一起条斑紫菜拟油壶菌病的诊断

赤腐病(red rot disease)和拟油壶菌病(Oplidiopsis disease)是海上栽培紫菜(Pyropia)的主要病害,常引起紫菜大面积病烂。2019年1月江苏省盐城市大丰区某条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)栽培海区有134 hm2发生了紫菜病烂,本研究对该起病烂进行了病害调查和病原鉴定。结果显示,患病紫菜的病症与拟油壶菌病一致,主要表现为发病初期,在叶片边缘、基部和中部出现粉红色的病斑,随着病程发展,病斑逐渐褪色并扩大;发病后期,整个叶片颜色变浅,叶片组织溃烂脱落;在显微镜下可观察到紫菜细胞内寄生1~4个圆球状菌体,菌体内有多个油滴状物质。以病烂紫菜叶片或其匀浆液为感染源,分别在10℃和20℃条件下进行人工感染实验,二者均能使正常紫菜出现拟油壶菌病的病症。对现场采集及人工侵染后的病烂紫菜疑似病原进行cox1基因测序和系统发育学分析。研究表明,所测cox1基因均与紫菜拟油壶菌(Oplidiopsis porphyrae、O. pyropiae、O. porphyrae var. koreana)聚为一支,相似度为100%。综上所述,该起条斑紫菜的病烂由紫菜拟油壶菌(Oplidiopsis sp.)引起。     

珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构及其影响因素

为了解珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构,探讨影响其群落结构的环境因素,于2017年11月和2018年1月在珠江河网(112.18°E～113.51°E,22.38°N～23.17°N)采集表层水样,借助IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序平台,运用16S rDNA扩增子技术研究珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构,使用R(3.5.2)软件包以及SPSS进行统计分析及作图。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)是珠江河网丰度较高的门类,细菌群落优势种群依次为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)。珠江河网冬季浮游细菌具有较高的菌群多样性(两次样品的Shannon指数分别为6.78±0.29、6.23±0.71), NMDS分析表明,浮游细菌群落结构之间不存在显著的地域差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,温度与γ-变形菌纲(P0.05)、放线菌纲(P0.05)以及α-变形菌纲(P0.01)的丰度显著正相关,pH与放线菌纲(P0.05)、α-变形菌纲(P0.01)的丰度以及多样性指数(Shannon:P0.01; Simpson:P0.01)显著负相关,溶解氧与α-变形菌纲的丰度显著负相关(P0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,温度、pH是影响浮游细菌群落的主要因子。     

16S rDNA克隆文库技术在活性污泥系统微生物组成分析中的应用

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法对活性污泥系统的细菌种群多样性进行研究。随机测定了71个克隆子序列(1 500bp),BLAST比对结果表明,活性污泥中微生物群落具有高度多样性,可分为6个主要类群,其中,拟杆菌(Bacteroides)类群和γ变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)类群在文库中所占比例最大,分别为38.03%和32.39%;其次是β-Proteobacteria,占19.72%;Firmicutes,Candidate division TM7和α-Pro-teobacteria类群所占比例相对较小,分别为4.23%,4.23%和1.04%。序列分析结果表明,活性污泥中具有可强化生物脱氮除磷效果的食酸菌(Acidovorax),包括假单胞菌(Pseudomonas),红环菌(Rhodocyclus)等细菌。     

裙带菜配子体与孢子体的附生微生物群落组成分析

裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)是一种重要的大型褐藻,具有较高的经济和食用价值。藻类的附生微生物既能通过代谢产物调控宿主藻类的生长发育,特定条件下又可能导致病害。了解裙带菜附生微生物群落组成对研究裙带菜与附生微生物间的相互作用、种质资源的有效保存以及防治藻类病害等有重要意义。现有研究大多集中于海带和紫菜,关于裙带菜的附生微生物,特别是不同生活史的对比研究还很少。本研究通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序发现,裙带菜配子体和孢子体的附生细菌群落组成有明显差异,配子体样品中的细菌群落丰度和多样性均大于孢子体。配子体中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(66.67%)为第一优势菌门,其次为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(13.48%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)(11.13%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)(34.58%)为第一优势菌纲,其次为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)(31.01%);而孢子体中蓝细菌门(95.67%)占绝对优势,其次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(1.65%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(1.48%)。裙带菜样品经18S rRNA基因测序检测出链形植物(Streptophyta)、纤毛虫门(Intramacronucleata)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、顶复亚门(Apicomplexa)、节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、脊索动物门(Chordata)、腹毛动物门(Gastrotricha)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota),其中,担子菌门、子囊菌门和毛霉菌门属于真菌,孢子体的真核微生物群落丰度大于配子体。本研究确定了裙带菜配子体和孢子体附生微生物群落组成以及不同细菌和真核微生物的相对丰度,结果表明,2个世代之间存在显著差异,为后续研究藻类宿主与微生物之间的相互作用、提高海带目褐藻种质保存技术提供了基础的数据支持。     

