土壤碳氮对多年生能源草、覆盖作物和氮施肥的响应

Cover crop and nitrogen(N) fertilization may maintain soil organic matter under bioenergy perennial grass where removal of aboveground biomass for feedstock to produce cellulosic ethanol can reduce soil quality. We evaluated the effects of cover crops and N fertilization rates on soil organic carbon(C)(SOC), total N(STN), ammonium N(NH_4-N), and nitrate N(NO_3-N) contents at the0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths under perennial bioenergy grass from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Treatments included unbalanced combinations of perennial bioenergy grass, energy cane(Saccharum spontaneum L.) or elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), cover crop, crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum L.), and N fertilization rates(0, 100, and 200 kg N ha~(-1)). Cover crop biomass and C and N contents were greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1) than in the treatment of energy cane and elephant grass. The SOC and STN contents at 0–5 and 5–15 cm were 9%–20% greater in the treatments of elephant grass with cover crop and with or without 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments. The soil NO_3-N content at 0–5 cm was 31%–45% greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments.The SOC sequestration increased from 0.1 to 1.0 Mg C ha~(-1)year~(-1)and the STN sequestration from 0.03 to 0.11 Mg N ha~(-1)year~(-1)from 2010 to 2014 for various treatments and depths. In contrast, the soil NH_4-N and NO_3-N contents varied among treatments,depths, and years. Soil C and N storages can be enriched and residual NO_3-N content can be reduced by using elephant grass with cover crop and with or without N fertilization at a moderate rate.     

Size of Microbial Biomass in Soils of China

The microbial biomass C,N and P of soils all over China were determined in this study to study their affecting factors.The results,about 100-417 mg C kg^-1 soil,18-51 mg Nkg^-1 soil and 4.4-27.3mg P kg^-1 soil,showed the biomass C,N and P in linear relationship with the soil total organic C,toal N and soil organic P.The ratios of C:Nand C:P,ranging from 5.6 to 9.6 and from 11.2 to 48.4 respectively,were affected by soil pH.texture,crop rotation,macroclimate etc.The ratio of C:N in soil biomass increases gradually from the north to the south in China.     

中国土壤微生物量的大小

The microbial biomass C, N and P of soils all over China were determined in this study to study their affecting factors. The results, about 100-417 mg C kg^-1 soil, 18-51 mg N kg^-1 soil and 4.4-27.3 mg P kg^-1 soil, showed the biomass C, N and P in linear relationship with the soil total organic C, toal N and soil organic P. The ratios of C: N and C:P, ranging from 5.6 to 9.6 and from 11.2 to 48.4 respectively, were affected by soil pH, texture, crop rotation, macroclimate, etc. The ratio of C:N in soil biomass increases gradually from the north to the south in China.     

匈牙利半湿润气候地区田间尺度下土壤侵蚀引起的土壤有机碳再分布

Soil organic carbon(SOC) has primary importance in terms of soil physics, soil fertility and even of climate change control. One hundred soil samples were taken from an intensively cultivated Cambisol to quantify SOC redistribution triggered by soil erosion under a subhumid climate, by the simultaneous application of diffuse reflectance(240–1 900 nm) and traditional physico-chemical methods.The representative sample points were collected from the solum along the slopes at the depth of 20–300 cm with a mean SOC content of 12 g kg~(-1). Hierarchical cluster analyses were performed based on the determined SOC results. The spatial pattern of the groups created were similar, and even though the classifications were not the same, diffuse reflectance had proven to be a suitable method for soil/sediment classification even within a given arable field. Both organic and inorganic carbon distributions were found to be a proper tool for estimations of past soil erosion processes. The SOC enrichment was found on two sedimentary spots with different geomorphological positions. Soil organic matter composition also differed between the two spots due to selective deposition of the delivered organic matter. The components with low-molecular-weight reached the bottom of the slope where they could leach into the profile, while the more polymerised organic matter compositions were delivered and deposited even before on a higher segment of the slope in an aggregated form. This spatial difference appeared below the uppermost tilled soil layer as well, referring the lower efficiency of conventional ploughing tillage in soil spatial homogenisation.     

Long-term manure application increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization through accumulation of unprotected and physically protected carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and nitrogen(N) mineralization are important biogeochemical processes associated with soil fertility. These processes are influenced by physically, chemically, and biologically stabilized SOC fractions, the mechanisms of which are not well known. The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of manure and mineral fertilizers on the contents of SOC fractions to promote the mineralization of SOC and N.Treatments included: i) no fertilizer control(CK); ii)...     

Soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon under typical natural halophyte communities in arid saline areas of Northwest China

Information on the effects of halophyte communities on soil organic carbon(SOC)is useful for sequestrating C in arid regions.In this study,we identified four typical natural halophyte communities in the Manasi River Basin in Xinjiang Province,Northeast China,namely,Karelinia caspia(Pall.)Less.,Bassia dasyphylla(Fisch.et C.A.Mey.)Kuntze,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge,and Tamarix ramosissima Lour.We compared soil aggregation and aggregated-associated SOC under these communities.The aggregate fraction of 0.053–0.25 mm accounted for 47%–75%of the total soil mass,significantly more than the>0.25 and<0.053 mm fractions,under all the halophyte communities.Significant differences in soil aggregate size distribution were observed among the plant communities,with the H.ammodendron and B.dasyphylla communities showing the highest proportions of>0.25 mm aggregates(13.3%–43.8%)and T.ramosissima community having more<0.053 mm aggregates(14.1%–27.2%).Aggregate-associated SOC concentrations were generally the highest in the>0.25 mm fraction,followed by the<0.053 mm fraction,and were the lowest in the 0.053–0.25 mm fraction;however,because of their large mass,0.25–0.053 mm aggregates contributed significantly more to the total SOC.Total SOC concentrations(0–60 cm depth)decreased in the order of H.ammodendron(5.7 g kg^-1)>T.ramosissima(4.9 g kg^-1)>K.caspia(4.2 g kg^-1)>B.dasyphylla(3.4 g kg^-1).The H.ammodendron community had the highest total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC,which was primarily because aggregate-associated SOC content at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths under this community were higher than those under other plant communities.The H.ammodendron community could be beneficial for increasing SOC in saline soils in the arid region.     

不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.     

相比其他传统作物作为生物能源作物柳枝稷种植土壤上的有机碳库研究

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been proposed as a sustainable bioenergy crop because of its high yield potential, adaptation to marginal sites, and tolerance to water and nutrient limitations. A better understanding of the potential effects of biomass energy crop production practices on soil biological properties and organic matter dynamics is critical to its production. Our objective was to evaluate changes in C pools under a warm-season perennial switchgrass in different soils compared to typically-grown crops collected at College Station, Dallas, and Stephenville, TX in February 2001. Sampling depths were 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm. Switchgrass increased soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), mineralizable C, and particulate organic matter C (POM-C) compared to conventional cropping systems. Soil C concentrations were in the order: long-term coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]> switchgrass or kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) planted in 1992> switchgrass 1997> conventional cropping systems. Soil C concentrations tended to increase with increasing clay content. Greater microbial biomass C followed the order of Dallas> College Station> Stephenville, and ranged from approximately 180 mg C kg-1 soil at Stephenville to 1 900 mg C kg-1 soil at Dallas. Particulate organic C was more sensitive than other fractions to management, increasing as much as 6-fold under long-term coastal bermudagrass compared to conventional cropping systems. Our study indicated that conversion of conventional cropping systems into switchgrass production can sequestrate more SOC and improve soil biological properties in the southern USA.     

耕地土壤有机碳组分的季节变化

Carbon fractions in soils apparently vary not only in space, but also over time. A lack of knowledge on the seasonal variability of labile carbon fractions under arable land hampers the reliability and comparability of soil organic carbon(SOC) surveys from different studies. Therefore, we studied the seasonal variability of two SOC fractions, particulate organic matter(POM) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC), under maize cropping: POM was determined as the SOC content in particle-size fractions, and DOC was measured as the water-extractable SOC(WESOC) of air-dried soil. Ammonium, nitrate, and water-extractable nitrogen were measured as potential regulating factors of WESOC formation because carbon and nitrogen cycles in soils are strongly connected. There was a significant annual variation of WESOC(coefficient of variation(CV) = 30%). Temporal variations of SOC in particle-size fractions were smaller than those of WESOC. The stocks of SOC in particle-size fractions decreased with decreasing particle sizes, exhibiting a CV of 20%for the coarse sand-size fraction(250–2 000 μm), of 9% for the fine sand-size fraction(50–250 μm), and of 5% for the silt-size fraction(20–50 μm). The WESOC and SOC in particle-size fractions both peaked in March and reached the minimum in May/June and August, respectively. These results indicate the importance of the time of soil sampling during the course of a year, especially when investigating WESOC.     

