均匀设计法优化金银花水煎液絮凝提取工艺的研究

用均匀设计法优化金银花水煎液絮凝提取工艺。考察了絮凝剂浓度、絮凝时间、pH、温度4个因素对金银花水煎液提取率的影响，得到金银花水煎液絮凝提取工艺的优化条件为絮凝剂浓度2．0％、絮凝时间20min、pH5．0、温度50℃，并对絮凝后的金银花水煎液进行了絮凝效果检验。此工艺较好地去除了蛋白质、鞣质、淀粉等杂质，保留了有效成分绿原酸。选用絮凝法提取效果好，安全度高，可替代传统水提醇沉法。     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化红芪多糖水提醇沉工艺研究

优化红芪多糖标准提取物的水提醇沉制备工艺参数。采用L₉(3~4)正交试验优选红芪总糖水提工艺，采用Box-Behnken中心组合响应面法优化红芪多糖醇沉工艺，以“化学-生物活性”综合指标进行评价。结果表明，优化得到的红芪多糖水提醇沉制备工艺为：原料药材加水10倍量(首次12倍量),煎煮3次，每次1 h,合并药液，浓缩至与原料药材1∶1,进行醇沉，醇沉浓度77%,醇沉时间10 h,醇沉次数3次。按上述醇沉工艺所得提取物中多糖质量分数为60.52%,相比原药材水提取物中多糖质量分数的23.2%,纯度提高了1.61倍，且工艺稳定；所得提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性及DPPH自由基清除活性。说明该工艺可用于红芪多糖标准提取物的制备及开发利用。     

甘肃沙枣多糖提取工艺研究

采用热水浸提、醇沉法提取沙枣多糖,对沙枣多糖提取工艺进行了研究。选择料液比、浸提温度和浸提时间作为单因素进行梯度实验,确定其提取备件范围,再通过正交试验进一步确定沙枣多糖最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,沙枣多糖的最佳提取工艺为：浸提温度为85℃、固液比为1：60、浸提时间为2h,在此条件下提取得甘肃沙枣多糖含量为4．98％。     

兽用黄芪多糖口服液提取工艺研究

为建立黄芪中黄芪多糖提取工艺,本研究采用单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法,以黄芪多糖为指标,对发酵浓度、发酵时间、发酵pH、发酵温度、醇沉提取时间进行优化。结果表明,6%的接种浓度、pH为7、温度控制在36℃、培养24 h、醇沉提取时间60 min,为黄芪多糖最佳提取工艺。经验证,该工艺方法简单,较传统提取法能耗小、成本低、安全环保、重复性好,能够用于工业化生产。     

不同方法处理的金银花提取液在鸡胚内抗新城疫病毒作用

水提醇沉法是传统的中药澄清分离法,但是水提醇沉法有耗时、成本高、有污染及存在乙醇残留等缺点.因此又提出了高速离心法、壳聚糖絮凝澄清法等新方法[1-2].高速离心法和壳聚糖絮凝澄清法具有省时、成本低、无污染及无药物残留等优点.但是这两种方法对中药提取液中有效成分是否有影响,对中药提取液在动物机体内的抗病毒效果如何,还未见有报道.本试验以金银花提取液为例,通过比较高速离心法、壳聚糖絮凝澄清法与水提醇沉法三种方法处理的金银花提取液在鸡胚内抗新城疫病毒作用研究,探讨3种中药澄清分离方法的优劣,为今后进行中药鸡胚抗病毒试验以及选择更合适的中药提取液的澄清分离方法提供科学的理论依据.     

壳聚糖絮凝对双黄连口服液制剂中有效成分的影响

选用正交试验筛选壳聚糖絮凝澄清的最佳条件,以主要成分黄芩苷作为含量考察指标,研究了壳聚糖作为澄清剂对双黄连口服液中黄芩苷含量的影响,并与醇沉法进行了对比。结果显示,壳聚糖能使双黄连提取液得到良好的澄清效果,主要成分黄芩苷损失较小,优于醇沉法,表明壳聚糖能作为良好的澄清剂代替醇沉法处理双黄连口服液。     

响应面法优化双黄连口服液醇沉物乳酸菌发酵工艺

为研究双黄连口服液制剂醇沉物的乳酸菌液态发酵工艺,首先确定双黄连口服液制剂醇沉物添加量,再以活菌数作为指标,通过单因素试验分别研究接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度的影响,并采用响应面法优选最佳发酵条件,最后进行平行放大试验验证。结果：含20%的醇沉物、接种量4%、发酵温度32.7℃、发酵时间26 h时活菌数可达3.03×10⁹ CFU/mL,为最佳发酵条件。平行放大验证试验表明,该发酵工艺可用于制备双黄连口服液醇沉物乳酸菌液态发酵制剂。     

壳聚糖纯化黄芩黄酮工艺研究

目的：确定壳聚糖对黄芩黄酮浸提液纯化的优化工艺条件。方法：通过正交试验设计考察壳聚糖添加量、料液温度和pH值对黄芩黄酮浸提液纯化效果。结论：壳聚糖对黄芩黄酮浸提液具有较好的纯化作用,最佳工艺条件为A3B2C2,即药液温度50℃、壳聚糖加入量为2%、pH值为5。     

苦参碱的提取纯化工艺研究

为了优化苦参碱的提取工艺,以浸膏收率、苦参碱含量为评价指标,选择用水量、提取时间及提取次数为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选出水煎煮法提取苦参碱的最佳工艺条件为用8倍量水提取3次,每次提取2h。采用乙醇沉淀及三氯甲烷萃取相结合的方法对苦参粗提物进行纯化,浓缩药液浓度为1．0g生药／mL时进行醇沉,醇沉后调节药液的pH值至9～11用三氯甲烷萃取3次。优选出的提取工艺稳定、可行,可用于苦参碱的工业化提取。     

苦参碱的提取纯化工艺研究

为了优化苦参碱的提取工艺,以浸膏收率、苦参总碱含量为评价指标,选择用水量、提取时间及提取次数为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选出水煎煮法提取苦参总碱的最佳工艺条件为用8倍量水提取3次,每次提取2h,并采用乙醇沉淀及三氯甲烷萃取相结合的方法对苦参粗提物进行纯化,浓缩药液浓度为每毫升1．0g生药时进行醇沉,醇沉后调节药液的pH值至9-11用三氯甲烷萃取3次。优选出的提取工艺稳定、合理、可行。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.