甲壳素的瘤胃降解率及其对人工瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验研究了甲壳素在瘤胃中的降解率及其对瘤胃发酵参数的影响,旨在为甲壳素在反刍动物日粮中的应用提供理论依据.试验一:选用两头安装有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛为试验牛,采用尼龙袋法测定8个时间点(0、2、4、8、12、24、36、72 h)甲壳素的瘤胃降解率.结果表明,甲壳素在奶牛瘤胃中前36 h未发生降解,之后随时间的延长,其降解率有升高的趋势,在72 h甲壳素的降解率达到12.62％.试验二:采集内蒙古半细毛羯羊的瘤胃液,配制人工瘤胃体外培养液,以紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混合干草为发酵底物,在底物中分别添加0、1％、2％、4％和8％的甲壳素,在适宜条件下体外培养24 h,研究不同甲壳素添加水平对人工瘤胃干草发酵参数的影响.结果表明,随甲壳素添加水平的升高,人工瘤胃中产气量、pH和干物质降解率均呈现不同程度的二次曲线下降趋势,而氨氮含量呈现一次线性或二次曲线变化.     

5种青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的淀粉降解特性

本试验旨在研究苜蓿青贮、全株小麦青贮、燕麦青贮和全株玉米青贮(2种)共5种青贮饲料的淀粉瘤胃降解特性,对其有效降解率与实时降解率进行分析,以期能根据单个时间点的淀粉降解率来估算青贮饲料的淀粉降解率,并为《奶牛营养需要和饲养标准》的更新提供相关数据。选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法评定淀粉的动态降解率和有效降解率,将装有待测饲料样品的尼龙袋在奶牛瘤胃中分别培养4、8、12、24、30、36、48和72h,每头牛每个时间点设4个平行。结果显示:(1)随着在瘤胃内培养时间的延长,各青贮饲料的淀粉瘤胃降解率均呈现逐步上升的趋势,且在24h后趋于稳定;全株小麦青贮的淀粉有效降解率最高,与依次降低的燕麦青贮、苜蓿青贮和全株玉米青贮差异显著(P0.05)。(2)试验所选用的青贮饲料的8h淀粉降解率与其有效降解率相关性最强,R2为0.9876。由此可知,采用8h淀粉降解率估测青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的淀粉降解率是可行的,本试验结果可为科学配制奶牛日粮提供数据参考。     

不同剂量苹果酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响

选择2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶牛作为瘤胃液供体牛.采用体外批次培养技术,在培养液中添加终浓度为0、4、8和12 mmol/L的苹果酸,其中0 mmol/L组为对照组,测定培养3、6、9、12、18 h和24 h后的体外瘤胃发酵指标.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加不同剂量的苹果酸,均有不同程度的提高瘤胃发酵液pH、NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度,显著提高培养底物中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率(P＜0.05)的作用.在本试验日粮条件下,培养液中添加8 mmol/L苹果酸有利于促进体外瘤胃发酵,建议在奶牛日粮中苹果酸的添加量为80 g/d.     

甲醛处理豆粕对蛋白质瘤胃降解及活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

通过尼龙袋试验和产气量试验研究甲醛处理大豆粕对瘤胃蛋白质降解率、产气量和活体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响。3个处理分别为对照组、处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ,其中处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ的甲醛添加量分别占大豆粕粗蛋白质(CP)0.6%和1.2%。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的干物质及蛋白质的降解率及降解速度显著下降(P<0.001),快速降解组分的比例和有效降解率显著下降,慢速降解组分比例显著提高(P<0.001),但两处理组之间干物质降解速度和蛋白质慢速降解组分比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ的72h产气量和理论最大产气量均显著升高(P<0.001),而产气速度显著降低(P<0.005);甲醛处理对活体外瘤胃72h发酵的pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05),但发酵液中丙酸摩尔比例显著上升(P<0.05),从而导致乙酸/丙酸降低。两个处理组活体外24h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.994μg/mL和0.370μg/mL;而72h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.410μg/mL和0.141μg/mL。本试验结论:甲醛处理能有效降低蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率,并改善活体外发酵参数,其中甲醛添加量以占0.6%CP的处理更为有效。     

