温室环境因子驱动甜瓜水分传输机理分析与模拟

利用人工气候室控制空气温度、相对湿度和光合有效辐射量,根据水量平衡法控制土壤含水率,按照四因素五水平的二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对甜瓜蒸腾量进行模拟,并探讨各因子调控水分传输的机制。基于Jarvis模型建立环境因素驱动的多元非线性气孔导度模型,结合水汽扩散原理建立蒸腾量模型,模型预测精度良好。探究因素交互作用及其耦合调控效应,结果表明:除相对湿度对蒸腾表现为抑制作用,土壤含水率、空气温度和光合有效辐射均对蒸腾具有促进作用;土壤含水率与空气温度的单因素效应相似,随因素水平增加,蒸腾量线性升高;光合有效辐射量驱动蒸腾的单因素效应为开口向下的二次函数,当因素水平超过阈值后,蒸腾量逐渐下降。环境因素在驱动和调控蒸腾过程中均存在密切耦合和反馈效应,土壤含水率与温度对蒸腾调控的耦合效应趋近于平滑曲面,蒸腾量随两因素水平的升高而升高,在试验水平内两因素对蒸腾表现为协同促进效应;空气相对湿度减弱了水汽扩散驱动力,进而抑制温度和土壤含水率对蒸腾的驱动作用,且这种抑制作用随相对湿度的升高而更明显。     

环境因子对温室甜瓜蒸腾的驱动和调控效应研究

为探明温室环境对甜瓜蒸腾的驱动和调控机理,以土壤相对含水率、空气温度、相对湿度和光辐射量为试验因素,按四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,测定了不同环境因子组合下甜瓜叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度。利用水量平衡法控制土壤含水率,用Li-6400型光合仪叶室控制温度、相对湿度和光辐射量,定量分析了瞬时尺度上土壤和气象环境因子对甜瓜叶片蒸腾速率影响的的主效应、单因子效应、边际效应和交互作用,建立了环境因子驱动的蒸腾速率模型。研究结果表明:除相对湿度外,土壤相对含水率、空气温度和光辐射量对蒸腾速率均为正效应,其中土壤相对含水率和空气温度的单因子效应趋近线性函数,光辐射量和相对湿度的单因子效应分别为开口向上和向下抛物线函数;土壤相对含水率和空气温度的边际效应随编码值的递增变化较平缓,且在试验编码范围内均为正效应,光辐射量和相对湿度对蒸腾的边际效应随编码值的增加分别呈显著递增和递减趋势,其正负效应临界编码值分别为-0.69和-1.49;环境因子对蒸腾的影响存在交互作用,表现为协同促进或拮抗调控作用,大气水汽压亏缺是环境影响蒸腾的重要中转因子,在瞬时尺度叶片蒸腾的调控中起主导作用。     

温室番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性及其与生态因子的关系

以温室春-夏季番茄为试验材料,采用小区试验方法,探讨了花果期和盛果期不同土壤水分条件下番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性、水分利用效率WUEL及生态因子间相关性。结果表明,番茄不同生育期生理指标日变化峰值时间不同;日均气孔导度、蒸腾速率随土壤水分的增加而变大,而日均光合速率最大值出现在70%土壤相对含水率的处理;两生育期蒸腾速率和光合速率受气孔调节的效应明显。在试验范围内,土壤水分越低,WUEL越高,番茄花果期WUEL较大。光合有效辐射是影响叶片光合速率重要生态因子。     

阿克苏地区成龄枣树气孔导度 对气象因子的响应

探究不同水分处理条件下阿克苏地区成龄枣树的气孔导度变化规律及其对气象因子的响应,以期为红枣精准灌溉决策提供数据支撑和理论依据。以阿克苏地区进行地表滴灌的6年生红枣树为研究对象,通过田间试验测定日尺度及灌水周期内不同水分处理条件下的气孔导度变化曲线。[300,450 m~3/hm~2]灌溉水量区间内,枣树气孔导度在单日尺度内对风向最为敏感;在一个灌水周期内,影响气孔导度最主要的气象因子是太阳辐射。不同时间尺度气孔导度对气象因子的响应程度及方向具有差异性,在日尺度条件下气孔导度对气象因子的响应不受土壤含水率控制,灌溉周期尺度上,不同土壤含水率决定了气象因子对枣树的影响。     

