基于两个相关群体的玉米7个主要农艺性状遗传分析和QTL定位

株高、穗位高、穗位比、叶面积、叶形系数、散粉-吐丝时间间隔(ASI)和雄穗分枝数等是影响玉米生态适应性、抗倒性、耐密植能力及生产潜力的重要农艺性状。因此, 以TS141为共同亲本, 分别与廊黄、昌7-2杂交, 构建2套F₂群体(LTpop、CTpop)为试材, 分析了7个农艺性状的杂种优势, 探讨了其与单穗重间的相互关系, 并进行相关性状QTLs的检测及效应分析。结果表明: 1)2个F₁杂交种的穗位比和ASI表现为明显的中亲优势, 其余5个性状均呈明显的正向超亲优势;F₁杂种优势指数和相对杂种优势均表现为株高>穗位高>雄穗分枝数>叶面积>叶形系数>ASI>穗位比, 而F₂优势降低率表现为叶面积>株高>穗位高>雄穗分枝数>ASI>叶形系数>穗位比。2)单穗重与ASI呈显著负相关, 与其余性状间均呈显著正相关;除雄穗分枝数外, 利用逐步回归分析成功构建了单穗重与其余6个农艺性状间的最优多元线性回归方程。3)利用CIM法在2套F₂群体间总共检测到56个QTLs位点, 单个QTL的表型贡献率介于4.22%~15.74%。其中株高、穗位比、ASI和雄穗分枝数均受加性和非加性效应的调控, 而其余性状均受非加性效应的调控;进一步分析, 在2套F₂群体中总共检测到12个稳定表达的sQTLs位点, 分别位于Bin1.07(umc1278~bnlg1025)调控株高、Bin1.08~1.10(mmc0041~phi308707)调控叶面积、Bin2.02(umc1823~umc2363)调控ASI、Bin4.06(bnlg1621a~umc2027)同时调控穗位高和穗位比、Bin4.09(umc2287~umc2360)同时调控ASI和雄穗分枝数、Bin6.05(umc2040~bnlg1174a)调控ASI、Bin7.00(umc2177~umc1378)调控雄穗分枝数、Bin8.08(umc1005~umc2218)调控穗位比、 Bin10.01~10.02(bnlg451~umc1337)同时调控株高和穗位比。为玉米相关性状的育种应用、精细定位及基因克隆提供有益参考。     

基于两个相关群体的玉米7个主要农艺性状遗传分析和QTL定位

株高、穗位高、穗位比、叶面积、叶形系数、散粉-吐丝时间间隔(ASI)和雄穗分枝数等是影响玉米生态适应性、抗倒性、耐密植能力及生产潜力的重要农艺性状。因此,以TS141为共同亲本,分别与廊黄、昌7-2杂交,构建2套F2群体(LTpop、CTpop)为试材,分析了7个农艺性状的杂种优势,探讨了其与单穗重间的相互关系,并进行相关性状QTLs的检测及效应分析。结果表明:1)2个F1杂交种的穗位比和ASI表现为明显的中亲优势,其余5个性状均呈明显的正向超亲优势;F1杂种优势指数和相对杂种优势均表现为株高穗位高雄穗分枝数叶面积叶形系数ASI穗位比,而F2优势降低率表现为叶面积株高穗位高雄穗分枝数ASI叶形系数穗位比。2)单穗重与ASI呈显著负相关,与其余性状间均呈显著正相关;除雄穗分枝数外,利用逐步回归分析成功构建了单穗重与其余6个农艺性状间的最优多元线性回归方程。3)利用CIM法在2套F2群体间总共检测到56个QTLs位点,单个QTL的表型贡献率介于4.22%~15.74%。其中株高、穗位比、ASI和雄穗分枝数均受加性和非加性效应的调控,而其余性状均受非加性效应的调控;进一步分析,在2套F2群体中总共检测到12个稳定表达的sQTLs位点,分别位于Bin1.07(umc1278~bnlg1025)调控株高、Bin1.08~1.10(mmc0041~phi308707)调控叶面积、Bin2.02(umc1823~umc2363)调控ASI、Bin4.06(bnlg1621a~umc2027)同时调控穗位高和穗位比、Bin4.09(umc2287~umc2360)同时调控ASI和雄穗分枝数、Bin6.05(umc2040~bnlg1174a)调控ASI、Bin7.00(umc2177~umc1378)调控雄穗分枝数、Bin8.08(umc1005~umc2218)调控穗位比、Bin10.01~10.02(bnlg451~umc1337)同时调控株高和穗位比。为玉米相关性状的育种应用、精细定位及基因克隆提供有益参考。     