壳聚糖对奶牛人工瘤胃温室气体排放的影响

研究旨在探讨添加不同水平的壳聚糖对奶牛人工瘤胃温室气体排放的影响。试验利用体外培养技术,采集健康荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液,以精粗比为40:60的配合饲料为发酵底物,配制人工瘤胃体外培养液。设置5个处理,每个处理6个重复。对照组不添加壳聚糖,试验组分别添加0.3%、0.6%、1.2%和2.4%的壳聚糖,体外厌氧培养24h,分别于培养时间为12和24h时,测定反应体系中CH4、CO2和N2O的产量。结果表明:1~12h,人工瘤胃中CH4的产量随壳聚糖添加剂量的升高,呈现一次线性降低趋势(P=0.074)。13~24h,随壳聚糖添加剂量的升高,各培养瓶中CH4的产量呈现显著的一次线性(P=0.05)降低。此外,人工瘤胃中CO2和N2O的产量与壳聚糖没有显著的剂量依赖关系(P0.05)。由此可见,添加适宜剂量的壳聚糖可以降低瘤胃CH4的产量,一定程度上可以缓解大气的温室效应。     

5种青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的淀粉降解特性

本试验旨在研究苜蓿青贮、全株小麦青贮、燕麦青贮和全株玉米青贮（2种）共5种青贮饲料的淀粉瘤胃降解特性，对其有效降解率与实时降解率进行分析，以期能根据单个时间点的淀粉降解率来估算青贮饲料的淀粉降解率，并为《奶牛营养需要和饲养标准》的更新提供相关数据。选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物，采用尼龙袋法评定淀粉的动态降解率和有效降解率，将装有待测饲料样品的尼龙袋在奶牛瘤胃中分别培养4、8、12、24、30、36、48和72 h，每头牛每个时间点设4个平行。结果显示：①随着在瘤胃内培养时间的延长，各青贮饲料的淀粉瘤胃降解率均呈现逐步上升的趋势，且在24 h后趋于稳定；全株小麦青贮的淀粉有效降解率最高，与依次降低的燕麦青贮、苜蓿青贮和全株玉米青贮差异显著（P < 0.05）。②试验所选用的青贮饲料的8 h淀粉降解率与其有效降解率相关性最强，R²为0.9876。由此可知，采用8 h淀粉降解率估测青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的淀粉降解率是可行的，本试验结果可为科学配制奶牛日粮提供数据参考。     

发酵菠萝渣养分瘤胃降解率的研究

利用施氏假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌对新鲜菠萝渣进行微生物发酵,用5只体格健壮、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊,采用尼龙袋法对发酵菠萝渣养分在瘤胃0、6、12、24、48、72h的降解率进行了研究。试验结果表明:发酵菠萝渣中粗蛋白质(CP)的动态降解率为52.28%,快速降解部分为9.62%;干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在48h的降解率分别为80.67%、72.47%和61.44%,在72h的降解率分别为85.51%、78.96%和74.52%。     

饲粮中添加沙棘果渣对体外瘤胃发酵参数和营养物质有效降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加沙棘果渣(SBP)对体外瘤胃发酵参数和营养物质有效降解率的影响。试验选用6只健康、1.5岁左右、体重30～45 kg、安装瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交F1肉羊羯羊。试验采用体外产气法和尼龙袋法对添加不同水平SBP[0(对照组)、8%(8SBP组)、16%(16SBP组)、24%(24SBP组)]的全混合日粮72 h产气量、瘤胃液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度以及营养物质有效降解率进行测定。结果表明:1)16SBP和24SBP组的72 h产气量和潜在产气量均显著高于对照组(P <0.05),SBP的添加对产气速率没有产生显著的影响(P>0.05)。2)发酵液pH随着SBP添加水平的提高而降低,24SBP组pH最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,各试验组发酵液NH3-N和M CP浓度都有上升的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)产量也有所变化,但没有产生显著差异(P>0.05);试验组乙酸和总VFA浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,16SBP和24SBP组干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(NDF)有效降解率显著提高(P <0.05),8SBP和16SBP组粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率显著提高(P<0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加SBP改善了体外发酵并且提高了营养物质的降解率,但饲粮中最适SBP添加水平还需要进一步通过试验确定。     

