采精室的建立

本文从公猪的训练到器具的使用,介绍了巴西的一个育种群从人工授精公猪采精着手的实践经验. 在2007年末,巴西南部的Suinosul农场与当地的-个猪肉加工厂签订了-份协议,以保证750头F1代母猪的正常生产,并将22 kg活重的仔猪出售给加工厂,在其它养猪场进行育肥.这一协议给农场带来了重大变化.尽管农场从1978年起即开始饲养种畜出售给其他独立经营的农场,但一直采用自然交配的方式进行繁育.为满足新情况的需要,我们决定对终端公猪采用人工授精(AI)的方法进行配种.     

Semen collection techniques.

Semen collection techniques in the stallion have evolved considerably over the last 70 to 80 years and are used today primarily for artificial insemination. Semen can be collected from stallions that are otherwise unable to breed, allowing continued use of valuable animals. There are many options for collection of semen from stallions that present with ejaculatory dysfunction (see the article by McDonnell elsewhere in this issue.) Although there are many advantages to the use of artificial breeding, the collector must understand each step of the collection procedure as well as stallion preferences and proper use of an artificial vagina and mount source so that a representative semen sample is collected.     

Semen collection and evaluation

Conformation showing and a variety of dog sports are increasingly popular. Propagation of an excellent dog requires normal fertility. Semen collection and evaluation are essential skills for small animal practitioners who work with breeders and dog-sport enthusiasts. Semen collection can be performed on most dogs in the clinic setting with minimal standard equipment. Preparation of the collection room and presence of a teaser bitch increase the success of sample collection. Semen evaluation consists of several components. First, gross characteristics and sample volume are recorded. Percentage and quality of motility are evaluated immediately. The concentration of spermatozoa in the sample is determined and multiplied by the total sample volume to determine the total number of sperm in the ejaculate. Morphology of > or = 100 spermatozoa is evaluated and recorded to determine the percent normal spermatozoa Total normal sperm per ejaculate is then calculated. Additional tests are often performed. These include cytology of the second and third fractions, culture of the semen, and measurement of semen alkaline phosphatase. Knowledge of normal parameters for canine semen enables the practitioner to evaluate the results of these tests with confidence.     

利用表型数据构建狗牙根初级核心种质

本研究以831份狗牙根种质资源为试材,根据15个数量和质量性状,研究了狗牙根初级核心种质构建的方法。从总体取样规模(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%和30%)、组内取样比例(简单比例、对数比例、平方根比例和多样性比例)和取样方法(随机取样和聚类取样)3个层次探讨构建狗牙根初级核心种质的最佳取样策略,共形成48种取样策略。应用均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率4个参数来检验各取样策略的优劣。比较初始种质和初级核心种质两者基于主成分的样品分布图及性状间的相关系数,对构建的初级核心种质进行确认。结果表明,25%是最适宜的总体取样比例;4种组内取样比例中平方根比例优于简单比例、对数比例和多样性比例;2种取样方法中,聚类取样明显优于随机取样。最终确定25%的总体取样规模下,组内采用平方根比例和聚类抽样方法是构建狗牙根初级核心种质的最佳取样策略。根据获得的最佳取样策略最终在表型水平建立了包含208份种质的狗牙根初级核心种质,该种质可以作为整体资源的代表性样本,在狗牙根种质资源的充分开发和利用中发挥重要作用。     

Effect of collection frequency on the semen quality of broiler breeder

1. Seven 35-week-old Hubbard broiler breeder males were subjected to three semen collection frequencies either once every 2 d (48 h), daily (24 h) or twice daily (12 h). 2. Semen characteristics including motility, volume, concentration and sperm numbers per ejaculate were determined for each ejaculate. 3. Sperm motility was unaffected by collection interval, but semen volume was lower at 12 than 24h intervals. Sperm concentration was lower at 12 than 48h intervals. 4. At 24 and 48 h number of sperm per collection (1.7+/-0.2, 1.8+/-0.2 x 10(9)) were higher than at 12 h (1.2+/-0.1 x 10(9)). 5. The number of semen doses over a 6-d period increased linearly as the frequency of collection increased from once every 2 d to twice daily. 6. It is concluded that output was theoretically maximal at twice daily collection, but in practice not all cockerels may be able to maintain full performance with such a demanding regime.     