互花米草入侵潮滩沼泽本土C4植物后土壤有机碳的动态变化

Invasion of an exotic C_4 plant Spartina alterniflora has been shown to increase soil organic carbon(SOC) concentrations in native C_3 plant-dominated coastal wetlands of China. However, little is known about the effects of S. alterniflora invasion on SOC concentrations and fractions in tidal marshes dominated by native C_4 plants. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in a tidal marsh dominated by the native C_4 plant Cyperus malaccensis in the Minjiang River estuary, China. Concentrations of SOC and liable SOC fractions, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), and easily oxidizable carbon(EOC),were measured in the top 50-cm soils of the C. malaccensis community, as well as those of three S. alterniflora communities with an invasion duration of 0–4 years(SA-4), 4–8 years(SA-8), and 8–12 years(SA-12), respectively. Results showed that both SOC stocks in the 50-cm soils and mean SOC concentrations in the surface soils(0–10 cm) of the C. malaccensis community increased with the duration of S. alterniflora invasion, whereas SOC concentrations in the 10–50-cm soils decreased slightly during the initial period of S. alterniflora invasion, before increasing again. The pattern of changes in labile SOC fractions(DOC, MBC, and EOC) with invasion duration was generally similar to that of SOC, while the ratios of labile SOC fractions to total SOC(DOC:SOC, MBC:SOC, and EOC:SOC) decreased significantly with the duration of S. alterniflora invasion. The findings of this study suggest that invasion of the exotic C_4 plant S. alterniflora into a marsh dominated by the native C_4 plant C. malaccensis would enhance SOC sequestration owing to the greater amount of biomass and lower proportion of labile SOC fractions present in the S. alterniflora communities.     

新疆甘家湖梭梭林碳、氮、磷、钾生态化学计量特征

为探讨甘家湖梭梭林的C,N,P,K元素化学计量特征,进而揭示该地区梭梭林的养分限制状况和适应策略,以新疆甘家湖国家级自然保护区3种植被盖度C≥70%(HC),50%≤C70%(MC),30%≤C50%(LC)梭梭林为研究对象,从生态化学计量学角度,测定和分析土壤(0—10cm,10—20cm,20—40cm,40—60cm,60—100cm)及梭梭标准木地上、地下部分中的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的质量分数及计量比值。结果表明:(1)不同盖度梭梭林土壤营养元素及计量比存在差异,有机C和全N含量的变化规律基本相似:HCMCLC,全P和全K含量基本相似:HCLCMC。土壤C∶N较为稳定,不同盖度梭梭林土壤C∶P,C∶K,N∶P,K∶N差异显著,而不同盖度梭梭林地K∶P差异不显著(p0.05)。(2)梭梭植株地上部分仅中盖度N含量和C∶N显著高于低盖度(p0.05);梭梭植株地下部分C,N,P含量、C∶N,N∶P,K∶N在不同盖度之间差异显著,而K含量、C∶P,C∶K和K∶P在不同盖度之间差异不显著(p0.05)。梭梭植株地上和地下部分相比,C含量、C∶N,C∶P和C∶K为地下地上,而N,P,K含量、N∶P,K∶P和K∶N均为地上地下。(3)植株地上部分营养元素与土壤中对应元素多为负相关关系且相关系数较小,而地下部分营养元素与土壤中对应元素则多为正相关关系且相关系数较大。梭梭地上和地下部分,除C和P为负相关外,其余均为正相关,且C∶N和K∶N为显著正相关(p0.05)。综上得出,该地区土壤较为贫瘠,尤其N,P元素匮乏;梭梭生长主要受N限制;梭梭植株根系生长发育受土壤影响更大,植株体营养元素在同化过程中呈一定的比例关系。     

