兔动脉采血小技巧

家兔是一种常用的实验动物,多数实验中是要采其血液,来制备血清、血浆、血细胞等,故血液质量的好坏直接影响实验的准确性。而采血方法与技术又直接影响到血液的数量和质量。家兔采血通常有:耳缘静脉采血、心脏采血和耳动脉采血三种方法。     

真空管静脉采血在动物疫病监测中的应用

随着动物疫病监测种类和监测样本的增加,所采集的动物血液样品数量也在不断增加。在动物的采血过程中,传统方法是使用一次性注射器进行猪前腔静脉、禽翅静脉、牛(羊)颈静脉等静脉采血。然而,经常会因采血人员的技术水平、熟练程度、助手保定动物的保定姿势以及动物的大小,导致不容易采出血液、采集量不     

浅谈畜禽采血操作方法

动物疫病监测是预测动物疫情状态、及时控制疫病、保障畜牧业健康发展的重要手段之一。动物血液采集是动物疫病监测的重要环节。笔者经过多次实践总结出简单易行的畜禽采血操作方法,现介绍如下。     

动物的采血技术及血清分离

1 血液样品的采集方法及技术要求 采集动物血液是动物疫病采样的一项重要内容,对疫病监测意义重大,采血过程中应严格保持无菌操作.     

实验动物采血方法

实验研究中，经常要采集实验动物的血液进行常规检查或某些生物化学分析，故必须掌握血液的正确采集、分离和保存的操作技术。采血方法的选择，主要决定于实验的目的所需血量以及动物种类。凡用血量较少的检验如红、白细胞计数、血红蛋白的测定、血液涂片以及酶活性微量分析法等，可刺破组织取毛细血管的血。当需血量较多时可作静脉采血。静脉采血时，若需反复多次，应自远离心脏端开始，以免发生栓塞而影响整条静脉。例如，研究毒物对肺功能的影响、血液酸碱平衡、水盐代谢紊乱，需要比较动脉血氧分压、二氧化碳分压和血液pH值以及K^＋、Na^＋、Cl^-离子浓度，必须采取动脉血液。     

一种改进的兔动脉采血方法

家兔是一种常用的实验动物,其体积小、繁殖快、便于饲养,是畜牧兽医学、医学等科学研究领域中所不可或缺的。多数实验中是要采其血液,来制备血清、血浆、血细胞等,故血液质量的好坏直接影响实验的准确性,而采血方法与技术又直接影响到血液的数量和质量。通常给家兔采血的方法有:耳缘静脉采血、心脏采血和耳动脉采血三种。耳缘静脉采血易于操作,对兔损伤较小,但耳缘静脉采血,采血量少,血管滑动不易固定,在寒冬或家兔处于安静状态时,血液回流缓慢,每次采血需要较长时间。心脏采血速度比较快,血流量较大,但经常采血对家兔心脏损伤较大,难以迅速…     

动物疫病监测中血液样品的采集方法

采集动物血液是动物疫病采样的一项重要内容,对疫病监测意义重大。采血过程中应严格保持无菌操作。采血前,应用酒精棉对采血部位局部消毒。采血完毕,局部消毒并用干棉球按压止血。采血用的注射器和试管必须保持清洁干燥无菌。在采血、分离血清过程中,应避免溶血。几种常用的动物主要采血方法介绍如下:     

野外山羊颈静脉采血的保定及操作方法

近年来，随着国家动物疫病防疫水平的不断提升，畜禽疾病监测实验室工作在各级防疫部门迅速开展起来。要做好这一基础性工作，首先要准确熟练地采集到各类监测样品。由于血液的生理指标是反映动物健康的主要标志，所以血液样品在免疫监测中用得最多。如何选择最佳畜禽采血方法，     

实验动物采血方法

实验研究中,经常要采集实验动物的血液进行常规检查或某些生物化学分析,故必须掌握血液的正确采集、分离和保存的操作技术。采血方法的选择,主要决定于实验的目的、所需血量以及动物种类。凡用血量较少的检验如红、白细胞计数、血红蛋白的测定,血液涂片以及酶活性微量分析等,可     

猪前腔静脉采血技术

采血技术是动物疫病监测采样工作基础，也是动物疫控部门的一项常规工作。在所有动物的采血技术中笔者认为以猪采血技术最为困难，猪的采血部位有前腔静脉、股静脉、桡头静脉、隐静脉、耳静脉。目前，大多数采样人员都使用耳静脉采血，该方法存在很多缺点，费时、易失败、血样不卫生等，猪前腔静脉采血是一种适用的采血方法，但是，能熟练运用这种方法的兽医并不是很多。     

Use of blood and blood products

It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice and are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20-25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7-12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five per cent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10-20 ml/kg, recipient weight, is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10-15 ml of blood/kg body weight at 2-4 week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood crossmatching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 ml of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 ml) intravenously or (4 to 5 ml) intramuscularly if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Use of blood and blood products.

It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice, are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20% to 25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7% to 12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five percent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10 to 20 mL/kg recipient weight is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10 to 15 mL of blood/kg body weight at 2- to 4-week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood cross-matching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 mL of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 mL) intravenously or (4 to 5 mL) intramuscularly (preferable) if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem. Administration rates have been suggested starting from 10 mL/kg/hr; faster rates may be necessary in peracute hemorrhage. Plasma should be administered when failure of absorption of passive maternal antibody has occurred or when protein-loosing enteropathy or nephropathy results in a total protein of less than 3 g/dL or less than 1.5 g albumin/dL. Plasma can be stored at household freezer temperatures (-15 to -20 degrees C) for a year; coagulation factors will be destroyed after 2 to 4 months when stored in this manner. To maintain viability of coagulation factors, plasma must be stored at -80 degrees C for less than 12 months. When administering plasma, a blood donor set with a built-in filter should always be used. When bovine plasma is thawed, precipitants form in the plasma and infusion of these microaggregates may result in fatal reactions in the recipient.     

犬的输血疗法

犬病临床治疗中,输血是常用的疗法之一。输血可迅速补充循环血量和体液量,维持血压,增强血液运输氧的能力,增加蛋白质的浓度及血液凝固性,刺激造血机能等。笔者在近几年的临床实践中,遇到过十几例通过输血疗法成功救治的病例,现介绍如下:一、犬的血型犬的血型研究,早在1911年国