航天诱变黄芩种子对其SP_1代的影响

本文着重分析了航天搭载对黄芩SP1群体的影响,其中包括成苗能力、株型性状、生殖性状以及过氧化物同工酶谱的差异。结果表明,除个别性状外,搭载从总体上对地上部性状起抑制作用;航天诱变有一定的扩大各性状的变异谱作用;同工酶分析初步表明,本次航天诱变使过氧化物同工酶酶谱多态性增加。     

苹果种质资源矮生基因型的研究

本文测定了38个杂交组合的2597个F_1代苹果实生苗新梢伸长区节间皮层或相应部位叶片中的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱,统计了3种杂交类型(即普通型品种之间、普通型与矮生型品种之间、矮生型与矮生型品种之间)的过氧化物酶同工酶酶9带的比例。研究表明,该比例与杂交后代出现矮生型和普通型实生苗的理论比例相符,表明苹果新梢伸长区节间皮层和相应部位叶片申的过氧化物酶同工酶酶9带是矮生型苹果岭标记,而且可能是受两对互补基因所控制。     

γ射线辐照对春兰根状茎生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

将春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)的离体根状茎切成长各约1cm的顶段、中段和末段,用60Coγ射线进行辐照,剂量分别为0、5、10、20、30和50Gy。测定了不同辐照剂量下新生根状茎的生长,研究了辐照原初根状茎愈创木酚过氧化物酶(G-POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性以及过氧化物酶同工酶谱的影响。结果表明:辐照剂量为30和50 Gy处理的根状茎虽能存活,但未有新生根状茎的发生,生长停滞。辐照原初根状茎上CAT和SOD的活性随着辐照剂量的增加均有先升高后降低的趋势,而G-POD的活性则表现为先略降低后升高。综合新生根状茎的生长、抗氧化酶活性及过氧化物同工酶谱的结果,春兰诱变育种的适宜剂量应在20~30Gy间,且最合适的诱变部位是根状茎的顶段。     

4NQO、~(137)Cs γ射线复合处理对大豆的遗传效应

本试验用4NQO(4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物)、~(137)Csγ射线单因子及其复因子处理大豆风干种子。结果表明,单因子处理均能降低大豆的苗高、成苗率,增加不孕率及染色体畸变频率和过氧化物酶活力,改变过氧化物酶同工酶谱。复因子处理较单因子处理的效应更强。~3H-TdR 掺入试验结果表明,单因子处理均可使 DNA 造成损伤,复因子处理可使 DNA 损伤程度加重。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对莱芜姜当代生长的影响

本试验以莱芜姜根茎为材料,用60Coγ射线进行了02、0、40和60Gy 4个不同剂量的辐照处理,研究结果表明:辐照使莱芜姜当代(VM1)成苗率降低,出苗、展叶时间延迟,生长受到明显抑制,且随剂量的增加,其抑制作用增强;对辐照当代植株进行POD、EST同工酶和RAPD检测分析,均得到了与对照不同的差异性谱带,说明辐照生姜根状茎可以使植株在分子水平上发生变异;莱芜姜根茎使用LD30~40的中等剂量比较合适,适宜辐照剂量为20~30 Gy。     

春石斛兰类原球茎分化过程中抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白的变化

以春石斛兰(Dendrobium nobileSw.)为试材,研究了类原球茎在分化芽和根系发生过程中抗氧化酶系统中多种酶活性及可溶性蛋白的变化规律。结果表明,在分化过程中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现先降后升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升后降的变化。对过氧化物酶同工酶和可溶性蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳发现,在分化过程中均有新谱带的产生或原有谱带的消失。     

辐照大豆诱发突变及其突变体的检测

不同剂量的γ射线、电子束单因子及其与不同浓度的苯甲酰胺复因子处理大豆种子，均能诱发其生育期、孕性和株高等农世性状的突变，同时还能诱发蛋白质、氨基酸等品质突变，而且复因子处理较单因子处理的突变频率高。此外，筛选出的不同类型的突变体，其过氧化物酶海性及过气体物酶同工酶酶谱均有明显差异。因此，可应用过氧化物酶等同工酶酶谱分析法对突变体进行检测。     

小麦抗根腐病突变体抗病机理的探讨

以离体筛选获得的小麦抗根腐病突变体及其亲本为材料,在根腐病菌毒素作用下,研究了过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶等防御酶系的变化。结果表明,毒素可使上述酶活性、同工酶谱带发生改变。突变体酶的变化比亲本显著,这些变化与它们的抗病性强弱相一致。可以认为,突变体在毒素作用下具有较强的防御酶活性是产生较强抗性的原因。     

