基于压缩感知的资源节约型音频信号采集方法

针对基于无线传感器网络构建的环境监测系统,为减少多媒体信号采样、处理、传输过程所消耗的计算、存储、电能、带宽资源,该文分析了现有信号处理理论和随机采样方法存在的局限性,结合压缩感知理论,提出了一种改进的加性随机采样方法,设计了一种新型的资源节约型音频信号采集算法。该算法依靠传感器节点和汇聚节点的共同协作完成音频信号采集,其中,传感器节点对具有稀疏性的音频信号进行低频随机采样,汇聚节点可从随机采样数据中高概率重构原始信号。将所提出的信号采集方法用于采集粮仓内的赤拟谷盗成虫爬行声,并与已有数据压缩方法进行性能对比。初步试验结果表明：在随机采样频率为196Hz且最大数据重构误差小于0.5%情况下,可实现13个采集节点所获取的78路声信号的远程、无线、实时采集,特别适用于资源有限的无线传感器网络。     

基于温度感知RFID标签的冷链厢体中温度监测

针对温度感知RFID(radio frequency identification)标签应用于冷链物流温度监测中缺乏有效数据验证的问题,该研究通过将42个温度感知RFID标签部署于冷链模拟平台中,划分了7个横截面、3个纵截面和两个层,设置了机械降温-冷链维持-自然回温3个不同阶段,同时在42个监测位点中选择7个位点同步部署了便携式温度记录仪,获取了不同条件下的温度监测数据,并与便携式温度记录仪数据和CFD(computational fluid dynamics)模拟数据进行了比较。7个温度感知RFID标签与便携式温度记录仪同步监测位点的数据表明,两种监测方法温差分布于±0.5℃范围内的数据点最多,占43.6%,温差分布于-1.0~-0.5℃区间的数据占了24.6%,考虑到2种设备自身的温度采集精度,温差在±0.8℃范围内可接的,其比例占71.3%,因此利用温度感知RFID标签进行冷链温度监测是可行的。对42个位点在3个不同阶段的温度监测数据表明,机械降温阶段各位点用时在1 h以内、冷链维持阶段大部分位点表现出温度在在0~4℃之间振荡的特征、自然回温阶段用时约49 h。深入分析机械降温阶段及冷链维持阶段不同截面的温度监测数据,结果表明3种截面均表现为降温初始阶段温度差值不稳定、稳定后具有明显的分布特征且离出风口较近降温较快的特点。以横截面2和横截面6平均温度为例,将温度感知RFID标签数据采集数据与CFD模拟数据进行比较,去除测量精度的干扰,截面2的均方根误差为0.73℃、平均相对误差为13.58%、截面6的均方根误差为0.56℃、平均相对误差为10.94%,具有较好的空间一致性。研究结果可为实现冷链物流中低成本、连续的温度监测奠定基础。     

压缩感知理论在地学空间数据重构中的应用进展

空间数据重构是根据离散、稀疏的点位数据构建介质属性完整空间分布的过程,地学领域中通常采用基于地质统计学的方法.压缩感知是21世纪信号处理领域的重大理论突破,地学领域的学者将其作为一种空间数据重构的新方法,在流体运动模型的静态参数反演和土力学性质重构中取得了良好效果.本文在简述压缩感知数学理论的基础上,阐述了基于该理论的...     

基于Zigbee的果蔬冷链配送环境信息采集系统

根据果蔬产品冷链配送对环境监控的多测点、多要素和便捷性等方面的要求,以基于Zigbee技术的JN5139为无线节点信息处理的核心,结合温湿度传感器模块设计了采集节点,构建了车载环境中的无线传感器网络,结合嵌入式和.net技术开发了果蔬冷链配送环境信息采集上位机软件,解决了数据采集和实时监测的问题。整个环境信息采集系统在温度分别为0、5和12℃及相对湿度为90%环境下对冷藏运输车内不同位置进行了数据传输包收发率的测试。结果表明,该系统工作性能稳定,在数据采集和传输等方面均达到了设计要求,可以方便地应用于冷链运输过程中进行环境信息的采集与监测。     

面向植物生理生化参数反演的光谱信息压缩感知重构

为建立一种对光谱数据进行有效压缩和重构的方法,在提高数据的储存、传输效率同时能够保持光谱信息对于植物生理生化参数的解译能力。该研究将压缩感知技术引入对植物光谱的压缩和重构,以含水量、类胡萝卜含量和叶绿素含量等植物关键生理生化参数为反演目标,分别采用不同采样率对植物光谱进行压缩重构的试验,在考察植物光谱的谱间数据相关性基础上,分别在原始光谱、光谱指数和反演模型3个层面讨论了信号压缩重构的效果和影响。试验结果表明,对光谱信号的压缩感知重构在3个层面的误差随信号采样率均呈现规律性变化。在原始光谱层面当采样率达到0.25时,原始光谱重构误差能够稳定在2%以内。在光谱指数层面,不同的光谱指数对采样率的敏感程度不同,在控制重构误差低于10%时,含水量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的采样率分别要高于0.25、0.15和0.1。在反演模型层面,通过偏最小二乘回归建模,各生理生化光谱指数模型在采样率达到0.25时,重构的归一化均方根误差降低到16.5%以内。因此,该研究提出的基于压缩传感理论的光谱压缩及重构方法在显著减少植物光谱的数据量的同时,可以保持植物光谱关键信息,能够有效支持植物高光谱数据的处理和分析。     