长期保护性耕作提高土壤大团聚体含量及团聚体有机碳的作用

【目的】团聚体形成被认为是土壤固碳的最重要机制。本文以河南豫西地区长期耕作试验为研究对象,研究了长期保护性耕作对土壤团聚体性质及土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的影响,为探讨土壤固碳机理,优化黄土高原坡耕地区农田耕作管理措施,实现土壤固碳减排、培肥土壤提供理论依据。【方法】长期耕作试验开始于1999年,试验处理有免耕覆盖(NT)、深松覆盖(SM)和翻耕(CT)。利用湿筛法筛分第3年(2002年)和第13年(2011年)0—10cm和10—20 cm土层中,2000、250~2000、53~250和53μm级别的水稳性团聚体,计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD),并测定了各级别团聚体的有机碳(SOC)含量。【结果】1)连续13年免耕覆盖和深松覆盖显著提高了土壤表层0—10 cm的SOC含量,分别比翻耕增加了33.47%和44.48%。2011年免耕覆盖和深松覆盖SOC含量较2002年上升了1.92%和8.59%,翻耕下降了18.97%。2)与翻耕相比,免耕覆盖和深松覆盖2000μm团聚体含量显著提高了40.71%和106.75%;53~250μm团聚体含量显著降低了19.72%和22.53%;团聚体平均质量直径显著提高了20.55%和39.68%,显示了土壤结构的明显改善。3)免耕覆盖和深松覆盖显著提高了表层土壤所有团聚体有机碳的含量,尤其以2000μm团聚体提升最多。与翻耕相比,2000μm团聚体有机碳分别提高了40.0%和27.6%。4)免耕覆盖和深松覆盖下表层土壤大团聚体有机碳含量随耕作年限增加,微团聚体有机碳随耕作年限降低。2000μm的土壤团聚体有机碳含量2011年较2002年分别升高了23.93%和7.12%,53~250μm微团聚体有机碳含量分别下降了19.58%和13.27%。【结论】长期保护性耕作(包括免耕覆盖和深松覆盖)可显著提高表层土壤大团聚体含量,降低微团聚体含量,提高团聚体的水稳性,改善土壤结构。同时可增加土壤团聚体有机碳含量,提高土壤肥力。长期保护性耕作在河南豫西丘陵地区是一种较为合理的耕作方式。     

不同地形条件下青藏高原农田土壤有机碳的分布特征

西北高寒地区农田土壤有机碳（SOC）储量的变化研究,可为东部农田SOC对气候和管理措施的响应提供预警信息。针对西部高原县域尺度上典型的地貌类型和土壤类型,对其耕层和剖面SOC进行了分析。结果表明, 青海省乐都县农田耕层（020 cm）SOC的变化范围为4.38 g/kg~20.81 g/kg,均值为11.29 g/kg,且不同土壤类型上表现出黑钙土（16.15 g/kg）＞栗钙土（10.53 g/kg）＞灰钙土（9.50 g/kg）的趋势。地形对耕层（020 cm）SOC含量没有显著影响,但深层（20100 cm）SOC因地形存在显著差异,在峁坡上,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土的深层（20100 cm）SOC分别比同种土壤类型的谷底深层土壤提高了111.5%、 62.5%和66.3%。农田SOC的垂直分布也因地形存在差异,同一种土壤类型在谷底其耕层（020 cm）SOC含量均比深层（20100 cm）高,峁坡上其深层（20100 cm）比耕层（020 cm）高,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土在谷底其耕层（020 cm）SOC含量分别比同一土壤类型的深层（20100 cm）土壤提高18.7%、 24.3%和153.5%,黑钙土、 栗钙土和灰钙土在峁坡上其深层（20100 cm）SOC含量分别比同一土壤类型耕层（020 cm）提高46.9%、 8.0%和1.0%。这一结果可为准确估算青藏高原农田SOC的变化提供参考。     

不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量特征

为了阐明灌丛沙堆发育对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,以吉兰泰荒漠区不同演化阶段白刺(Nitraria tangutorun)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,研究0—100 cm土层土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征在不同演化阶段的变化规律和垂直分布规律。结果表明:(1)白刺灌丛沙堆土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)随演化阶段(雏形阶段→发育阶段→稳定阶段→衰亡阶段)的变化呈先增后减的变化趋势。演化阶段对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC影响显著(P<0.05),对TN、TP无显著影响(P>0.05),其SOC、TN、TP均值含量在0—100 cm土层分别为0.42~0.58,0.04~0.07,0.22~0.25 g/kg,远小于全国土壤平均水平(11.12,1.06,0.65 g/kg)。(2)白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比随土层深度增加无明显规律性。(3)土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比均属于中等变异,且变异系数随白刺灌丛沙堆演化不断减小。(4)土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度对白刺灌丛沙堆土壤TN、C∶N、N∶P影响显著,而土壤含水量、pH对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比无显著影响。各演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN是调控白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量比的主要因素。因此,该研究结果明晰了白刺灌丛沙堆土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征对不同演化阶段的响应,为该区域白刺群落的保护、利用和植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

Long-term fertilization and residue return affect soil stoichiometry characteristics and labile soil organic matter fractions