青藏高原小柴旦盐湖微生物群落结构及多样性

通过探究小柴旦盐湖微生物群落结构与多样性,为盐湖微生物资源的开发利用和生态保护提供重要的理论参考依据。利用Illumina Mi Seq测序平台对小柴旦盐湖细菌和古菌的16S rRNA基因(V3~V5区)进行高通量测序,获得细菌和古菌的物种注释OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units)数目分别为870和410,其中分类地位明确的细菌有18门、24纲、135属,古菌2门、4纲、22属。细菌优势类群依次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,34.05%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,32.91%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,18.01%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria,8.46%);优势种群依次是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,21.53%)、Chloroplast-norank(6.65%)和海杆菌属(Marinobacter,4.05%)。古菌的优势类群和优势种群主要是未确定分类地位的沃斯古菌门(Woesearchaeota DHVEG-6,80.84%),相关的系统分类学尚需深入研究。小柴旦盐湖微生物的种群结构复杂、类群丰富,细菌Shannon多样性指数(4.77±0.45)显著高于古菌(2.79±0.45),且存在大量的新种资源。     

利玛原甲藻PL11共附生菌多样性研究

为揭示产腹泻性贝类毒素(diarrheic shellfish poisoning,DSP)典型赤潮甲藻-利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)PL11的共附生菌群多样性信息,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析了PL11的共附生菌群种类及相对丰度,并且对其可培养共附生菌株进行了选择性分离及其16S rRNA基因序列扩增与系统发育的分析。利玛原甲藻PL11高通量测序结果显示:样品共附生细菌包括5门,14纲,26目,38科及54属。其中优势门(>5%)为3个,包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria,75.5%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteriodetes,11.5%)以及浮霉菌门(Planctomycetex,8.5%);优势纲(>5%)为4个,包括α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,51.7%)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria,31.8%)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria,9.9%)以及OM190纲(8.9%);优势属(>5%)为6个,侏囊菌科下未知属(norank Nannocystaceae,21.8%)、Pyruvatibacte属(11.6%)、Phaeodactylibacter属(9.4%)、生丝单胞菌科下未知属(norank Hyphomonadaceae,8.5%)、OM190纲下未知属(8.1%)以及Roseovarius属(7.9%)。从利玛原甲藻PL11培养物中分离获得可培养微生物菌株9株,分属于8个属,包括Ochrobactrum sp.(2株)及Microbacterium sp.、Algoriphagus sp.、Ponticoccus sp.、Hoeflea sp.、Labrenzia sp.、Sphingopyxis sp.、Erythrobacter sp.各1株。其中PL11-1为Ponticoccus属潜在新种。     

基于PCR-DGGE技术分析生物絮团的细菌群落结构

在草鱼养殖过程中添加碳源(葡萄糖)维持水体C∶N为20∶1以培养生物絮团,通过对生物絮团细菌群落构成进行种类鉴定来评价生物絮团中功能微生物的组成.采用PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术分析生物絮团形成第5、10和15天的细菌群落结构.DGGE指纹图谱结果分析表明:第5天和第10天的相似性最高,达67.4％;第5天和第15天相似性系数最低仅为40.5％.第10天时微生物多样性最高,第15天时多样性最低.对DGGE指纹图谱特征条带进行回收、克隆测序,结果表明,生物絮团培养过程主要微生物类群隶属于以下6个纲:α-变形菌纲( Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲( Betaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、拟杆菌纲(B acteroidetes),其中α-、β-及γ-变形菌占据主要位置.α-proteobacteria为3个阶段的共有优势菌,第5天时特异菌包括食酸菌属(Acidovorax)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium),第10天和15天分别为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)与红球菌属(Rhodococcus).研究首次发现,生物絮团应用于淡水养殖系统时细菌的组成和多样性都极其丰富,通过结合分析这些微生物的功能特点,为生物絮团技术在实际养殖生产中的进一步应用奠定基础.     