饲用型小黑麦遗传图谱构建及草产量相关性状QTLs初步定位

本研究以饲用型小黑麦杂交F₂代为作图群体,利用ISSR分子标记构建了遗传连锁图谱,并对小黑麦草产量相关性状（株高,分蘖数,单株生物量）进行了QTLs定位,可为小黑麦草产量相关主效QTL挖掘、功能基因定位以及分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明：521个F₂代单株草产量相关性状的田间表型数据呈连续变异,分布频率大致接近正态分布,可用于QTLs定位。该遗传图谱包含7个连锁群,图谱总长度为542.9 cM,标记间平均距离为5.90 cM,共有92个位点。对草产量相关性状基因进行QTL定位分析,共检测到17个QTLs,分布在6个连锁群上,控制株高的QTLs有5个,贡献率为6.7%~13.2%;控制分蘖数的QTLs有7个,贡献率为5.4%~15.4%;控制单株生物量的QTLs有5个,贡献率为7.4%~12.4%。其中QPH7-2,QNT2-2和QBS2分别对小黑麦株高、分蘖数和单株生物量的贡献率最大,为主效QTLs,可对其进行进一步克隆、转化及利用。     

绵羊BMPR-IB基因多态性及其与杜泊羊、陶赛特羊和湖羊杂交F2羔羊初生重的相关性分析

以绵羊BMPR-IB基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析杜泊羊和湖羊杂交F₂（DHF₂）以及陶赛特羊和湖羊杂交F₂（THF₂）共计448只初生羔羊BMPR-IB基因单核苷酸多态性,以及BMPR-IB基因多态性与羔羊初生重的关系。结果表明:DHF₂以及THF₂羔羊中均存在BB、B+和++三种基因型,基因型频率分布在两种杂交羔羊间差异不显著（P>0.05）;DHF₂三种基因型羔羊间平均初生重差异不显著（P>0.05）,THF₂羔羊++基因型平均初生重显著高于B+基因型（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,BMPR-IB基因影响陶赛特羊与湖羊杂交F₂羔羊的初生重。     

高丹草低氢氰酸含量性状主效QTL PA7-2的精细定位

为了精细定位高丹草低氢氰酸含量性状主效数量性状基因座QTL PA7-2,对进一步开展低氰性状相关候选基因挖掘、功能解析及分子标记辅助育种等研究提供理论依据。本试验在前期研究工作基础上,从高丹草（散穗高粱Scattered ear Sorghum bicolor×红壳苏丹草Red shell Sorghum sudanense）F₂代1 200个分离群体单株中筛选出121个QIRs（Quantitative trait locus（QTL）isogenic recombinants）植株,选出低氰和高氰极端株套袋自交获得F₃代分离群体,选出QIRs群体植株130个,利用BSA-SSR（Bulked segregation analysis（BSA）and simple sequence repeats）技术构建了长度为230.7 cM、密度为4.81 cM的遗传连锁图谱,通过定位分析明确了QTL PA7-2的位置在38 cM处,位于SSR标记Sobic.8 g1-600和XM00242-400之间。经与高粱基因组比对分析,首次将低氰QTL PA7-2精细定位至高粱8号染色体3.77 Mb（51.415 Mb~55.182 Mb）的物理区间,并发现SSR标记SORBI4G3-600与其紧密连锁。     

高丹草遗传图谱构建及农艺性状基因定位研究

本文以高丹草(So rghumSudan grass)(314A×ZKSD)的F_2:3家系作为构图群体, 构建了高丹草AFLP和RAPD遗传图谱。将248个F_2:3家系按随机区组重复3次的田间设计在两个试验点种植, 考察了包括产量在内的10个重要农艺性状。利用复合区间作图法分析10个性状的数量性状基因座位(QTL)以及基因效应值和基因作用方式, 并采用遗传分离分析法进行多世代联合分析, 主要结果如下。     