奶牛常用饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解参数

用三头安装瘤胃瘘管的成年牛,采用半体内法(in．situ)研究奶牛日粮中常用的饲料在瘤胃不同时间点的降解率和动态降解率,试验得出32种饲料粗蛋白质2h、6h、12h、24h、36h、48h、72h瘤胃降解率和相关参数,为奶牛日粮配制提供依据。     

微生态制剂对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及温室气体释放的影响

试验旨在探究添加不同剂量的复合微生态制剂(EM)对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及温室气体释放的影响。试验采用瓶口盖有橡胶塞的100 mL玻璃瓶作为人工瘤胃发酵容器,设5个处理组,分别添加0、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4 mL的EM分别为对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组和试验4组,每组6个重复。发酵底物为配合饲料,发酵时间为24 h。于试验2、6、12、18和24 h记录各发酵瓶产气量,12和24 h测定CH4、CO2和N2O产量,24 h测定发酵瓶中pH、氨氮、干物质降解率及菌体蛋白含量。结果表明,随EM添加剂量的增加,各培养瓶中pH呈现极显著的一次线性(P0.001)或二次曲线(P=0.001)增加;氨氮含量也呈现极显著的一次线性(P=0.001)或二次曲线(P=0.006)增加;干物质降解率呈现显著的一次线性(P=0.014)或二次曲线(P=0.048)增加;各处理组产气量在24 h时,呈显著的一次线性(P=0.033)增加;此外,13~24 h时,各处理组CO2含量呈极显著的一次线性(P=0.001)或二次曲线(P=0.001)降低。由此可见,添加EM能影响瘤胃发酵特性及温室气体的释放。     

辣木在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

为研究辣木的瘤胃降解特性,探索辣木在反刍动物饲料中的应用技术,以3头安装永久性瘘管的奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定辣木叶、辣木枝、辣木茎在瘤胃内的降解率和降解参数。结果表明:辣木干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)在瘤胃内的降解率和降解参数变化趋势相近, 48 h达到降解平台期,但不同部位的降解率差异较大。辣木叶干物质(DM)96 h降解率最高,为69.34%,辣木枝和辣木茎依次降低;辣木各部位干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)的有效降解率差异显著(P<0.05),叶、枝、茎的有效降解率依次降低。辣木叶粗蛋白(CP)的96 h降解率高达90.86%,较辣木茎和枝分别高22.84%、38.92%;三者粗蛋白(CP)的有效降解率依次降低,但粗蛋白(CP)的有效降解率明显高于干物质(DM)和有机物(OM);辣木叶瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)含量最高为15.57%,高于过瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量,但辣木枝和茎的过瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量高于瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)含量。辣木叶、枝、茎中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的96 h瘤胃降解率依次降低,分别为50.55%、27.11%、16.24%,辣木叶和辣木枝酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的96 h降解率大小相近;辣木叶的NDF、ADF的有效降解率均显著高于辣木枝和辣木茎(P<0.05)。因此从瘤胃降解特性来看,辣木3个部位的营养价值依次为辣木叶>辣木枝>辣木茎。在饲喂奶牛过程中,建议单独饲喂辣木叶,辣木枝混合营养含量高的饲料饲喂,不建议将辣木茎直接作为奶牛饲料。     

Site and extent of starch degradation in the dairy cow - a comparison between in vivo, in situ and in vitro measurements