基于CO2传输阻力解析的土壤水分调控番茄光合生理机制

利用盆栽试验控制土壤含水率,基于叶绿素荧光、气体交换和响应曲线拟合相结合的方法解析番茄光合作用中CO2由大气传输至叶绿体羧化位点的系列阻力构成,揭示了土壤水分胁迫限制番茄光合速率的关键步骤及位点。结果表明：番茄光合速率（Pn）、最大羧化速率(Vc,max)、最大电子传递速率（Jmax）及初始羧化效率（CE）随土壤含水率变化呈“S”形变化曲线,初期缓慢增长,中期迅速增长,土壤水分充分时达到最大值并趋于稳定,可用logistic函数模拟。气孔和叶肉对CO2的传输导度及总传输导度随土壤含水率变化均呈明显的“S”形变化曲线,各支段CO2导度及总传输导度在土壤水分充分时趋于稳定并达到最大值;随着土壤水分胁迫的增大,各CO2传输导度逐渐降低并在重度土壤水分胁迫下达到最低值,可用logistic函数模拟。气孔导度与叶肉导度对光合速率限制的相对贡献率变化趋势相似,随着水分胁迫的加重,其贡献率逐渐增大,可以用指数函数模拟;羧化反应对光合速率限制的相对贡献率与气孔和叶肉导度相反,随着水分胁迫的增大,其贡献率逐渐减小,可以用对数函数模拟;在土壤水分充分时,羧化反应限速光合速率的相对贡献率最大,是限制光合速率的主导因子;在水分胁迫状况下,气孔限制和叶肉限制占主导地位,羧化反应的相对贡献率较低。气孔对CO2的传输导度与叶水势呈正相关,随叶水势的下降,气孔导度也呈线性下降趋势;叶肉导度与比叶重呈线性负相关关系,叶肉导度随比叶重的增大而线性减小,比叶重随土壤水分胁迫程度的加剧而逐渐增大。因此,水分胁迫状况下,气孔与叶肉对CO2的传输是水分胁迫限制光合速率的关键位点,气孔限速与保卫细胞水分失衡相关,而叶肉限速则由叶片厚度和组织疏松程度决定。     

沙地黄柳气孔导度特征及其适应性研究

分析了浑善达克沙地中部地区黄柳叶片气孔导度与环境因子的日变化。结果表明,晴天,黄柳叶片气孔导度日变化呈双波峰曲线变化,各月波动值存在延迟现象。胞间CO2强度在300~350μmmol/(m2·s)之间,最有利于气孔张开;温度超过25℃左右时,气孔导度大幅降低;水汽压差、光合有效辐射与黄柳气孔导度显著正相关;气孔限制值对水分利用效率起主要控制作用,从而达到抗旱特性。     

蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限幼龄苹果树叶片光合特性研究

以3a生矮砧红富士为试验材料,采用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪,对蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限(分别为田间持水率的50%、60%、70%)幼龄苹果树叶片光合特性进行研究,并通过通径分析与多元逐步回归分析量化各影响因子与净光合速率的关系。结果表明:蓄水坑灌条件下不同灌水下限叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度变化规律基本一致。当土壤水分不足时,净光合速率主要受土壤含水率影响;当土壤水分充足时,净光合速率主要受光合有效辐射影响。气孔导度主要受光合有效辐射影响,地面灌溉条件下气孔导度对环境变化的响应更积极。蒸腾速率主要受土壤含水率和光合有效辐射的影响,土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率对光合有效辐射的响应更敏感。相同条件下,土壤含水率越高蒸腾速率越大。     

空气温湿度对小麦光合作用的影响

对田间环境不同水分处理光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用率和气孔导度的分析表明,增加土壤含水量有助于缓解空气高温低湿对小麦光合作用的胁迫。气温对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到加强,湿度降低对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到抑制。随着土壤含水量的增加,叶片水分利用率向高温低湿方向移动,低温低湿对气孔导度的抑制效应愈加明显。综合比较这几个指标,使叶片既能保持最高光合速率又能维持较高叶片水分利用率的土壤含水量为0.22 g/g。     

不同土壤含水量条件棉花光合作用日变化特性研究

采用CB-1102型光合仪对棉花在不同缺水情况下的光合日变化进行监测,通过试验数据分析得出以下结论:4种不同土壤含水率下的光合有效辐射受天空云层覆盖程度影响而与土壤含水率无关;净光合速率,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均会出现双峰值情况,并且其峰值因土壤含水率高而偏高;胞间CO2浓度呈左倾"V"状且与含水率有密切的关系。研究不同土壤含水情况下的棉花冠层叶片的光合日变化,可以提高田间水利用效率,达到高效节水的目的,对极度缺水的新疆南疆地区的棉花种植具有重要的指导意义。     

气孔导度对环境因素响应及模型研究进展

气孔是植物叶片与环境进行物质交换的重要通道。准确定量的描述气孔的运动及其对各类环境因素的响应,对研究植物光合、蒸腾作用,SPAC系统内的水热传输,进行水分调控及预测植物生产力至关重要。着重介绍了各类气孔导度的模型和模型的修正及发展,以及气孔导度与各类因素的响应关系,讨论了在此方面的研究成果和存在的问题,为科研工作提供了一定的参考。     