红鳍东方鲀稚鱼肠道可培养细菌的多样性

使用2216E平板涂布法从肠道样品分离可培养细菌,通过16S r DNA测序鉴定细菌。所有分离的细菌分为变形菌门(包含γ-变形细菌纲和α-变形细菌纲)和厚壁菌门。其中以γ-变形细菌纲为优势(83.3%)。在属的水平,从肠道中共分离出弧菌属、希瓦氏菌属、假交替单胞菌属、亚硫酸杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、Aliivibrio、发光杆菌属、科尔韦尔氏菌属8个属,其中弧菌属、希瓦氏菌属和假交替单胞菌属的种类占总数的70%。首次发现亚硫酸杆菌属和科尔韦尔氏菌属作为红鳍东方鲀稚鱼肠道菌群的一部分。     

刺参消化道内含物细菌群落组成的PCR-DGGE分析

利用PCR-DGGE技术研究刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)前肠、中肠和后肠内含物的细菌群落组成。通过软件Bio-rad Quantity one分析DGGE指纹图谱,发现刺参后肠内含物的条带数目显著高于前肠和中肠(P=0.003,P=0.016),表明刺参后肠内含物的细菌多样性最高,其次是中肠;前肠内含物的细菌多样性最低。UPGMA聚类分析发现,不同刺参个体其后肠的细菌群落组成差异最小,前肠的细菌群落差异最大。经DGGE分离、条带切割和序列测定,共获得了13条序列,系统发育分析表明,刺参消化道内含物的细菌群落可主要归属于5大类群,即α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(γ-proteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-proteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)和柔膜菌纲(Mollicutes)。刺参前肠、中肠和后肠内含物的优势菌群均为γ-proteobacteria。Blast分析显示,其中12条与之亲缘关系最近的序列来自从海洋环境中获得的细菌克隆,表明刺参消化道的细菌群落可能直接或间接来源于刺参的栖息地环境。     

光合细菌对水产养殖环境细菌群落结构的影响

为了解光合细菌(Photosynthetic bacteria)在水产养殖应用中的作用机制,采用PCR-DGGE技术研究不同浓度光合细菌对养殖水体和底泥两个微环境细菌群落的影响。结果显示:水样菌群和底泥菌群有显著差异,各聚为一簇,水样菌群多样性比底泥丰富且波动性更大,泥样菌群则相对稳定,受外源菌群影响较小;添加光合细菌可显著增加水体菌群多样性,促使SAR11族未培养α-变形菌等固有菌群数量增加,从而影响水样菌群结构;同一阶段不同处理水样菌群多聚在一起,显示出较高结构相似性,不同处理并未造成组间菌群结构明显差异;光合细菌投加12 d后出现浓度减少。鉴定分析发现水样中46个菌群归属21个属,底泥11个菌群归属6个属,其中水样和底泥共同含有3个属,水样和底泥菌群主要隶属于蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)。     

贝壳装包造礁底播海参养殖试验

近年来,我国北方沿海海参池塘养殖发展迅速,给多年来一直不景气的池塘养殖带来了新的生机,胶州湾沿岸有条件的池塘在政府的引导和政策的扶持下,纷纷改造用于养殖海参,但由于池塘老化、清淤困难,改造成本高,海参的成活率低、生长速度慢、病害多,养殖效果不甚理想,在一定程度上也     

Furunculosis-inducing ability of microcosms seeded with Aeromonas salmonicida correlates with colony-forming ability but not with PCR and ELISA data

Two laboratory microcosms, constructed of sterilised sediment and water taken from different locations, were seeded with Aeromonas salmonicida. A non-quantitative PCR, a heterogeneous, non-competitive, sandwich ELISA and colony formation were employed to generate survival data. In one microcosm, all three analytical methods generated positive results over the full 279 days of the incubation of the system at 18 °C. In the second microcosm, constructed with humic acid-rich material, colony formation was undetectable after 1 day but the PCR and ELISA methods generated positive results for up to 269 days.

Direct injection into fish of material from the two microcosms both seeded with a passaged strain of A. salmonicida was used to determine the disease-producing potential of the bacteria in these systems. A direct correlation was observed between the presence of colony-forming units and the ability to produce furunculosis in test fish. None of the samples that generated positive PCR and ELISA signals but in which colony formation was not detected proved capable of inducing disease in fish. The significance of these data for the application of proxy methods in epizootiological studies is discussed.     

两种模式高密度养殖乌鳢的效益比较

一、常规养成模式及效益分析连云港市地处黄海之滨的海州湾，海产小杂鱼资源丰富，淡水养殖面积４２万亩，河沟纵横，水库星罗密布，其中精养池塘面积１万亩，为乌鳢养殖的发展提供了优越的条件。从１９９７年的几亩至２００１年３２００亩，几年的发展，形成了利用本地区丰富的海产小杂鱼资源、单放大规格鱼种进行高密度养成商品鱼的模式，这种模式将经济价值低的海水小杂鱼在短周期内转变为高档的乌鳢，解决了乌鳢作为主养鱼类的饵料问题，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。１．养成管理及收获一般池塘面积１亩（最大的７亩），清整后，于…     

鲍立克次体病

鲍立克次体病,又称鲍枯萎综合征(Withering syndrome of abalone),是由加州立克次体引起各种野生和养殖鲍鱼的一种传染病.病菌主要侵害鲍胃肠上皮,以消化腺病变为特征,严重的腹足萎缩并死亡.为我国水生动物三类疫病.     