Prediction of the supply of glycogenic precursors to dairy cows and the site of degradation of wheat, maize and potato starch (PS) were determined in an in vivo experiment and the results were compared with data obtained from experiments involving in situ nylon bag and in vitro gas production techniques. In a Latin square design experiment four lactating dairy cows fitted with a rumen cannula and T-piece cannulae in the duodenum and terminal ileum, received either a low-starch control diet or diets in which sugar beet pulp in the concentrate mixture had been replaced by wheat, maize or PS. Starch from the different sources was almost completely degraded in the total gastrointestinal tract. For all starches, the rumen was the main site of degradation in vivo. No digestion of PS in the small intestine was observed. In situ results suggested that 14% of wheat starch (WS), 47% of maize starch and 34% of PS escaped rumen fermentation. According to the gas production technique WS ferments quickest and potato slowest. PS had a low degradability during the first 8 (gas production) to 11 (in situ) h. However, according to both in vitro and in vivo measurements rumen degradability of PS was high. The results suggest that in situ and in vitro techniques should be performed in animals that have adapted to starch source to provide a more accurate simulation of the in vivo situation.     

裹包全混合日粮瘤胃降解特性的研究

试验选用2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法研究了裹包贮存、精粗比和水分含量对全混合日粮(TMR)营养成分瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明:裹包贮存可显著提高TMR饲料干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率和有效降解率(P0.05)。DM和CP的瘤胃消失率及有效降解率随TMR饲料精料水平的提高显著增加(P0.05)。水分含量60%组TMR饲料中CP的有效降解率显著高于40%和50%组(P0.05),40%和50%组间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,裹包贮存可提高TMR饲料中营养物质瘤胃消失率和有效降解率(P0.05),营养物质的瘤胃消失率和有效降解率随TMR饲料精粗比的增加而增加,水分含量对裹包TMR中不同营养物质的消失率和有效降解率有不同影响。     

Effect of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle

An experiment was conducted to determine whether balancing dietary crude protein for optimal rumen degradability would improve fertilization rate and quality of ova in lactating dairy cows. Thirty-eight Holstein cows in early lactation were fed 1 of 2 diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing 16% crude protein. Diet 1 contained 73% rumen degradable intake protein, whereas diet 2 contained 64% rumen degradable intake protein. The cows were induced to superovulate and were inseminated, and ova were recovered nonsurgically on postbreeding day 7. Ova were counted and classified as fertilized or unfertilized. Fertilized ova were scored as excellent, good, fair, poor, or degenerate. Unfertilized ova and poor and degenerate embryos were considered to be nontransferable ova and excellent, good, and fair embryos were considered to be transferable ova. There were no differences for mean number of fertilized, unfertilized, transferable, or nontransferable ova recovered from cows fed the 2 diets (P greater than 0.10). Mean percentage of fertilized ova recovered from cows was greater (P less than 0.05) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. Mean percentage of transferable ova recovered from cows tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. More cows failed to yield transferable ova (P less than 0.05) when fed diet 1, compared with diet 2. Fertilization failure or early degeneration of embryos may occur in cows fed excess rumen degradable protein.     

奶牛主要植物性蛋白质饲料蛋白质和纤维物质瘤胃降解率的研究

选用3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦产奶牛为试验动物,选取8种北方地区奶牛常用蛋白质饲料原料为试验样品,每个样品设3个重复,用尼龙袋法分别测定各个样品的粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在瘤胃内的动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明:(1)所选8种蛋白质饲料原料中葵花粕的粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率均高于其他粗饲料,达到61.17%以上,酒精粕的粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率最低,仅为19.03%。(2)在饲喂基础上,玉米蛋白粉所含的瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)的比例最高,达到30.99%以上,而酒精粕所含的比例最低,仅为5.52%。(3)豆粕所含的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的有效降解率最高,达到50.74%以上,而菜籽粕的最低,仅为11.06%。(4)玉米蛋白粉所含的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率最高,达到59.23%以上,而酒精粕的最低,仅为11.27%。     