基于低功耗传输方法的设施花卉环境监测系统

为了降低现有设施环境监测系统中传感节点的能耗,延长无线传感网络的生存周期,该文提出了节点动态组包主动传输和多种环境变量加权控制传输2种低功耗机制,减少了大量重复冗余数据的传输,并实现了基于Zigbee的设施花卉环境监测及其低功耗传输系统。节点以CC2430芯片为核心,并根据影响花卉生长的环境参数,同时装载SHT10温湿度传感器、BH1750FVI光照传感器以及COZIR二氧化碳传感器,因此节点可同时采集传输多种环境参数,降低了硬件成本。在南农大园艺试验基地进行组网测试,试验结果表明,系统比传统周期传输节点(周期1min)的能耗减少85.97%,测量精度在98.5%以上,网络平均丢包率为0.84%,满足了对设施花卉环境的有效监测及低功耗传输的要求。     

基于Dog-Leg正则化自适应压缩采样的植株图像重构

目标植株的图像压缩与重构在农作物生长状态检测、田间管理和果树病虫害识别等方面有重要作用。传统的图像压缩感知方法存在重构精度低、时间长等问题。针对这些情况,该文提出一种基于Dog-Leg最小二乘的正则化自适应压缩采样匹配追踪(regularized adaptive compressed sampling matching pursuit based on Dog-Leg,DLRa CSMP)算法。该算法以压缩采样匹配追踪(compressive sampling matching pursuit,Co Sa MP)算法为基础,在迭代过程中采用正则化处理,确保支撑集选取的准确性,并结合变步长自适应思想和Dog-Leg最小二乘算法,在实现稀疏度自适应的同时,提高重构速率;选用Kinect获取目标植株的彩色图像,分别采用HSV彩色空间的亮度和色调特征及Sobel算子的轮廓特征输入至Itti模型中融合构建显著性特征图,以简化复杂背景和突出目标植株。试验结果表明,该算法在采样率为0.50时植株原始图像和显著性特征图的重构时间分别为2.14和1.75 s,较Co Sa MP算法分别缩短6.57和6.31 s,重构效率比CoSaMP算法平均分别提高75.5%和77.9%;图像峰值信噪比分别高达35.16和38.93 dB,较Co Sa MP算法分别提高6.12和5.75 dB,且重构精度比Co Sa MP算法平均分别提高21.6%和15.5%,可以实现植株图像的快速精确重构。     

基于太阳能的无线土壤水分传感器的研制

为实现土壤水分的自动检测与无线传输,采用电场法检测土壤质量含水率,利用Zigbee技术构建无线传感网络实现数据传送。利用太阳能电池收集太阳能并存储于锂电池中,实现对系统供电。通过合理的充放电管理,能有效地延长锂电池寿命。试验结果表明,该传感器能够实现0～30%间的土壤质量含水率的测量,相对误差小于10%。利用Zigbee模块及MiWi(TM)协议栈构建星形网络能实现数据无线传输。当节点发射功率为1 mW时,在无阻挡条件下可靠传输距离为30 m,在有农作物遮挡时,可靠传输距离为10 m左右。在1 h采集发送     

基于无线传感器网络的粮虫声信号采集系统设计

为了解决现有储粮害虫声信号采集系统存在的扩展性差、智能化程度不高、性价比较低、灵活性不强、数据传输能力较弱等问题,该文分析了现有储粮害虫声信号采集系统存在的局限性,在此基础上,利用无线传感器网络和压缩感知技术,设计了一种新型储粮害虫声信号采集系统,给出了系统结构和软硬件实现方法,并将其用于采集储粮罐内赤拟谷盗成虫的爬行声。试验结果表明,系统设计方案合理可行,且由于使用了压缩感知技术,在采样频率为10 KHz的情况下,可实现20个采集节点所产生的声信号原始采样数据的远程、实时、可靠无线传输。该研究为无线传感器网络在储粮害虫防治中的应用做出了探索。     

冷链物流过程中温度和时间对冰鲜带鱼品质的影响

为了解冷链物流过程中水产品品质与温度-时间的关联性,该文以冰鲜带鱼为研究对象,对其冷链物流过程进行模拟试验,对冷链物流各环节温度进行实时监测,并对冰鲜带鱼物流过程中冰的融化情况进行考察。同时通过感官评分、K值、细菌总数、肠杆菌数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N）、三甲胺氮（trimethylamine nitrogen, TMA-N）、pH值及硫代巴比妥酸值（2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA）的检测,研究了冷链物流各环节冰鲜带鱼品质变化。结果表明,在20℃冷链断链流通条件下经搬运2 h及运输24 h后,泡沫箱内的碎冰融化较快,其融化成水的平均速度为56.54 mL/h,冰融化的体积约占总体积的25.79%;由于冰水浸泡,冰鲜带鱼感官品质下降较明显,腹部出现破裂,微生物数量急剧上升,达到5.64 lg (CFU/g),约是同期2℃冷链流通组带鱼的13倍。由于模拟冷链物流过程中的搬运、运输、配送3个环节的断链是在20℃环境下,断链流通中的冰鲜带鱼K值、TVB-N、TMA-N等反映带鱼新鲜程度的理化指标均高于同期2℃冷链流通下的带鱼,且在随后4℃铺冰上销售的货架期比2℃冷链流通带鱼短2～3 d。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.