奥尔森派琴虫病

2008年农业部兽医局委托动物流行病学中心组织专家编写动物疫病释义,为便于解读水生动物的疫病,本刊现将《一、二、三类动物疫病病种名录》中水生动物疫病种类的分类及各病的释义分期进行刊登。     

折光马尔太虫病

折光马尔太虫病,是由折光马尔太虫寄生于牡蛎、贻贝等双壳类动物消化系统的一种寄生虫病,牡蛎染疫后表现虚弱、消瘦、生长停滞和高死亡率.为OIE疫病和我国水生动物三类疫病.     

Tagging experiments with salmonids

In order to find an efficient method for marking fish a tagging experiment has been carried out at the Fish Breeding Experimental Station, Sunndalsøra, Norway. Three different methods have been tried: jaw-tagging, cold-branding and tattooing with two different types of dye. During the winter 1972/1973 relatively large numbers of rainbow trout (12 602), sea trout (2 065) and salmon (13 141) were marked using the three marking methods mentioned. It was found that cold-branding with liquid nitrogen was the most rapid and inexpensive method for marking salmonids; after about one year between 87 and 92% of the fish can be identified.For cold-branding rainbow trout and sea trout an exposure time of 3 sec is too long.Tattooing with fluorescent pigments gave poor results in this experiment but could be a useful method for marking salmonids if a device could be constructed that tattoos bigger spots.Fast blue is not recommended for marking fast-growing salmonids.     

Diet supplemented with probiotic for Nile tilapia in polyculture system with marine shrimp

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum) supplemented diet on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a polyculture system with marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as regards culture performance, hematology, and gut bacterial microbiota. Ten 20-m2 pens were arranged in one earthen pond and stocked with 2 fish (41.9 g) m⁻² and 10 shrimp (2.3 g) m⁻², in total of 40 Nile tilapias and 200 shrimp per experimental unit. Tilapia groups in five of the experimental units were fed a commercial diet supplemented with L. plantarum and the other five with an unsupplemented commercial diet (control). After 12 weeks of culture, the tilapia groups fed the probiotic-supplemented diet presented values 13.6, 7.5, and 7.1% higher for feed efficiency, yield, and final weight, respectively. Viable culturable heterotrophic bacteria counts were reduced, and the number of lactic acid bacteria was increased in the gut of fish and shrimp fed the probiotic-supplemented diet. Hematological analyses showed higher number of thrombocytes and leukocytes in tilapia fed the supplemented diet. L. plantarum utilized in this study colonized the gut of tilapia and shrimp and resulted in reduced number of total bacteria and increased tilapia final weight and feed efficiency.     

Enhancing catch-and-release science with biotelemetry

Catch‐and‐release (C&R) angling is widely practised by anglers and is a common fisheries management strategy or is a by‐product of harvest regulations. Accordingly, there is a growing body of research that examines not only the mortality associated with C&R, but also the sublethal physiological and behavioural consequences. Biotelemetry offers a powerful means of remotely monitoring the behaviour, physiology and mortality of fish caught and released in their natural environment, but we contend that its usefulness is still underappreciated by scholars and managers. In this study, we review the applications of biotelemetry in C&R science, identify novel research directions, opportunities and challenges. There are now about 250 C&R studies but only one quarter of these utilize biotelemetry. In fact, almost all of the C&R studies that have used biotelemetry have been conducted within the last decade. We found that the majority of C&R telemetry studies used either radio or acoustic telemetry, while comparatively few studies have used satellite technologies. Most C&R biotelemetry studies have been used to assess mortality rates, behavioural impairments or to evaluate the effects of displacement on fish. A small fraction of studies (<8%) have used physiological sensors despite the fact that these tools are highly applicable to understanding the multiple sublethal consequences of C&R and are useful for providing mechanistic insights into endpoints such as death. We conclude that C&R science has the potential to benefit greatly from biotelemetry technology, particularly with respect to providing more robust short‐term and delayed mortality estimates and adopting a more integrative and comparative approach to understanding the lethal and sublethal impacts of C&R. However, there are still a number of challenges including (i) the need for appropriate controls and methodological approaches, (ii) the need for accounting for tagging and handling stress and mortality, and (iii) the need for certainty in assessing mortality. However, the benefits associated with C&R biotelemetry outweigh its disadvantages and limitations and thereby offer C&R researchers a suite of new tools to enhance fisheries management and conservation.     

A respirometer with controlled water quality and computerized data acquisition for experiments with swimming fish

This paper describes the design of a modified Brett-type respirometer for use with fish up to 2 kg at swimming speeds as high as 2.5 m·s^-1. Control of the respirometer, experimental monitoring and data acquisition are performed by computer. Water velocity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide can be controlled at predetermined levels to enable experiments to be conducted over several days with minimal deterioration in water quality.