水稻饲料营养含量的QTL定位分析

应用85个SSR标记,对普通野生稻与粳稻台中65为亲本建立的F₂群体进行基因检测,构建了覆盖水稻基因组12条染色体的SSR分子标记连锁图,采用Mapmaker/QTL1.0统计软件对决定水稻饲用营养价值的粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分、硅酸和可溶性糖含量的基因座位进行了定位分析。结果定位了影响粗蛋白含量的3个QTLs,影响粗脂肪含量的1个QTL,影响可溶性糖含量的3个QTLs,影响硅酸含量的2个QTLs,这9个QTLs分别位于第1,2,4,7,8,9,10和11染色体上。其中主效QTL4个,分别是影响粗脂肪含量的qCEE-1(贡献率56.8%),影响可溶性糖含量的qCWSC-4(贡献率23.1%)和qCWSC-7(贡献率25.0%),影响硅酸含量的qCS-9(贡献率15.9%),其余5个为微效QTL。没有检测到影响粗纤维含量和粗灰分含量的QTL。     

日本结缕草抗寒相关性状的QTL分析

为寻找与结缕草(Zoysia japonica steud.)抗寒性状相关的数量性状位点(QTLs),利用生态条件具明显差异的2个日本结缕草品系室兰(Zoysia japonsic cv. Muroran)和俵山北(Zoysia japonsic cv. Tawarayama Kita)及其假测交产生的F₁代86个个体为材料,研究其在人工低温胁迫条件下叶片的半致死温度(LT₅₀)及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化,并以447个SSR标记构建的日本结缕草遗传连锁图谱为基础,对抗寒相关的性状可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD活性进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明:F₁群体的可溶性蛋白含量与叶片LT₅₀呈显著负相关(P<0.05),可溶性糖含量及SOD活性与叶片LT₅₀呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。分别定位到与叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性相关的QTL各1个,分布于3个连锁群上,QTL的LOD值介于2.19~2.42之间,单个QTL可解释性状表型变异的范围在13.3%~13.8%。     

地下滴灌水肥耦合对紫花苜蓿草产量及品质的影响

为探讨滴灌条件下水肥互作模式对紫花苜蓿生产性能及营养品质的影响,设置4个水分梯度（W₁、W₂、W₃、W₄）和5个肥料梯度（F₁、F₂、F₃、F₄、F₅）,采用裂区试验设计,对水肥耦合条件下苜蓿生长性能、干草产量及品质进行测定,研究结果表明：适当的灌水施肥能显著提高紫花苜蓿株高、生长速度和分枝数,促进干草产量的形成和营养物质的积累。增大灌水量,灌溉水分利用效率减小,偏肥料生产力先增加后减小;增大施肥量,偏肥料生产力减小,灌溉水分利用效率先增加后减小。通过灰色关联度和模糊相似优先比评价分析可知,株高、生长速度和二级分枝数对干草产量的贡献较大,一级分枝数和叶茎比对干草产量的贡献较小;W₃F₂的水肥模式能够获得较高的干草产量（19831.83 kg·hm^-2）和蛋白含量（19.27%）,还有利于提高灌溉水分利用效率（3.8 kg·m^-3）和肥料偏生产力（146.9 kg·kg^-1）。回归寻优模型表明滴灌条件下紫花苜蓿生产最适宜的水肥范围为：灌水量6000~6500 m³· hm^-2,施肥量为250~320 kg· hm^-2。     

高丹草株高与叶片数主基因+多基因的遗传分析

于200年采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对高丹草(Sorghum×Sudan grass)2002 GZ-1和2002 GB-1杂交组合的个世代(P₁,P₂,F₁,F₂,F_2:3)群体的株高和叶片数进行联合分析.结果表明:株高遗传受2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(E-2)控制;叶片数遗传受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因(E-1)控制,两性状的遗传符合2对主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,主基因对株高、叶片数的表现起主要作用.株高中主基因加性和显性效应分别为26.98、10.02和2.36、1.61,而多基因分别为-6.9和-.06,F₂和F_2:3的主基因遗传率分别为77.94%和82.9%.叶片数主基因的加性和显性效应分别为6.11、1.04和0.63、-0.09,多基因分别为-0.16、-0.11,F₂和F(_2:3)的主基因遗传率分别为89.30%和91.60%.表明2个性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择.该性状所属遗传模型的研究,旨在为高丹草的遗传改良和杂种优势利用提供理论依据.     