添加不同水平莫能霉素对奶牛瘤胃内日粮营养物质发酵及血液生化指标的影响

[目的]该试验旨在探讨日粮中添加不同水平莫能霉素,对奶牛瘤胃内发酵、日粮营养物质降解率及奶牛血液生化指标影响。[方法]试验选取3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管奶牛,设计采用3×3拉丁方试验设计。试验分为三组,MⅠ组为基础日粮;MⅡ组为基础日粮添加31.5mg/kg DM莫能霉素;MⅢ组基础日粮添加46.5 mg/kg DM莫能霉素。[结果]莫能霉素添加组pH值均高于对照组（P〉0.05）;添加46.5 mg/kg DM的莫能霉素后氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮中添加46.5 mg/kg DM的莫能霉素后瘤胃内乙酸发酵量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮中添加31.5 mg/kg DM莫能霉素后丙酸发酵量高于对照组（P〉0.05）,且丙酸摩尔比例显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;日粮DM、CP和NDF在瘤胃内有效降解率随莫能霉素添加量的增加而降低,添加组奶牛血液中的尿素氮,血浆中血糖及乳酸浓度,各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。[结论]日粮中添加莫能霉素可以提高牛瘤胃中的pH值,降低氨态氮浓度,显著提高丙酸摩尔比例,降低丙酸、乙酸比值,但减缓了粗蛋白的降解速度,一定程度上提高血液中尿素氮和血糖浓度。     

The effect of pelleting on in situ rumen degradability of compound feed containing brown rice for dairy cows

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on in situ dry matter degradability of pelleted compound feed containing brown rice for dairy cows. Mash feed of the same composition was used as a control and the in situ study was conducted using three non‐lactating Holstein steers fitted with a rumen cannula. The feeds contained 32.3% brown rice, 19.4% rapeseed meal, 11.4% wheat bran and 10.6% soybean meal (fresh weight basis). Except for moisture content, the chemical composition of the feed was not affected by pelleting. In situ dry matter disappearance of the feed increased from 0 to 2 h and after 72 h of incubation with pellet processing. Integration of the dry matter disappearance values over time revealed that degradability parameter a (soluble fraction) increased with pellet processing, whereas parameter b (potentially degradable fraction) decreased. Parameter c (fractional rate of degradation) and effective degradability (5% passage rate) were not affected by pellet processing. We concluded that pellet processing promotes rumen degradability at early incubation hours when the pelleted feed contains brown rice.     

Effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake,nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. In experiment 1, nine lactating cows were grazed in the morning and evening sessions (2.5 h each). The cows were allocated to treatments of three concentrate allotment levels before the evening grazing session by altering proportions to daily total offered; 25%, 50% and 75%. Daily herbage dry matter intake quadratically decreased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels (P < 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was similar among treatments. To investigate diurnal changes in rumen fermentation, a second experiment was conducted where six ruminally cannulated non‐lactating dairy cows grazed in the morning and evening sessions (3 h each) were subjected to the same treatments as experiment 1. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen linearly increased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels throughout the pre‐evening grazing session to the post‐morning grazing session (P < 0.01). The results indicate that dairy cows reduce daily herbage intake but do not alter nitrogen utilization with increasing concentrate allotment before evening grazing. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

复合植物提取物对奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群的影响

[目的] 研究饲粮中添加蒲公英、益母草、金银花和连翘4种植物的乙醇提取物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群的影响。[方法] 采用完全随机试验设计,将24头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组12头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3%/（头·d）复合植物提取物。试验期共75 d,预试期15 d,正试期60 d。于试验正式期第60天通过口腔采集奶牛瘤胃液,提取瘤胃液样品总DNA,利用16S rDNA序列分析技术研究饲粮中添加复合植物提取物对奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群的影响。[结果] 对照组与试验组的瘤胃微生物在OTU水平上可相互分离。试验组奶牛瘤胃细菌的α多样性指数与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。添加复合植物提取物改变奶牛瘤胃中17个细菌菌门相对丰度,但试验组与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;在门水平上,2组的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）在总菌群中占比最高;在属水平上,试验组瘤胃细菌相对丰度与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）,2组优势菌属均为普雷沃菌属1（Prevotella 1）。通过LEFse分析发现,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛瘤胃中的拟杆菌目（Bacteroidales）相对丰度显著（P<0.05）降低,而双歧杆菌科（Bifidobacteriaceae）的相对丰度显著（P<0.05）增加。[结论] 在泌乳期奶牛饲粮中添加0.3%的蒲公英、益母草、金银花和连翘复合提取物具有调节瘤胃菌群的作用。