被混腔室茧蜂寄生后的桑螟幼虫体质量及血淋巴中营养物质含量测定

寄生桑树害虫桑螟(Diaphania pyloalis)的混腔室茧蜂(Aulacococentrum confusum)为容性内寄生蜂,研究该寄生蜂对寄主桑螟生长发育及营养代谢的影响,可以为制定桑螟的生物防治策略提供基础依据。测定混腔室茧蜂寄生后不同时间点桑螟幼虫的体质量及血淋巴中总糖、海藻糖和蛋白质含量:相同发育时间内,被寄生与未被寄生的桑螟幼虫体质量无显著差异(P0.05);与被寄生1 d时桑螟幼虫血淋巴中的主要营养成分含量相比,被寄生后5 d的桑螟幼虫血淋巴中总糖、海藻糖和蛋白质的含量均显著升高(P0.05),但在相同发育时间内,未被寄生的健康桑螟与被寄生桑螟幼虫的血淋巴中上述营养物质含量均无显著差异(P0.05),即营养物质含量变化主要受桑螟幼虫发育时间的影响。以上结果显示,混腔室茧蜂寄生对桑螟幼虫血淋巴中的主要营养物质含量无显著影响。基于容性内寄生蜂的特性及幼虫啮出后的取食行为,推测混腔室茧蜂是通过啮出后继续取食桑螟的身体组织而大量获取发育所需营养。     

浙江省桑螟寄生蜂调查研究

基于探明桑树主要害虫桑螟的天敌资源及其生物学特性 ,利用生物防治措施有效控制桑螟的危害 ,对浙江省主要蚕区的桑螟寄生蜂进行了系统调查研究。鉴定出桑螟幼虫期寄生蜂 5种 ,为混腔室茧蜂、桑螟绒茧蜂、甲腹茧蜂、菲岛愈腹茧蜂和红胸齿腿姬蜂 ;蛹期寄生蜂 3种 ,为广黑点瘤姬蜂、广大腿小蜂和一种柄腹姬小蜂 ;另有重寄生蜂 3种。研究了幼虫期优势天敌混腔室茧蜂的生物学特性 :混腔室茧蜂寄生于 1- 4龄桑螟幼虫 ,平均寄生率5 0 5 4 % ;在实验室条件下 ,雌性茧蛹历期平均为 8 4d ,雄性为 7 6d ;取食蜂蜜的成蜂的平均寿命为 7 1d ;未交配雌蜂可行产生雄孤雌生殖     

混腔室茧蜂触角微观结构的扫描电子显微镜观察

混腔室茧蜂(Aulacococentrum confusum)是桑树害虫桑螟(Diaphania pyloalis)的优势寄生蜂。应用扫描电子显微镜技术观察混腔室茧蜂触角感器的微观结构,以利于对该寄生蜂的寄主搜索、求偶和取食等行为生态学及保护生物学进行研究。观察结果表明,混腔室茧蜂雌、雄成虫触角上共有6种感器,分别为毛形感器、Bhm鬃毛、板形感器、栓锥形感器、锥形感器和刺形感器,其中栓锥形感器仅分布于雌蜂触角上,其余感器的数量、大小在雌蜂和雄蜂之间无显著差异。与多数茧蜂科寄生蜂相比,混腔室茧蜂成虫的触角明显偏长,雌、雄蜂触角长度分别达到19.3 mm±1.9 mm、16.4 mm±3.4 mm,推测与其搜寻在桑叶上隐蔽取食的寄主桑螟有关。     

长距茧蜂的生物学特性研究及放蜂试验

本文描述了长距茧蜂的形态特征，并研究了它的生物学特性，该蜂在重庆地区一年发生７—８代，以老熟幼虫在树隙、落叶、草丛中结茧越冬，可行孤雌生殖，成虫雌性多于雄性，该蜂寄生于桑螟幼龄幼虫、幼虫老熟时被寄生致死，平均寄生率达３６％，为寄生于桑螟幼虫体内的优势天敌，该蜂对桑螟的寄生在时间上具有明显的跟随现象，桑园内人工繁蜂放蜂可提高其寄生率。     