玉米持绿相关ＱＴＬ整合图谱构建及一致性ＱＴＬ区域内候选基因发掘

 以玉米高密度遗传连锁图谱ＩＢＭ２２００８Ｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒｓ为参考图谱,收集来自不同实验中的１７３个玉米持绿相关数量性状位点（ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｔｒａｉｔｌｏｃｕｓ,ＱＴＬ）信息,利用ＢｉｏＭｅｒｃａｔｏｒ２．１软件,构建出玉米持绿相关ＱＴＬ 整合图谱;采用元分析技术,在１,４,５,９号染色体上发掘出５个持绿“一致性”ＱＴＬ 区间。根据“一致性”ＱＴＬ 区间两端标记在玉米物理图谱Ｂ７３ＲｅｆＧｅｎ＿ｖ２上的位置,将“一致性”ＱＴＬ 区间进行物理图谱定位,利用ＰｌａｎｔＧＤＢ（ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｐｌａｎｔｇｄｂ．ｏｒｇ／）在线区段批量下载工具（ｄｏｗｎｌｏａｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｄａｔａ）下载“一致性”区间的１４４５个预测基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,发现预测基因主要参与具体的细胞过程,执行结合功能,催化、转移酶活性和氧化还原酶活性等分子功能。根据“一致性”ＱＴＬ 区间的基因位点名称,在ＮＣＢＩ中下载相关基因序列,与所在“一致性”ＱＴＬ 区 间所有预测基因保守结构域进行比对,在５个“一致性”持绿ＱＴＬ 区间内初步确定８个持绿相关候选基因。利用ＧＲＡＭＥＮＥ 网站（ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｇｒａｍｅｎｅ．ｏｒｇ／）的Ｃｍａｐ功能,将水稻持绿基因狊犵狉（ｓｔａｙｇｒｅｅｎ）转定位于玉米物理图谱Ｂ７３ＲｅｆＧｅｎ＿ｖ２上,找到与其同源的玉米候选基因ＧＲＭＺＭ２Ｇ０９１８３７＿Ｔ０１,其序列与已发表的玉米衰老诱导叶绿体持绿蛋白基因狊犵狉１序列一致。     

畜禽数量性状基因座位的精细定位

数量性状基因座位(QTL)的精细定位是实施QTL克隆及标记辅助选择(MAS)的重要基础。然而就目前畜禽QTL定位的结果来看,除了通过候选基因法识别的少数基因外,大多数QTL定位的精度仍无法满足实际应用的要求。为进一步提高QTL定位的精度,缩小QTL定位的置信区间,人们相继提出并发展了一系列新的QTL定位方法。本文在分析畜禽QTL定位的基本方法及影响畜禽QTL定位精度的主要因素基础上,对提高QTL定位精确性的策略和方法进行了相应的探讨。     

Genetic analysis of litter size in mice

We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis for litter size (total number of pups born and/or number of pups born alive) in 255 backcross mice derived from C57BL/6J and RR/Sgn inbred mice. We identified one significant QTL on chromosome 7 and 4 suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, 10 and 13. In addition, two suggestive QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1 and 4 for the number of stillbirth. These results suggested that both litter size and number of stillbirth were heritable traits, although they were controlled by distinct genes. The RR allele was associated with reduced litter size and increased stillbirth at all QTLs. Therefore, RR mothers were observed to have reduced prolificacy in this particular genetic cross.     

Quantitative trait locus analysis of plasma cholesterol levels and body weight by controlling the effects of the Apoa2 allele in mice

Colleagues and I previously performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis on plasma total-cholesterol (T-CHO) levels in C57BL/6J (B6) x RR F2 mice. We identified only one significant QTL (Cq6) on chromosome 1 in a region containing the Apoa2 gene locus, a convincing candidate gene for Cq6. Because Cq6 was a highly significant QTL, we considered that the detection of other potential QTLs might be hindered. In the present study, QTL analysis was performed in B6.KK-Apoa2b N(8) x RR F2 mice [B6.KK-Apoa2b N(8) is a partial congenic strain carrying the Apoa2b allele from the KK strain, and RR also has the Apoa2b allele] by controlling of the effects of the Apoa2 allele, for identifying additional QTLs. Although no significant QTLs were identified, 2 suggestive QTLs were found on chromosomes 2 and 3 in place of the effects of the Apoa2 allele. A significant body weight QTL was identified on chromosome 3 (Bwq7, peak LOD score 5.2); its effect on body weight was not significant in previously analyzed B6 x RR F2 mice. Suggestive body weight QTL that had been identified in B6 x RR F2 mice on chromosome 4 (LOD score 3.8) was not identified in B6.KK-Apoa2b N(8) x RR F2 mice. Thus, contrary to expectation, the genetic control of body weight was also altered significantly by controlling of the effects of the Apoa2 allele. The QTL mapping strategy by controlling of the effects of a major QTL facilitated the identification of additional QTLs.     