Irrigation requirements and transpiration coupling to the atmosphere of a citrus orchard in Southern Brazil

Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was measured as evaporative heat flux from an irrigated acid lime orchard (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) using the aerodynamic method. Crop transpiration (T) was determined by a stem heat balance method. The irrigation requirements were determined by comparing the orchard evapotranspiration (ETc) and T with the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) derived from the Penman-Monteith equation, and the irrigation requirements were expressed as ETc/ETo (Kc) and T/ETo (Kcb) ratios. The influence of inter-row vegetation on the ETc was analyzed because the measurements were taken during the summer and winter, which are periods with different regional soil water content. In this study, the average Kc values obtained were 0.65 and 0.24 for the summer and winter, respectively. The strong coupling of citrus trees to the atmosphere and the sensitivity of citrus plants to large vapor pressure deficits and air/leaf temperatures caused variations in the Kcb in relation to the ETo ranges. During the summer, the Kcb value ranged from 0.34 when the ETo exceeded 5 mm d⁻¹ to 0.46 when the ETo was less than 3 mm d⁻¹.     

干热河谷区橙子树蒸腾耗水环境响应与生理调节研究

为探究西南干热河谷地区典型经济林木橙子树的蒸腾耗水机制,利用热扩散式探针TDP、冠层分析仪、土壤水分传感器TDR、全自动气象站等设备获取橙子树蒸腾量、叶面积指数、土壤含水率和气象因子（气温、辐射、饱和水汽压差、降雨量等）的长期数据。对橙子树蒸腾规律的环境控制和生理调节特征进行系统研究,结果表明：相比于干季和雨季,干热季橙子树表现出较为保守的水分利用机制,日蒸腾量、冠层导度和退耦系数都显著低于其他两个季节。干季和雨季,橙子树蒸腾活动受太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差的交替控制,而干热季蒸腾活动主要受饱和水汽压差的驱动。冠层导度与气象因子日内动态变化特征之间存在时滞效应,且这种效应在不同天气不同季节具有差异。受叶面积指数影响,饱和水汽压差与冠层导度在整个年份呈负对数相关关系,其他环境因子与冠层导度在叶面积指数小于4m2/m2时呈负对数相关关系,大于等于4m2/m2时呈二次函数相关关系。不同环境条件下虽然冠层导度对饱和水汽压差的敏感性不同,但蒸腾耗水在大多数环境条件下基本遵循等水势调节策略,但个别环境条件下存在环境胁迫应对失衡风险。研究结果可为干热河谷区橙子园环境胁迫诊断提供直接依据,有利于灌溉制度的科学优化和节水调控技术体系的高效制定。     

遮光、密闭环境对番茄植株蒸腾的影响

在茎热平衡技术测定植株茎流的原理基础上,结合温室内气象数据采集仪器,通过对小温室做遮光、密闭处理,探讨番茄茎流的变化规律。结果表明,密闭温室处理后晴天番茄茎流变化趋势不变,但白天茎流明显减小,此时影响茎流的环境参数除光照外,温室内的大气温度、空气相对湿度以及CO2浓度等都不能忽略。人为改变光照,使茎流随之发生改变,变化规律与光照强度的变化规律相似,所不同的是茎流变化曲线稍稍滞后于光照的变化曲线;茎流随光照的降低而逐渐减小,在时间上有一个延迟。当白天遮光变温室为"黑暗"状态时,茎流缓慢减小,但此时茎流却远远大于夜晚茎流,而且白天温室内"黑暗"状态处理的不同时间段茎流减小的快慢是不一样的。     

Interactive responses to water deficits and crop load in olive (olea europaea L., cv. Morisca) I. - Growth and water relations

To characterize the interactions between variable water supply and crop load on vegetative growth and water relations of an olive orchard (cv. Morisca) planted in 1998 at 417 trees ha⁻¹, two different experiments were conducted over a six-year period (2002-2007) in Badajoz, Southwest of Spain. Experiment 1, assessed the responses during the early years of the orchard (2002-2004) using four irrigation treatments that applied fractions of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) (125%, 100%, 75% and 0%) and three crop load levels (100%, 50% and 0% of fruit removal, termed off, medium and on treatments). Experiment 2, assessed the response of more mature trees (2005-2007) to three irrigation treatments (115%, 100%, and 60% of ET_c) and the natural crop load which were off, on, and medium in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Although vegetative growth was mainly affected by the level of water supply, crop load also influenced vegetative parameters, especially the interaction between high loads and water deficit. Trunk growth was more sensitive to water deficits than ground cover, and at the branch scale, water deficits reduced branch length and node numbers but only reduced internode length in on trees. Water relations were more affected by the level of water supply than by crop load. Nevertheless, the presence of fruits affected olive tree water status and, particularly, increased the stomatal conductance of on trees during late summer and early fall under all levels of water supply. Interactions between water stress and crop load levels were not very strong, and were more evident in mature than in young olive trees.     