真空采血在兽医临床血液分析上的应用

动物机体的外周血可用于疾病的诊断、科研实验及抗血清的制备。普通的采血方法通常易交叉污染、溶血或凝血等，而真空采血避免上述情况，特别是采血管内含有负压对于采血十分有利，适合于宠物血液化验、中等大小试验动物血液分析。     

Diagnostic techniques and sample collection

With the advancing knowledge of medicine, diagnostic techniques and laboratory equipment, practicing veterinary surgeons are increasingly capable of processing many of their patients' blood, urine, and tissue samples on-site. No case is better suited to this scenario than the dermatology case, which enjoys a unique privilege in the clinic because the clinician is frequently able to harvest, process, and analyze pathologic samples from affected animals during or shortly after the consultation, eliminating the need to wait for results from external laboratories and consequently reducing the time to recovery. Good sampling techniques are crucial for the acquisition of optimal data however, and this article highlights the key points of these procedures and recommends when they are best employed.     

Effect of method of collection on seminal characteristics of the domestic cat

The effect of level of voltage and method of collection on seminal characteristics were studied in the domestic cat. A Latin square design was used to determine the effects of voltage (1, 2, 4, or 6 V) on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates for 8 cats (experiment 1). There was a significant effect of cat on the total volume (P less than 0.005), number of spermatozoa (P less than 0.05), pH (P less than 0.05), and osmolality (P less than 0.025). There was an effect of week for the pH (P less than 0.05) and osmolality (P less than 0.005) of semen. Voltage of stimulation affected the total volume (P less than 0.005), total number of spermatozoa (P less than 0.025), and osmolality (P less than 0.005) of semen. There were trends (P less than 0.1) for an effect of cat and an effect of voltage on spermatozoal motility. Urine contamination was not observed in any of the electroejaculates. A 2, 2 X 2 Latin square design was used in experiment 2 to determine the effect of method of collection (artificial vagina or electroejaculation) on seminal characteristics for 4 cats. Electroejaculation was performed, using the 6-V electrical stimulus selected from experiment 1. There was a significant (P less than 0.025) effect of cat on the motility of the spermatozoa in the viability preparation and a trend (P less than 0.1) for an effect of cat on spermatozoal viability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of volumetric urine collection versus single-sample urine collection in horses consuming diets varying in cation-anion balance

OBJECTIVE: To determine daily variation in urinary clearance and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes and minerals within and between horses and to compare volumetric and single-sample urine collection for determining FE values of diets with a range of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB). ANIMALS: 5 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed-breed mares. PROCEDURE: 3 isocaloric diets with low, medium, and high DCAB values (85, 190, and 380 mEq/kg of dry matter, respectively) were each fed for 14 days. Daily blood samples, single urine samples collected by using a urinary catheter (5 mares), and volumetric urine collections (6 mares) were obtained during the last 72 hours of each diet. RESULTS: Urine and plasma pH values, plasma concentrations, and FE values of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium were altered by varying the DCAB. Noticeable variation in clearance and FE values was detected within horses from day-to-day on the same diet as well as between horses. Fractional excretion values were not significantly different between single-sample and volumetric methods, except for magnesium in the high DCAB diet. Volumetric and single-sample collections revealed similar patterns of change in urinary FE values with varying DCAB, except for calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substantial variation in clearance and FE of electrolytes and minerals are evident within horses between 24-hour periods as well as between horses fed a specific diet. Three daily urine samples provide similar information regarding dietary-induced changes in clearance and FE values (excluding calcium and magnesium) as that obtained by volumetric urine collection.