Ecological stoichiometry provides the possibility for linking microbial dynamics with soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolisms in response to agricultural nutrient management. To determine the roles of fertilization and residue return with respect to ecological stoichiometry, we collected soil samples from a 30-year field experiment on residue return (maize straw) at rates of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 Mg ha^-1 in combination with 8 fertilization treatments:no fertilizer (F0), N fertilizer, P fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, N and P (NP) fertilizers, N and K (NK) fertilizers, P and K (PK) fertilizers, and N, P, and K (NPK) fertilizers. We measured soil organic C (SOC), total N and P, microbial biomass C, N, and P, water-soluble organic C and N, KMnO₄-oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), and carbon management index (CMI). Compared with the control (F0 treatment without residue return), fertilization and residue return significantly increased the KMnO₄-C content and CMI. Furthermore, compared with the control, residue return significantly increased the SOC content. Moreover, the NPK treatment with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 significantly enhanced the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in the soil, whereas it significantly decreased the C:N and C:P ratios in soil microbial biomass. Therefore, NPK fertilizer application combined with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 could enhance the SOC content through the stoichiometric plasticity of microorganisms. Residue return and fertilization increased the soil C pools by directly modifying the microbial stoichiometry of the biomass that was C limited.     

干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林土壤碳氮磷密度与生态化学计量特征

为了阐明人工梭梭林土壤碳氮磷密度及其生态化学计量特征演变规律,以吉兰泰荒漠区不同林龄(3,6,11,16年)人工梭梭林为研究对象,分析0—20,20—40,40—60 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)密度和生态化学计量特征。结果表明:(1)4种林龄人工梭梭林0—60 cm土层SOC、TN含量及其密度随林龄增加而升高,而TP含量及其密度随林龄增加而降低。其中,3,6年梭梭林SOC、TN含量及其密度随土层深度增加而升高,TP含量及其密度则与之相反;11,16年梭梭林SOC、TN、TP含量及其密度随土层深度增加而降低。(2)4种林龄梭梭林土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为2.24~9.21,1.59~7.05,0.56~0.81,均属于中等变异水平,且变异系数随林龄和土层深度增加逐渐减小,说明土壤C∶N、C∶P、[JP]N∶P趋于平稳状态。(3)林龄、土层深度及其交互作用显著影响SOC含量、SOC密度、C∶N、C∶P,对TN含量、TP含量、TN密度、TP密度、N∶P无显著影响。(4)土壤孔隙度(STP)与SOC密度呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),说明土壤孔隙度增加有助于SOC密度增加,提高土壤肥力。在干旱荒漠区建植梭梭林有利于提高土壤肥力,改善干旱荒漠区土壤环境。     

长期施肥棕壤团聚体分布及其碳氮含量变化

【目的】探究玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳、全氮的影响,以期深入了解施肥对土壤培肥、改善土壤结构的机制。【方法】选取不施肥（CK）,化肥（NPK）,低量有机肥（M1）,低量有机肥与化肥配施（M1NPK）,高量有机肥（M2）,高量有机肥与化肥配施（M2NPK）6个处理。采集棕壤37年长期定位试验微区不同施肥处理的0-20 cm和20-40 cm土样,分析其水稳性团聚体（ 1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm及 0.053 mm）分布及其有机碳、全氮分配特征。【结果】棕壤长期施肥对团聚体分布及其碳氮的影响0-20 cm大于20-40 cm,随土层深度的增加,有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量减少。各处理团聚体及碳、氮在团聚体中的分配主要在黏粉粒中（40%以上）。与CK相比,NPK处理显著提高了黏粉粒的含量,降低大团聚体与微团聚体含量,显著增加黏粉粒储碳比例;M1、M2处理显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,显著增加 0.25 mm各粒级团聚体的储碳比例,且M2处理显著高于M1处理;M1NPK、M2NPK处理也显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,M1NPK与M2NPK处理在NPK处理的基础上依次增加0.5~0.25 mm（M1NPK）、1~0.5 mm及 1 mm团聚体的储碳比例,M2NPK处理 0.25 mm团聚体储碳比例最高,土壤团聚体全氮的变化趋势与有机碳类似。【结论】棕壤连续有机无机配合施用可显著增加土壤大团聚体数量、SOC、TN含量及其储碳、氮比例,是提高土壤质量、改善土壤结构的有效施肥措施。     