The effect of irrigation schedules on the water relations and growth of a young olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard

In recent years there has been a notable worldwide increase in the amount of land devoted to olive orchards. Most of these new orchards are irrigated and represent large financial investments. The irrigation of young olive trees should reduce the period during which their production is small or non-existent. Although the water requirements of young olive orchards are thought to be low, little is in fact known in this regard. In the present work, three irrigation treatments (100, 75 and 50% coverage of water needs) were designed using the Orgaz method, and their effects on young olive trees tested in different plots over a period of 3 years. The 50% deficit treatment was designed to provide the trees with an amount of water in the region of that stipulated by the FAO method, the most commonly used irrigation scheduling system for olive orchards. No significant differences in shoot water potential nor abaxial leaf conductance were seen between the trees receiving the different treatments. However, canopy volume and shoot growth were affected. These results indicate that the traditional FAO model, which would have supplied about 35% of the water supplied by the Control treatment, may well reduce the economic benefits to be derived from young olive orchards.     

不同生育期淹涝对夏玉米叶片叶绿素及产量的影响

为了探明淹涝条件对夏玉米生理生态特性及产量的影响规律,在防雨棚下开展了夏玉米不同生育阶段淹涝的桶栽试验.在苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期分别淹涝1,3,5,7,9 d;以不淹水(适宜水分处理)为对照.结果表明,玉米株高和叶面积在苗期和拔节期受淹涝的影响最大,抽雄吐丝期次之,灌浆期淹涝的影响最小;叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和气孔导度(Gs)在拔节期受淹涝的影响最大,苗期次之,灌浆期的影响最小;淹涝解除后,SPAD和Gs因补偿生长具有一定的恢复能力,苗期淹涝的恢复能力最强,并随淹涝时期后移呈减少趋势;拔节期淹涝对穗部性状及产量影响最大,苗期淹涝次之,灌浆期淹涝的影响最小.建立了玉米减产率与不同生育期淹涝历时的数学模型,依据其关系推算出苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期的淹涝天数只要分别不超过1.5,2.0,1.5,6.5 d就可以把减产率控制在10%以内,分别超过4,5,4,10 d减产率可达20%以上.研究结果可为夏玉米涝渍灾害损失的评估和农田排水方案制定提供数据参考.     

Measurement and modelling of transpiration of a rain-fed citrus orchard under subhumid tropical conditions

Granier type sap flow gauges were used to estimate canopy transpiration from a 7-year-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) orchard in Ghana, West Africa. The aim of the study was to use sap flow based transpiration estimates in modelling the stomatal control of water transport under rain-fed and subhumid tropical conditions. Canopy conductance (g_c) of the sweet orange was calculated by inverting the Penman–Monteith equation. Both multiple linear regression and a Jarvis-type model, based on a set of environmental control functions, have been used to simulate half-hourly citrus canopy conductance. Both methods could adequately predict bulk stomatal conductance of the orchard and were suitable for use in the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate transpiration rates. In both models, the vapour pressure deficit was the dominant regulator of canopy transpiration as it explained about 80% of the variations in canopy conductance. A simple envelop function of canopy conductance as a function of the solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit was equally suitable for g_c prediction. However, the Jarvis formulation provided the best estimation of conductance compared to other models. Validation with separate data sets confirmed the good performance of these models to investigate the response of citrus to changing environmental conditions.     

玉米光合指标与土壤水分的关系研究

在防雨棚内膜下滴灌条件下,通过小区试验研究玉米拔节期和抽雄期光合指标(蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度)与土壤水分的关系。结果表明,在玉米拔节期,当土壤水分达到田间持水率的70%时,玉米光合强度最强;光合指标与土壤水分的典型相关系数为0.919,其相关性极显著(P0.01),在光合要素中,蒸腾速率的权重最大。在玉米抽雄期,当土壤水分达到田间持水率的85%时,玉米光合强度最强;且各光合指标均高于拔节期,此时其典型相关系数为0.742,相关性极显著,在光合要素中,则变为光合速率的权重最大,成为主要被影响因素。结合各时期产量,可以确定玉米在拔节期和抽雄期的最适宜土壤含水率分别为田间持水率的70%和田间持水率的85%。