菲岛长距茧蜂的生物学特性研究

通过对菲岛长距茧蜂各发育阶段的生物学特性调查和研究 ,发现菲岛长距茧蜂在苏州一带的自然寄生率在 2 0 9%～ 2 7 4 2 %之间 ,平均 11 5 9% ,是当地的次优势天敌种群。菲岛长距茧蜂产卵于桑螟的 1、2龄幼虫体内 ,直至桑螟幼虫老熟时才从其体内钻出 ,虽对当代桑螟的控制作用不大 ,但是可明显减少当代成虫的虫口基数 ,对控制下一代桑螟的发生和危害具有积极意义。成虫有孤雌生殖现象 ,雌成虫不经交配也能产卵繁殖后代 ,为天敌昆虫的大量繁殖和生物防治的实用化奠定了良好的基础。     

菲岛长距茧蜂的生物学特性研究

<正> 菲岛长距茧蜂(Macrocentrus philip-pinensis Ashmead)又名菲长距茧蜂、菲岛赤茧蜂,属膜翅目,姬蜂总科,小茧蜂科,长距茧蜂亚科,长距茧蜂属,是寄生于桑螟幼虫体内的优势天敌。过去对菲岛长距茧蜂的研究很少,一直误认为是次要的天敌。我们通过1991～1992年的研究,发现菲岛长距茧蜂在我市一带是寄主桑螟幼虫的主要天敌。最高寄生率达77.4％。因此摸清其生物学特性,并提出保护措施,对综合防治桑螟具有十分重要的意义。一、形态特征菲岛长距茧蜂雌成虫体长3.8mm 左右,头部黑色,触角暗褐色,胸部酱色,中胸背板红褐色。头胸有细密刻点,小盾片黑褐色,并胸腹节有网状刻纹,腹部第一节背板有横皱,第二节有纵皱。前皱翅痣为半月形,翅痣     

桑螟寄生性天敌昆虫的研究

以江苏省苏州市浒关和横泾等地的桑螟为研究对象 ,系统调查了桑螟全年 5个世代各龄幼虫寄生性天敌昆虫的发生情况。 3年共收集到桑螟幼虫的寄生性天敌昆虫 14种 ,其中姬蜂 7种、茧蜂 3种、小蜂 3种、寄蝇 1种。在天敌寄生蜂中 ,桑螟绒茧蜂为当地的优势天敌种群 ,对桑螟的发生与为害具有明显的控制作用 ,应加以保护和利用。     

中蜂蜂群中三种寄生蜂的特征与识别

中蜂蜂群中,国内迄今已报道存在三种寄生蜂,即中蜂窄腹寄蜂(原定名为中蜂绒茧蜂,学名待鉴定)、蜡螟绒茧蜂Apanteles sp(分类上属膜翅目姬蜂总科茧蜂科绒茧蜂属)、蜡螟大腿小蜂Brachymeria sp(分类上属膜翅目小蜂科大腿小蜂属)。前一种寄生在中蜂成蜂体内,是中蜂的敌害。后两种是蜡螟的寄生蜂,为蜡螟的天敌昆虫。     

桑螟绒茧蜂搜索寄主利它素的存在部位和生物活性测定

对桑螟绒茧蜂(ApantelesheterusiaeWilkinson)搜索寄主利它素的存在部位、作用方式、热稳定性及其分离提取方法的研究结果表明刺激桑螟绒茧蜂搜索寄主的利它素存在于寄主幼虫、为害叶、粪便之中,热稳定性好,能被甲醇、二氯甲烷、氯仿所抽提。搜索寄主利它素的应用不仅可增强桑螟绒茧蜂的搜索活动,缩短寄生时间,还能够提高对寄主幼虫的寄生效能。     

简讯

贵州省仁怀县畜牧局陈绍鹄同志在刘继宗高级农艺师的指导下,最近发现一种寄生在中蜂体内的寄生蜂——中蜂绒茧蜂(Apantelels sp.),和寄生于大蜡螟(Galleria mellonellaL.)体内的寄生蜂——蜡螟大腿小蜂(Brachymeria sp.)。前者为中蜂的敌害,后者是消灭中蜂敌害蜡螟的助手。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.