岷江流域不同土地利用方式下紫色土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因子

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤活性有机碳（SLOC）在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对不同土地利用方式土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了四川省岷江流域不同土地利用方式（次生林、人工林、灌草丛和坡耕地）SLOC分布特征及其影响因子。结果表明:岷江流域不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成不尽一致,土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用方式对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为次生林和灌草丛高于人工林和坡耕地,而不同土地利用方式土壤全磷差异并不显著（p > 0.05）。不同土地利用方式SLOC均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为次生林和灌草丛高于人工林和坡耕地。不同土地利用方式SLOC垂直方向随土层深度的增加表现出递增趋势,并且降低幅度逐渐减小,坡耕地、灌草丛、次生林和人工林SLOC从表层至底层逐渐递减,呈“T”形分布,“表聚性”较为明显。人工林、灌草丛和坡耕地在10—20 cm SLOC/SOC比例最高,而次生林0—10 cm SLOC/SOC比例最高,不同土地利用方式SLOC/SOC比例均在30—40 cm最低。相关性分析表明,不同土地利用方式SLOC与SOC和全氮均呈极显著正相关性（p < 0.01）,与土壤容重均呈负相关。表明SLOC受土壤养分和机械组成影响较大,其中SOC和全氮是不同土地利用方式SLOC变化的重要影响因素。SLOC与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系（R²=0.9961）,说明SLOC能够作为研究不同土地利用方式SOC动态变化的一个敏感性指标而提前反映土壤碳库的动态变化,其含量在很大程度上依赖于所处生境下SOC含量。     

Landuse impacts on soil organic carbon fractions in different rainfall areas of a subtropical dryland

Landuse can alter soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions by affecting carbon inflows and outflows. This study evaluated changes in SOC fractions in response to different landuses under variable rainfalls. We compared cropland, grassland and forest soils in high rainfall (Islamabad ~1142 mm) and low rainfall (Chakwal ~667 mm) areas of Pothwar dryland, Pakistan. Forest soils in both rainfall areas had highest SOC (11.32 g kg^?1), particulate organic carbon (POC, 1.70 g kg^?1), mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC, 7.17 g kg^?1) and aggregate-associated organic carbon (AOC, 7.86 g kg^?1). However, in rangeland and cropland soils, these varied with rainfall. Under high rainfall, SOC and MOC were 12% and 17% higher in rangeland than in cropland while POC and AOC were equal. Under low rainfall, SOC and MOC were higher in rangeland than in cropland by 7.21 and 1.79 g kg^?1 at 0–15 cm and equal at 15–30 cm depth. POC and AOC were higher in rangeland than in cropland, in both depths. Averagely, SOC, POC, MOC and AOC were 26%, 68%, 76% and 30% higher in high rainfall than in low rainfall soils. Sensitivity of SOC fractions to landuses observed under different rainfalls could provide useful information for soil management in subtropical drylands.     

Variation of soil organic carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry and biogeographic factors across the desert ecosystem of Hexi Corridor,northwestern China

Purpose

The purposes of present study were to display the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry; identify the biogeographic characteristics of SOC, N, and P stoichiometry along an aridity gradient across the desert ecosystem of Hexi Corridor; and determine how biogeographic distribution patterns of SOC, N, and P stoichiometry are related to vegetation, soil texture, geography, and climate.

Materials and methods

We investigated the distribution and characteristics of SOC, N, and P stoichiometry based on samples collected from Hexi Corridor during 2011–2012 with total 400 plots of 80 sites. This region presents a precipitation gradient from about 250 mm in the east to less than 50 mm in the west. The measured variables included belowground and aboveground biomass, pH, bulk density, sand, clay, silt, SOC, N, and P contents. ANOVA analysis, reduced major axis, redundancy analysis, Person’s correlation, and regression analysis were used to analysis the variation of SOC, N, and P stoichiometry and related biogeographic factors.

Results and discussion

In present study, SOC, N, and P contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth. C/N did not change significantly, while C/P and N/P decreased significantly. SOC and N, SOC and P, and N and P were well constrained within 0–100 cm. SOC, N, and P contents in 0–20 cm were higher than them in other studies. Vegetation, soil texture, climate, and geography could explain 91.6% of the total variance of soil stoichiometry. The impact of latitude and longitude on SOC, N, and P stoichiometry was mainly caused by the redistribution of precipitation, while the impact of altitude mainly resulted from the variation of temperature. With increasing aridity, SOC, N, and P contents and C/N/P ratios reduced consistently with inconsistent decrease rates.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that the interaction of vegetation structure, soil condition, and shortage of precipitation should be the main driver for the lower contents and much shallower distributions of SOC, N, and P of Hexi Corridor. The increasing aridity should be the critical factor that is responsible for the decrease of SOC, N, and P contents and C/N/P ratios. This study contributes to the understanding of soil stoichiometry in the desert ecosystem.