辐照诱导的新雄性不育系过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法,对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系Polima、Shan2A、Ogu和辐照处理的新雄性不育系Xin1和Xin2及其保持系Shan2B的种子进行了脂酶和过氧化物酶分析,结果表明:5个细胞质雄性不育系比保持系Shan2B多1条迁移率为0.45的脂酶(EST)谱带;Xin1、Shan2A和Polima各有4条过氧化物酶(POD)谱带,保持系缺少1条迁移率为0.61的POD谱带,推测这一同工酶的表达可能与雄性不育相关。     

温度对不同穗重型水稻叶片保护酶活性及同工酶表达的影响

通过人工控温,对不同穗重型品种叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的酶活性及同工酶表达进行研究,结果表明:重穗型品种Ⅱ优162、冈优527在适温(24℃)、次高温(29℃)和高温(32℃)下,叶片中的3种保护酶活性都呈上升的趋势;而中穗型品种D优68和轻穗型品种E优540,在高温下其3种保护酶活性下降。从同工酶表达看,SOD的同工酶谱带在不同穗重型品种间无明显差异,且随温度的升高而减弱。CAT表达则在重穗型与中穗和轻穗型品种间有明显不同,特别是高温胁迫(38℃)下,中穗型和轻穗型品种谱带C1消失,而重穗型品种则产生1条新的CAT谱带C0。POD表达研究发现,不仅穗重型间,且在同一类型的品种间也存在差异性,但前者间的差异显著大于后者,表明不同穗重型可能存在不同的高温应答机制。     

Discontinuous pore fluid distribution under microgravity--KC-135 flight investigations

Designing a reliable plant growth system for crop production in space requires the understanding of pore fluid distribution in porous media under microgravity. The objective of this experimental investigation, which was conducted aboard NASA KC-135 reduced gravity flight, is to study possible particle separation and the distribution of discontinuous wetting fluid in porous media under microgravity. KC-135 aircraft provided gravity conditions of 1, 1.8, and 10(-2) g. Glass beads of a known size distribution were used as porous media; and Hexadecane, a petroleum compound immiscible with and lighter than water, was used as wetting fluid at residual saturation. Nitrogen freezer was used to solidify the discontinuous Hexadecane ganglia in glass beads to preserve the ganglia size changes during different gravity conditions, so that the blob-size distributions (BSDs) could be measured after flight. It was concluded from this study that microgravity has little effect on the size distribution of pore fluid blobs corresponding to residual saturation of wetting fluids in porous media. The blobs showed no noticeable breakup or coalescence during microgravity. However, based on the increase in bulk volume of samples due to particle separation under microgravity, groups of particles, within which pore fluid blobs were encapsulated, appeared to have rearranged themselves under microgravity.     

模拟微重力对鹌鹑胚胎原始生殖细胞及内脏器官发育的影响

本实验利用回转器旋转模拟微重力的生物效应，以鹌鹑胚胎作为实验材料，研究了鹌鹑胚胎生殖腺内原始生殖细胞的数目及内脏器官的组织学变化。结果表明，回转器旋转可使早期胚胎血液和生殖腺内的原始生殖细胞数减少;生殖腺、心脏、肝脏的组织学结构发生不同程度的损伤，但对肺脏，肾脏没有太大影响。     

回转式植物湿润栽培装置的研制

为了满足在地面进行空间植物生长试验和研究的需要,研制能模拟空间微重力效应的回转式植物湿润栽培装置.该文介绍了该装置及其关键部件的结构特点和工作原理.通过回转栽培盘内植物湿润栽培介质的结构功能设计,在双面介质内部配置具有毛细作用的渗水管路,介质始终保持整体湿润而表面无明水状态,为植物扎根固定、营养吸收和生长繁殖创造条件.水压试验确定了渗水管路的主要技术参数和闭合式植物营养液输配循环系统的间歇循环周期.应用试验分析表明,湿润栽培方法可以满足植物悬空低速回转栽培的要求,装置各项性能指标均达到设计要求.     

Measurement of hydraulic characteristics of porous media used to grow plants in microgravity

Understanding the effect of gravity on hydraulic properties of plant growth medium is essential for growing plants in space. The suitability of existing models to simulate hydraulic properties of porous medium is uncertain due to limited understanding of fundamental mechanisms controlling water and air transport in microgravity. The objective of this research was to characterize saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) of two particle-size distributions of baked ceramic aggregate using direct measurement techniques compatible with microgravity. Steady state (Method A) and instantaneous profile measurement (Method B) methods for K were used in a single experimental unit with horizontal flow through thin sections of porous medium providing an earth-based analog to microgravity. Comparison between methods was conducted using a crossover experimental design compatible with limited resources of space flight. Satiated (natural saturation) K ranged from 0.09 to 0.12 cm s-1 and 0.5 to >1 cm s-1 for 0.25- to 1- and 1- to 2-mm media, respectively. The K at the interaggregate/intraaggregate transition was approximately 10(-4) cm s-1 for both particle-size distributions. Significant differences in log(10)K due to method and porous medium were less than one order of magnitude and were attributed to variability in air entrapment. The van Genuchten/Mualem parametric models provided an adequate prediction of K of the interaggregate pore space, using residual water content for that pore space. The instantaneous profile method covers the range of water contents relevant to plant growth using fewer resources than Method A, all advantages for space flight where mass, volume, and astronaut time are limited.     

