume yield of sawn timber has been identified as a critical gap in the technological development of the industry. To improve the profitability of the industry, there is thus a need to develop methods and techniques that improve the yield. In this paper, different positioning of logs prior to sawing and the possibility of increasing the volume yield of crooked logs by bucking the logs before sawing have been studied. A computer simulation was used to study the cant-sawing and through-and-through sawing of the logs to determine the volume yield of sawn timber from the jambirre (Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.) and umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.) species. The optimal position, i.e. the position of the log before sawing that gives the highest volume yield of sawn timber for a given sawing pattern when the positioning parameters, offset, skew and rotation, are considered gave a considerable higher volume yield than the horns-down position. By bucking very crooked logs and using the horns-down positioning before sawing, the volume yield can be of the same magnitude as that obtained by optimal positioning on full-length (un-bucked) logs. The bucking reduces the crook of the logs and hence increases the volume yield of sawn timber.