猪脱碘酶3基因定位及对生产性状的潜在影响

为确定猪脱碘酶3(DIO3)基因能否作为某些生产性状的候选基因,本研究设计猪DIO3基因特异引物,采用辐射杂种细胞系,将其定位在猪7号染色体微卫星SW764附近。通过比较猪QTL数据库,发现该座位存在7个分别影响猪肌纤维直径、内脂率、胴体长、胴体质量、皮质醇水平调控的QTL,结果表明DIO3基因可作为猪肉质性状、胴体性状和应激相关性状的候选基因。     

Quantitative trait loci for leg weakness traits in a Landrace purebred population

Leg weakness in pigs is a serious problem in the pig industry. We performed a whole genome quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to find QTLs affecting leg weakness traits in the Landrace population. Half-sib progeny ( n  = 522) with five sires were measured for leg weakness traits. Whole genome QTL mapping was performed using a half-sib regression-based method using 190 microsatellite markers. No experiment-wide significant QTLs affecting leg weakness traits were detected. However, at the 5% chromosome-wide level, QTLs affecting leg weakness traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 10 and 11 with QTL effects ranging from 0.07 to 0.11 of the phenotypic variance. At the 1% chromosome-wide level, QTLs affecting rear feet score and total leg score were detected on chromosomes 2 and 3 with QTL effects of 0.11 and 0.13 of the phenotypic variance, respectively. On chromosome 3 and 10, some QTLs found in this study were located at nearby positions. The present study is one of the first reports of QTLs affecting fitness related traits such as leg weakness traits, that segregate within the Landrace population. The study also provides useful information for studying QTLs in purebred populations.     

性别效应对家蚕茧质性状QTL定位的影响

家蚕茧质性状的性别效应十分明显。分别以性别效应调整前和调整后的家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体质量等数量性状值为基础,对性别效应调整前后的茧质性状作数量性状基因座(QTL)定位比较分析,以探讨性别效应对家蚕QTL定位的影响。结果显示,检测出的控制各性状的上位性位点数、QTL总数以及效应显著的QTL数等,都表现为调整前比调整后要多,有效QTL在连锁群上的分布也表现一定的差异。此结果说明由于性别效应的影响可能会导致检测出控制家蚕茧质性状的上位性位点数和QTL总数的增加及其分布的不同,从而引起QTL分析结果的偏差。     

Apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms as cause of cholesterol QTLs in mice

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of plasma cholesterol levels were carried out in three sets of F(2) mice that were formed in a 'round-robin' manner from C57BL/6J, KK (-A(y)), and RR strains. Six QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1 (Cq1, Cq2, and Cq6), 3 (Cq3), and 9 (Cq4 and Cq5); of these, Cq2 colocalized with Cq6, and Cq4 colocalized with Cq5. The major candidate gene for Cq2 and Cq6 is Apoa2, and that for Cq4 and Cq5 is Apoa4. The adequacy of polymorphisms in candidate genes as cause of QTLs was investigated in this study. For Apoa2, three different alleles (Apoa2(a), Apoa2(b), and Apoa2(c)) are known. Since there was no significant physiologic difference between Apoa2(a) and Apoa2(c) alleles, previous hypothesis that Apoa2(b) was different from Apoa2(a) and Apoa2(c) in the ability to increase cholesterol levels was further supported. Presumably, G-to-A substitution at nucleotide 84 and/or C-to-T substitution at nucleotide 182 are crucial to make the Apoa2(b) unique. On the other hand, for Apoa4, the most striking polymorphism was the number of Glu-Gln-Ala/Val-Gln repeats in carboxyl end; however, this might not be responsible for QTLs. Instead, a silent mutation, C-to-T substitution at nucleotide 771, was shown to be completely correlated with the occurrence of QTLs in a total of six F(2) intercrosses. Provisionally, but reasonably, these base substitutions are qualified as primary causes that constitute QTL effect. The potential strategy for identifying genes and base substitutions underlying QTLs is discussed.