二轴旋转式植物湿润栽培装置的研制

为了满足在地面进行空间植物生长试验和研究的需要,该文研制了能模拟空间微重力效应的二轴旋转式植物湿润栽培装置,介绍了该装置的总体设计、结构特点和工作原理。植物三维旋转栽培盘同时绕着2根相互垂直的旋转轴进行旋转,转速可独立在线无级调节。通过盘内植物湿润栽培介质材料筛选与优化组合,结合渗水管路和旋转水接口等关键部件的结构设计,介质始终保持整体湿润而外层表面无明水出现,且易于植物根部的固定,为植物生长提供良好的水、气、肥等生态环境。建立具备严格气密性的受控密闭舱,并配置植物生长监控和综合环境监测系统。应用试验分析表明,湿润栽培方法可以满足植物悬空低速三维旋转栽培的要求,装置各项性能指标均达到设计要求。     

Methane emissions from different vegetation zones in a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau wetland

We measured methane (CH₄) emissions in the Luanhaizi wetland, a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the plant growth season (early July to mid-September) in 2002. Our aim was to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of CH₄ flux and to elucidate key factors in this variation. Static chamber measurements of CH₄ flux were made in four vegetation zones along a gradient of water depth. There were three emergent-plant zones (Hippuris-dominated; Scirpus-dominated; and Carex-dominated) and one submerged-plant zone (Potamogeton-dominated). The smallest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=33.1 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Potamogeton-dominated zone, which occupied about 74% of the total area of the wetland. The greatest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=214 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Hippuris-dominated zone, in the second-deepest water area. CH₄ flux from three zones (excluding the Carex-dominated zone) showed a marked diurnal change and decreased dramatically under dark conditions. Light intensity had a major influence on the temporal variation in CH₄ flux, at least in three of the zones. Methane fluxes from all zones increased during the growing season with increasing aboveground biomass. CH₄ flux from the Scirpus-dominated zone was significantly lower than in the other emergent-plant zones despite the large biomass, because the root and rhizome intake ports for CH₄ transport in the dominant species were distributed in shallower and more oxidative soil than occupied in the other zones. Spatial and temporal variation in CH₄ flux from the alpine wetland was determined by the vegetation zone. Among the dominant species in each zone, there were variations in the density and biomass of shoots, gas-transport system, and root-rhizome architecture. The CH₄ flux from a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was as high as those of other boreal and alpine wetlands.     

不同肥料组合对莴笋产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了不同肥料组合对莴笋产量、品质和叶片养分形态的影响。结果表明,在施入等量氮肥的基础上,磷、钾、中量及微量元素和有机肥料平衡施用使莴笋极显著增产(135·8%~177·0%),其增产序列依次为NP1K2MgZnB>NP2K2>NP1K2RM>NP1K2PP>NP1K2Mg>NP1K2>NP2K1。不同肥料组合可降低莴笋叶片硝酸盐含量,以NP1K2MgZnB处理降低量最大,降低最少者为NP2K2处理;茎中硝酸盐含量以NP1K2RM处理降低量最大,NP2K1处理降低最小。肥料组合各处理对莴笋营养品质Vc和氨基酸以提高作用为主,以NP1K2MgZnB处理对莴笋产量和品质的效应最好。莴笋叶片养分形态中,氮素以蛋白氮为主,磷素和钾素分别以非蛋白磷和非蛋白钾为主。不同肥料组合对莴笋叶片氮和磷素形态的效应不一致,对3种钾形态均有提高作用。各养分形态中,氮素仅非蛋白氮与茎硝酸盐呈显著负相关,与茎Vc呈显著正相关,与叶氨基酸呈极显著正相关;磷素以非蛋白磷与叶Vc、茎氨基酸呈显著负相关;钾素的非蛋白钾和全钾与叶硝酸盐呈显著负相关,与茎硝酸盐为极显著负相关,与叶Vc、茎Vc呈显著正相关,与茎氨基酸呈极著正相关,蛋白钾与茎硝酸盐呈极显著负相关,与叶Vc、茎Vc、茎氨基酸呈显著正相关,与叶氨基酸呈极著正相关。     

肉鸭粪便排放特征的季节性变化

本研究旨在探讨肉鸭粪便的特性,并对其不同季节的污染物排放特征进行评价,为肉鸭养殖场废弃物处理和资源化利用提供依据。分4个季节进行了北京Z型肉鸭饲养试验(饲养期37 d),记录采食量、产粪量,并定期测定饲料和粪便中水分和有机质含量及总氮(TN)、P、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:肉鸭粪便中Zn含量秋季最高, TN、P、Cu含量均为冬季最高;冬季粪便中TN含量极显著高于夏、秋两季(P0.01); P、Cu含量在冬季均极显著高于其余季节(P0.01);粪便中Cu、Zn含量均为春季最低。肉鸭粪便平均含水率为84.61%,夏季最高,春季最低;平均有机质含量为83.38%,表现为冬春秋夏。春夏秋冬四季的粪便产生量分别为338.3g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、275.9 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、317.6 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)和327.0 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1),夏季最低。TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄系数分别为2.13 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.48g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.56 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、21.10 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1);春冬两季的TN日排泄量显著高于夏秋两季; P的日排泄量表现为冬季极显著高于其余3个季节;夏季Cu的日排泄量与春季差异不显著,极显著低于秋、冬两季(P0.01)。TN在秋季排泄占比最低,春季最高;而P排泄占比为秋季最高,春季最低。肉鸭在饲养期TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄量与对应元素的摄入量具有极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。研究表明:季节因素能对肉鸭粪便中含水率、有机质、TN、P、Cu和Zn含量产生显著影响,同时各季节各元素的排泄量与相应元素的摄入量显著相关。     

中国玉米化学氮肥利用率的时空变异特征

玉米生产对我国粮食安全意义重大。化学氮肥施用是保证玉米稳产高产的一个重要条件, 但过量施用也会导致环境问题, 所以化学氮肥的施用量和利用率一直是农业科学领域关注的一个重要课题。本文通过资料搜集、数据整理和分析, 探索中国过去几十年玉米各种植区化学氮肥的当季单位面积施用量(application rate, AR)和回收利用率(recovery efficiency, RE)、农学利用率(agronomic efficiency, AE)、偏生产力(partial factor productivity, PFP)的变异特征。结果表明: 在过去的几十年内, 中国玉米生产中当季AR总体呈增长趋势, 从1970s的93.3 kg·hm^-2持续增长至21世纪初的238.2 kg·hm^-2; RE和AE都呈下降趋势, 分别从1970s的42.1%和17.0 kg·kg^-1下降至21世纪初的26.4%和9.5 kg·kg^-1; PFP在各个时期均趋于稳定, 维持在40.0 kg·kg^-1左右。在全国各玉米种植区内, 北方春播玉米区的AR各时期均较其他各区低且增速缓慢, AE和RE则偏高; 黄淮海平原春、夏播玉米区的AR增速同全国平均增速基本持平, 较全国略高, AE和RE较全国平均水平低。另外, 本研究还证实平衡施肥、使用氮高效品种以及优化农业管理等举措可成为提高我国氮肥利用率、减少资源浪费和减轻环境污染的有效途径。     

The Influence of Carbon Dioxide or Ozone Concentration on Growth and Assimilate Partitioning in Seedlings of Nine Conifers

Abstract

Seedlings of nine different conifers were exposed to 355 and 730 μmol mol-1 CO₂, or low (> 15 nmol mol^?1) and elevated 0₃ concentration (70 nmol mol^?1) for 81–116 days. The experiments were conducted in growth chambers placed in a greenhouse. Increased CO₂ concentration enhanced the mean relative growth rate (RGR) and total plant dry weight by 4 and 33% in Larix leptolepis, by 4 and 38% in Larix sibirica, by 7 and 47% in Picea glauca and by 3 and 16% in Picea sitchensis, respectively. The growth rates and dry weights of Pimis contorta, Pinus mugo and Pseudotsuga menziesii were not significantly affected. Carbon dioxide enrichment enhanced RGR of two provenances of Picea abies by 4 and 6%, respectively, while a third provenance was unaffected. In Pimis sylvestris, only the RGR of one of three provenances was stimulated by CO₂ enrichment (4%).

After two growth seasons CO₂ enrichment enhanced RGR and total plant dry weight by 11 and 35% in Picea abies and by 12 and 36% in Pinus sylvestris, respectively. Elevated CO₂ decreased the shoot:root ratio in Larix leptolepis, and decreased the needlerstem ratio in Picea glauca, but increased it in Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the plant dry weight in Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and in one of three provenances of Pinus sylvestris, while the other species and provenances were unaffected. Increased O₃ concentration increased the shoot:root dry weight ratio in one of three Picea abies provenances, in all three Pinus sylvestris provenances and in Pinus contorta. The needle:stem ratio was enhanced by O₃ in seven of the nine species. The O₃ exposure caused chlorosis of needles in all species except Pseudotsuga menziesii.